Elisabeth Oberzaucher
IPhenomena iyinto engathandeki. Ngokwencazelo, izehlakalo ziyizinto ezibonakalayo, okuthile okungabonakala ngezinzwa zethu. Kepha kuyaphela lapha.
Izingane ezineminyaka engaphansi kwemihlanu ubudala ezinye izazi. Umbono womqondo, okungukuthi, umqondo wokuthi abanye banendawo ehlukile yolwazi ukwedlula bona, uba kamuva. Izingane ezineminyaka engaphansi kwemihlanu nazo zicabanga ngokomqondo, okusho ukuthi, zigxile emgomweni: amafu akhona ukwenza imvula, futhi iyanetha ukuze izitshalo zikhule. Ngale ndlela, izingane zingamakholwa azelwe ngoba zichaza izikhala ngolwazi lwazo kanye namamodeli achazayo ngamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo.
Amandla amakhulu enkolo ukuthi ihlinzeka ngezincazelo zezinto, izinto ezidlula amakhono ethu okuqonda nawesayensi. Ukwaziwa kwezinkolo cishe kuwo wonke amasiko abantu kungachazwa ngalokhu. Akukho okusikhathazayo njengezinto esingakwazi ukuzichaza. Amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo, ubunkulunkulu, bangasetshenziswa ngokufanelekile ukuba babhekele ngaphezu kwengqondo nesayensi kukho konke obekungenza umthombo wokungaqiniseki njengento eyenzekile, njengemfihlakalo engalungiswa. Ngakho-ke, ngokwengqondo, sithola ngenkolo uhlobo lokuqiniseka oluvumela ingqondo yethu, efuna ukuchaza konke, iphumule. Umuntu usebenzisa okungaphezu kwemvelo ukuthola incazelo yezimo ezingaphezu kwamandla esayensi achazayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi kungani izinkolo zisakazeke kangaka.
Yini izinto?
Ake sizame ukuqagela izehlakalo sisebenzisa isibonelo sokubona okubonakalayo: inqubo yokubona iboniswa izinqubo zemizwa nezokuqonda, ukusebenzisana okuhumusha ukukhanyisela okukhanya kwezinto eziqondwayo. Ukukhanya kushaya iso, kugxilwe emisebeni yokukhanya bese ishaya i-retina, lapho ukuhunyushwa kokukhanya kuhunyushelwa kumasiginali kagesi. Ukuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinzwa ku-retina kuthola ukuhunyushwa kokuqala kokhanyiso, okuholela ekuqhathaniseni ukuqina nokuqonda kokuhamba. Kakade ku-retina ukuhunyushwa kokukhanya kwenzeka, futhi nebanga ukusuka emsulwa omsulwa. Ukuhlanganiswa nokuhumusha okwengeziwe bese kwenzeka ku-cortex ebonakalayo yobuchopho, ukuze kuthi lokhu esikuzwa kube ngumcimbi wokuqonda. Ngakho-ke, konke ukubona kwethu kungumphumela wokusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinqubo endaweni esihlala kuyo kanye nemishini yokuqonda neyokuqonda. Umbono we-phenomena ngokwako awunhloso. Esikhundleni salokho, izinzwa kanye nobuchopho bethu kuqondaniswe ne-mesocosm ebeka ngaphezu kwezidingo zethu zemvelo. Kuzo zombili i-miccosm kanye ne-macrocosm, sifinyelela umkhawulo wethu. Ngenkathi ukungafinyeleleki nokungakwazi ukubonakala ku-miccosm kungaphansi kwemingcele yokuqonda kokuqonda kanye nokusebenza kwengqondo, izehlakalo ze-macrocosm zidlula umkhawulo wethu ikakhulukazi ngomqondo wokuqonda.
Ukuchazwa njengokuphela
Njengoba izehlakalo zingaphezu komhlaba wethu wencazelo nokuqonda, azizona izimbaxa. Esikhundleni salokho, ukuba khona kwabo kugcina njengento enhle lapho isayensi iphumelele ekunikezeni incazelo. Le ncazelo ingenziwa kumazinga ahlukile, futhi lapho wonke amazinga esechaziwe lapho umuntu engakhuluma ngeqiniso lesayensi.
Imibuzo ephambili yocwaningo
Lowo owine umklomelo weNobel, uNikolaas Tinbergen (1951) wenza imibuzo emine edinga ukuphendulwa ukuze aqonde indlela yokuziphatha. Le mibuzo emine yimibuzo ebalulekile eqhuba ucwaningo kwi-biology. Okubalulekile lapha ukubuka konke, ngakho-ke hhayi ukwaneliseka ngempendulo, kepha ukucatshangelwa kwazo zonke izici:
Umbuzo wesimbangela ngokushesha uphathelene nezindlela zokuziphatha ezingaphansi komzimba. Umbuzo wokuthuthukiswa kwe -gengenetic uhlola ukuthi lokhu kuvela kanjani enkambweni yokuphila. Umbuzo wenani lokuzivumelanisa uhlola umsebenzi, inhloso yokuziphatha. Umbuzo wokuthuthukiswa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo ubhekana nemibandela yohlaka lapho kwavela khona lokhu kuziphatha.
Isayensi eyeqile
Njengoba ukungazi kuhlobene nokungaqiniseki, sithambekele ekwandiseni ulwazi lwethu, futhi nasezindaweni lapho isisekelo solwazi sinqunyelwe khona ngokweqile, singaqala esimweni seqiniso esakhiwe. Ukufuna kwethu izimpendulo kusiholela ekuwembuleni ngokweqile amandla achazayo wesayensi, okuholela ekwandisweni okweqile kokutholakele kwezifundo zesayensi. Ngasikhathi sinye, isayensi iya ngokuya ifakwa ngaphansi komlilo: okutholakale ukuthi kuphephile akunakuphinda kwenziwe. Ucwaningo lwe-Contradictory lufika ezitatimendeni eziphikisana nesihloko esifanayo. Intuthuko enjalo kufanele ihlukaniswe kanjani? Ngenkathi isayensi isiza ukuthola ukuqonda okungcono komongo, inikeza izimpendulo ezingacacanga.
Ukucabanga kwethu
Amasu wokuqonda nezindlela zokuthatha izinqumo zabantu ziyinkomba yalesi dichotomy yezenzeko nezehlakalo ezichazekayo. Njengoba uDaniel Kahnemann echaza encwadini yakhe "Ukucabanga okusheshayo, ukucabanga kancane", ukucabanga kwethu kubonakala sengathi kwenziwa ngezinyathelo ezimbili: Ezingeni elenzelwe izinto, nedatha engaphelele kanye nokuntuleka kolwazi mayelana nokuxhumeka, uhlelo lwe-1 luyasetshenziswa. Kuyashesha futhi kunemibala ngokomoya, futhi kuholela ezinqumweni ezenzakalelayo, ezingazi. Amandla afanayo kanye nobuthakathaka balesi simiso kungukuqina kwaso izikhala zolwazi. Noma ngabe kuphelele imininingwane, izinqumo ziyenziwa.
Uhlelo lwe-2 luhamba kancane futhi lubonakala ngokulinganisa ngamabomu nangokunengqondo. Izinqumo eziningi zenziwa kusetshenziswa iSystem 1, bambalwa kuphela abaphakanyiselwe ezingeni lesibili. Umuntu angasho ukuthi ukucabanga kwethu kwaneliswa yizinto ezimsulwa amabanga amade, futhi kuyaqabukela ebuza ukuqonda okujulile. Ngakho-ke kuthambekele ekwamukeleni izindlela ezingenangqondo zokucabanga ngenxa yama-heuristics alula. Ubunzima bethu ekubhekaneni namathuba nobunqunu bukhona ekuphathweni kweSistimu 1. Ngokusebenzisa ngamabomu uhlelo lwe-2 kuphela lapho singathola khona ukuqonda kobunjalo nobungako bezobudlelwano.
Isibopho sesinqumo
Ukumboza okuhlukile kokutholakele kwesayensi, isikhala nesikhathi kuvame ukuncipha emhlabeni wezindaba. Ngakho-ke, kuhlale kungumthwalo wemfanelo wabantu ngamunye ukudala lesi sithombe esihlukanisiwe nokukala ukuthi lokhu okutholakele kufanele kuzithinte kanjani izenzo zethu. Ngenkathi noma yikuphi ukuzuza olwazini olwengeziwe kusenza sikwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi olungcono futhi ngaleyo ndlela senze kahle izenzo zethu, inqubo ayivamile ukwenziwa lula, kepha kunalokho kube nzima kakhulu. Hhayi isibalo sezinto, kepha futhi ukuhambelana kwazo kufanele kufakwe kokucatshangwe.
Ukwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi ngesisekelo sobudlelwano obunzima kuyindaba eyinkimbinkimbi. Hhayi kuphela ngenxa yokulula, kodwa futhi ngenxa yesidingo sokuthatha izinqumo njalo, sibheka umbono ohlukaniswe ingxenye enkulu. Kwizinga elihle kakhulu, sincika emizweni yethu yesithumbu, ukuze singaphelelwa amandla. Leli isu eliguquguqukayo ngokuphelele, elinokucaciswa kwalo ngezenzo ezincane zansuku zonke. Ukubonakaliswa okujulile kubalulekile ezinqumweni zenqubomgomo ezithinta kakhulu umhlaba wethu wokusebenza: ukucatshangelwa okuyisisekelo ngentando yeningi, ukusimama, noma izinhloso zempilo, uma kunolwazi futhi kungahlukaniswa, kunganikeza uhlaka oluqinile olubumba izinqumo zethu ezisheshayo.
Imininingwane entsha ingashintsha lohlaka. Kuphela uma siguqula izinhlaka zethu zokwenza izinqumo njalo, sinqabela ukuma komuntu uqobo - nasekhaya. Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kungumgogodla wezinhlelo ezisebenzayo. Ukwemukelwa kwesilinganiso sesimo njengokungenakuphikiswa kumi ngendlela yale nqubo. Ekuqaleni kunokuhlala kungazi; esizukulwaneni solwazi kuphela lapho kuba nentuthuko ethile. Ukuqashelwa kwezinto, futhi ngezinto ezingaphezulu kwalokho isayensi engakuchaza noma ukukuqonda, kudinga i-mindset evulekile engamukela izinto ezidlula imingcele yokuqonda.
Photo / Video: Ugogo.
