UVeronika Janyrova
Igama elithi amandla alihlangabezana nezikhathi zalo ezinhle njengamanje. Njengomthetho, amandla ahlotshaniswa nokuziphatha budlabha, okudumazayo nokuziphatha. Kepha yingxenye kuphela yendaba. Amandla angaqondwa futhi njengendlela yokwenza noma ukuthonya okuthile.
Ukuhlolwa kweStanford
Ukuhlolwa kwengqondo okuvela ngonyaka we-1971, lapho ubudlelwano bamandla ejele benziwa khona, kukhombisa ukuthambekela komuntu kwamandla phezu kwabanye. Abaphenyi banqume ngohlamvu lwemali uma umuntu evivinya engunogada noma eyisiboshwa. Ekuhambeni komdlalo obamba iqhaza, ababambiqhaza (abahlolwa impilo yengqondo nempilo) bakhula ngaphandle kokukodwa baba onogada abalambele amandla kanye neziboshwa ezithobayo. Ngemuva kokuphathwa kabi okuthile, ukuhlolwa kwakumelwe kumiswe. Okwamanje, sekuhlungwa kaninginingi.
Ekuhlolweni okusondele, amandla - ngakwabanamandla nalawo angenamandla - angaqonda. Njengomthetho, abantu bazithoba ngokuzithandela emandleni kuphela lapho bethola okuthile okubuyisanayo. Lokhu kungaba mayelana nokuphepha, ukuvikela, imali ejwayelekile, kepha futhi nokujwayela. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukusebenzisa amandla kungaba yinto enhle. Encwadini yakhe ethi "The Psychology of Power", umqeqeshi wezengqondo nezokuphatha uMichael Schmitz uzama ukufinyelela phansi ekufuneni kwakhe ikhasimende amandla futhi uyifingqa: "Amandla uyazondla. Kuqinisa ukuzisebenza nokuzethemba. Inika udumo, ukuqashelwa, abalandeli ".
Ngisho nodokotela wezengqondo odumile uSusan Fiske wasePrinceton University angakuthethelela ukuphishekelwa kwamandla kahle: "Amandla andisa inkululeko yomuntu siqu yokwenza, ugqozi futhi anganciphisi isimo senhlalo." Kuze kube manje, kuhle kakhulu.
Iqiniso elikhona ukuthi abantu abasezikhundleni zamandla bavame ukweqisa amakhono abo, bathathe izingozi eziphezulu, futhi banganaki eminye imibono kanye nabanye abantu. Ngokuhluka njengoba izindlela zezazi zezengqondo zenhlalo zinjalo, kwelinye iphuzu kubonakala sengathi ziyavumelana: amandla aguqula ubuntu bomuntu.
"Ngicabanga ukuthi abaphathi kumele babone sengathi abanawo amandla abo, kodwa ukuthi banikezwe abanye (ngamakhetho) futhi bangahoxiswa (ngokuvota)."
Ukuxaka kwamandla
Ngokusho kwesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esidumile uDacher Keltner wase-University of Berkeley, isipiliyoni samandla singachazwa njengenqubo lapho "umuntu evula ugebhezi lomuntu futhi asuse ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu ukuzwela nokuziphatha okufanele emphakathini." Encwadini yakhe ethi "The Paradox" wamandla "uphendulela isithombe sethu seMachiavellian, esinomthelela ongemuhle ekhanda lakhe futhi uchaza into eye yangena ekuxhumekeni kwengqondo ngokuthi" indida yamandla ". Ngokuka Keltner, umuntu uzuza amandla ngokuyisebenzisa ngobuhlakani bomphakathi nangokuziphatha okuphathelene nokuziphatha. Kepha lapho amandla eba namandla ngokwengeziwe, umuntu ulahlekelwa yilezo zimfanelo athola ngazo amandla akhe. Ngokusho kukaKeltner, amandla akuyona amandla okwenza ngesihluku futhi ngonya, kepha wenzela abanye okuhle. Umcabango othokozisayo.
Kunoma ikuphi, amandla angamandla angenamkhawulo angaqhuba umuntu ukuba ahlanya ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu. Ngokwengeziwe kulezo zici ezithile, njengokuzwa okubanzi kokungabi nabulungisa, ukuthotshiswa nokuphelelwa yithemba, okubandakanya umphakathi wonke. Isibonelo, uHitler noma uStalin, kanye nezisulu ezithile ze-50 noma i-20 million, bakubonisa umxhwele ngokuqinile nangokuzinzile lokhu.
Eqinisweni, iplanethi yethu ibilokhu ikhona futhi inothile ngamacebo ezepolitiki. Futhi hhayi e-Afrika kuphela, Middle East noma Middle East. Umlando waseYurophu futhi unokuningi ongakunikeza lapha. Sonke sikhohlwa ngenjabulo ukuthi isimo sezepolitiki saseYurophu engxenyeni yokuqala ye-20. Ngekhulu lama-20, omashiqela babedilizwa ngaphandle kokuzidela ukuze basindise futhi babedlula bonke lapho bephathwa kabi. Cabanga ngeRomania (Ceausescu), Spain (Franco), Greece (Ioannidis), i-Italy (Mussolini), i-Estonia (Pats), iLithuania (Smetona) noma nePortugal (Salazar). Iqiniso lokuthi namhlanje maqondana noMongameli waseBelarus uLukashenko bathanda ukukhuluma "ngumbusi wokugcina wobushiqela baseYurophu", liphakamisa nethemba elincane ebusweni balokhu.
Umsebenzi noma ithuba?
Kepha kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi amandla amakhulu, okuvame ukwehluleka ubuntu, axazululwe ngempumelelo? Yiziphi izinto ezinquma ukuthi amandla athathwa njengomthwalo wemfanelo noma njengethuba lomuntu siqu lokuzicebisa?
Isazi sezengqondo u-Annika Scholl wase-University of Tübingen ubelokhu ecwaninga lo mbuzo isikhashana esithile futhi usho izinto ezintathu ezibalulekile: "Ukuthi amandla aqondwa njengomthwalo wemfanelo noma ithuba kuncike esimweni samasiko, umuntu futhi ikakhulukazi isimo sikakhonkolo". (bheka imininingwane ebhokisini) Imininingwane ethokozisayo ukuthi "emasikweni aseNtshonalanga, abantu baqonda amandla njengethuba, kunokuba nesibopho kumasiko akude aseMpumalanga," kusho uScholl.
Imithetho, ukulawula nokwenza izinto obala
Ukuthi amandla enza abantu balunge (lokho kungenzeka!) Noma aguqulwe abe kubi, kepha kuncike kuphela ebuntwini bakhe. Izimo zenhlalo ngaphansi kokubusa ezisebenza ngaphansi kwazo azibaluleke kangako. Ummeli ovelele futhi ozimisele wale nkolelo nguPhilip Zimbardo, uprofesa wezokusebenza kwengqondo e-American Stanford University. Ngo-Stanford Ijele Wakhe owaziwa kakhulu, usefakazele ngomdlandla nangokuphikelela ukuthi abantu abakwazi ukumelana nezilingo zamandla. Okwakhe, okuwukuphela kwekhambi elisebenzayo lokulwa nokusebenzisa kabi amandla yimithetho ecacile, ukungafihli lutho okuhleliwe, ukuvuleleka kanye nempendulo ejwayelekile kuwo wonke amazinga.
Udokotela wezengqondo wezenhlalo uJoris Lammers wase-University of Cologne naye ubona izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezingeni lezenhlalo: "Ngicabanga ukuthi ababusi kumele bazizwe sengathi abanawo amandla abo, kepha ukuthi banikezwe abanye (ngokhetho) baphinde futhi (ngokufuna ukukhetha) ) kungahoxiswa ". Ngamanye amagama, amandla adinga ukuba semthethweni nokulawulwa ukuze angaphumi esandleni. "Ukuthi ababusi bayakubona lokhu noma cha, kuya phakathi kokunye, ekuphikiseni okusebenzayo, emaphephandabeni abucayi, nasekuzimiseleni kwabantu ukukhombisa ukungalungi," kusho uLammers.
Izindlela ezisebenzayo zokulwa nokusebenzisa kabi amandla kubonakala kungukubuswa ngentando yeningi uqobo. Ukuqiniswa kwezomthetho (ngokhetho), ukulawula (ngokuhlukaniswa kwamandla) nokubonakala (ngokusebenzisa abezindaba) kufakwe kuyo, okungenani ngokuqondile. Futhi uma lokhu kulahleka kokusebenza, kufanele uthathe isinyathelo.
Amandla elandelwa
Isikhundla samandla kungaqondwa njengesibopho kanye / noma ithuba. Ukuzibophezela lapha kusho umuzwa wokuzibophezela kwangaphakathi kubanikazi bamandla. Ithuba umuzwa wenkululeko noma wamathuba. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi izici ezahlukahlukene zithonya indlela abantu abaqonda futhi basisebenzise ngayo isikhundla samandla:(1) Isiko: Kwamasiko aseNtshonalanga, abantu babona amandla njengethuba kunokuba nesibopho kumasiko akude aseMpumalanga. Ngokusobala, lokhu kuthonywa ikakhulukazi yizimilo ezivame emasikweni.
(2) Izici zomuntu siqu: Amanani omuntu nawo adlala indima ebalulekile. Abantu abanamanani wokuphamba - ngokwesibonelo, abanamathisela ukubaluleka okukhulu enhlalakahleni yabanye - baqonda amandla kunokuzibophezela. Abantu abanezindinganiso ngazinye -, ngokwesibonelo, ababeka inani elithe xaxa esimweni sabo sezempilo - babonakala beqonda amandla kunokuba ithuba.
(3) Isimo sikakhonkolo: Isimo sikakhonkolo singabaluleke kakhulu kunobuntu. Isibonelo, lapha sikwazile ukukhombisa ukuthi abantu abanamandla baqonda amandla abo ngaphakathi kweqembu njengomthwalo wemfanelo uma bezikhomba kakhulu kuleli qembu. Ngamafuphi, uma ucabanga ukuthi "thina" kunokuba "mina".Dr. U-Annika Scholl, Iphini Lenhloko ye-Working Group Social process, Leibniz Institute for Knowledge Media (IWM), Tübingen - Germany
Photo / Video: Ugogo.
