UVeronika Janyrova
Sibhala unyaka u-2004: Ku-1. NgoMeyi, i-European Union izokwanda ukufaka amazwe ayishumi amasha aseCentral and Eastern Europe (CEECs), izilimi eziyishumi kanye nesibalo sabantu abayizigidi ezingama-75. Ngenkathi cishe isigamu sabantu besifundazwe esidala samalungu e-EU sithanda lelihora elingokomlando uma liqhathaniswa nokwanda kwempumalanga ye-EU, enye ingxenye yesaba uzamcolo wokufika kwabantu, ukuzamazama kwemikhiqizo eshibhile (yezolimo) kanye nokwanda kobugebengu.
Ama-elite aseYurophu alindele ukuthi ukwanda kwempumalanga kube nomthelela omkhulu kwezomnotho eYurophu. Ngokwabo, i -ECEC ngokwayo yandisa imali engenayo kanye namazinga okuphila, ukugeleza kwemali okuqondile kusuka ku-Cohesion kanye ne-Structural Funds, futhi hhayi impilo yenkululeko, yezokuphepha kanye neyentando yeningi.
UWolfgang Schüssel, owayengu-Chancellor wase-Austrian, wagcizelela, ngokwesibonelo, amathuba okunwebeka empumalanga e-Austria kanye nemisebenzi esivele idalwe ukuvulwa kweMpumalanga, okusamele kulindeleke ngenxa yokufakwa kwe-EU. URomano Prodi, ngaleso sikhathi owayenguMongameli weKhomishini YaseYurophu, waqhakambisa amandla ezomnotho emakethe ejwayelekile yangaphakathi. Ubalule izifundo, njengokuthi ukwanda kwempumalanga kuzoletha i -ECEC phakathi kwamaphesenti amahlanu nesishiyagalombili kanti nelungu elidala le-EU lithi cishe ngephesenti elilodwa lokukhula kwe-GDP. Ngokuxakile, uphinde waxwayisa nangokwanda kobunzima bokuthatha izinqumo baseYurophu nokukhula ngokungalingani kwemali.
Ukunwetshwa kwaseMpumalanga kanye ne-Eastern Emperor Austria
Imiphumela emihle yokwanda kwempumalanga e-Austria ayiphawulwa namuhla. Ngemuva kwakho konke, amaphesenti we-18 wokuthumela ngaphandle kwase-Austrian aya emazweni angamalungu e-EU asempumalanga. Lokhu kufana namaphesenti angaphezu kwesikhombisa we-GDP yase-Austria (2013). Abatshalizimali base-Austrian banezikhundla eziphezulu kulesi sifunda. Umbiko wakamuva owenziwe ngu I-Vienna Institute for International Economic Study (wiiw) siveza isikhundla sase-Austrian ekwandisweni ngasempumalanga ngale ndlela elandelayo: I-Austria ingumtshalizimali wokuqala ongaphandle eSlovenia naseCroatia. Inombolo yesibili eBulgaria naseSlovakia, inombolo yesithathu eCzech Republic bese kuthi eyine ibe seHungary.
Yize ukungena kwe-Austria kwi-EU kuyinto yeminyaka eyi-2015 kuphela, lokhu kuphenyiwe Isikhungo sase-Austrian Sokucwaninga Ngezomnotho (wifo) osuvele imiphumela yezomnotho: "I-Austria isibe izwe lesimanje nelaseYurophu hhayi ukusuka nje kumbono wezepolitiki. Uzuze kuzo zonke izinyathelo ezizodwa zokuhlanganiswa komnotho, ”kusho isazi sezomnotho se-wifo uFritz Breuss. Esifundweni sakhe ngemiphumela yokufakwa kwe-EU, uphetha ngokuthi ukwanda kwempumalanga, ubulungu be-EU, ukwethulwa kwe-euro kanye nokuzibandakanya emakethe yangaphakathi ye-EU i-Austria kulethe unyaka nonyaka phakathi kwe-0,5 nephesenti elilodwa lokukhula kwe-GDP. Ngakho-ke, yize i-Austria ingenye yabahlomula abakhulu kwezomnotho ekuvulekeni kwempumalanga kanye nokwandiswa kwe-EU ngasempumalanga, inani labantu lingenye yezingqinamba zalo ezinkulu. I-2004 ithembise amaphesenti we-34 kuphela wokunwetshwa kwempumalanga, amaphesenti we-52 anqatshelwe ngokuphelele. Okwamanje, lokhu kuhlola sekuguqukile. Ngemuva kwakho konke, amaphesenti we-53 ama-Austrian abheka ukwanda kwempumalanga njengesinqumo esihle ngokuzayo.
“Amazinga okuphila athuthuke kakhulu emazweni amaningi. EBulgaria naseRomania, i-GDP ngomuntu ngamunye isiphindeke kabili.
Ibhlokhi yasempumalanga
Ezifundazweni ezintsha ezingamalungu zokunwetshwa kwempumalanga, ishidi lokulinganisa ezomnotho lilonke futhi lihlala linokuma okuhle. Ngaphandle konyaka wokuqala wesimo esibucayi, i-2009, ukukhula komnotho kwawo wonke amazwe ayishumi angamalungu kwakungaphezulu kwe- "EU endala". Lo mehluko wokukhula usho ukuthi baye basondela kwi-EU ngokomnotho. E-Baltic States, ngokwesibonelo, inani elingezwe phakathi kwe-2004 ne-2013 lenyuke cishe cishe isithathu, futhi ePoland ngisho ngamaphesenti we-40. Izinga lokuphila selithuthuke kakhulu emazweni amaningi. EBulgaria naseRomania, i-GDP nge-capita ngalinye seliphindeke kabili.
Izimali ezilindelwe isikhathi eside ezivela ku-EU Structural and Cohesion Funds nazo sezigelezile. Yize kungenjalo ngezinga amazwe ayelindele, lokhu ngokuyinhloko kubangelwa amandla abo okufaka. Izifunda ezinezinhlaka ezibuthakathaka zezikhungo azikwazanga ukuthola imali ebekelwe zona ngokugcwele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhaswa kwezimali okudingekayo ezweni lonke kwabonakala kungumqobo omkhulu. Yize kunjalo, ukwanda okungasempumalanga kanye nezibalo ezinobukhulu ezihambisanayo kusize amazwe ukuba athuthukise ingqalasizinda yawo, amazinga ezemvelo, amandla abantu nekhwalithi yokuphathwa komphakathi. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe, okuqhamuka emazweni angamalungu amadala e-EU, kuthuthukisile ukuncintisana kwala mazwe futhi kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezobuchwepheshe cishe kuzo zonke izinqubo zokukhiqiza.
Imakethe yasekhaya iletha ukukhula okuningi?
Ukulindela okuyinhloko kwabaklami bezomnotho baseYurophu kwakuwukuthi imakethe eyodwa eyandisiwe - manje enezigidi zabathengi be-500 nezigidi zezinkampani ze-21 - izoletha umfutho omkhulu wokukhula kweYurophu, uma inikezela inkululeko yayo emine eyisisekelo (ukuhamba kwamahhala kwezimpahla, izinsizakalo, imali enkulu nabantu) kanye imithetho yokuncintisana ejwayelekile. Umphumela obikezelwe kwezomnotho wehlulekile. Umnotho we-EU ukhule eminyakeni engu-2004 uye kwi-2013 ngokwesilinganiso ngamaphesenti ama-1,1 kuphela.
Izizathu ziyimpikiswano. Ngenkathi abanye bebabona ekukhululekeni okuyisisekelo okungaqinisekisiwe ngokuphelele (izinsizakalo zinganikezwa kuphela i-EU-wide kusukela i-2010), abanye bazibeka ku-heterogeneity yezomnotho eqinile ye-EU ithi. Isibonelo, inqubomgomo yokushintshaniswa kwamanani e-EU ihlotshaniswa namazwe an ukuncintisana okunamandla. USimeon Djankov, owayenguNgqongqoshe wezeziMali waseBulgaria kanye nePhini likaNdunankulu, uchaza le asymmetry esibonelweni sePortugal: EPortugal, i-euro elukhuni isho ukuthi "ayinakukwazi ukuncintisana emananini wokushintshaniswa kwamanani okushintshana kwemali inqobo nje uma ingaguquki imakethi yayo yezemisebenzi nezokulawulwa kwayo kwezomnotho. Njengoba imali yayo idlulisiwe, iPortugal ayikwazi ukuthengisa izimpahla zayo nezinsizakalo emakethe yezwe ngamanani ancintisanayo. "
Impendulo yaseYurophu ekukhuleni komnotho okuvilaphayo ekuqaleni yabizwa ngokuthi yi-Ajenda yaseLisbon. Uhlelo olukhulu lwenqubomgomo yezomnotho okufanele lwenze iYurophu ibe "ngumnotho oncintisana kakhulu futhi oshukumisayo osuselwa emhlabeni kungakapheli iminyaka eyishumi". Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokubona ukuthi lezi zinhloso ziphezulu kakhulu, impendulo manje seyi- "Europe 2020 Strategy".
I-Europe 2020 uhlelo lweminyaka eyishumi olwamukelwe i-2010 nguMkhandlu waseYurophu. Umgomo wayo "ngukukhula okuhle, okuqhubekayo futhi okubandakanya bonke" ngokusebenzisana okungcono komnotho wezwe nowaseYurophu. Lokhu kugxilwe ekukhuthazeni ucwaningo nentuthuko, imfundo ephakeme kanye nokufunda impilo yonke. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukunakwa kugxilwe ekuhlanganiseni okungcono kwezenhlalo nokukhuthaza ubuchwepheshe bemvelo obunemvelo.
Izinselele
Ngaphandle kwalezi zifiso eziphakeme, ubunzima obuqhubekayo bomnotho buqokomise ngesihluku ukushiyeka kwezakhiwo zezomnotho zaseYurophu. Ukwanda komnotho kwehle kuwo wonke amazwe angamalungu e-EU futhi kuholele ekuwohlokeni kwezomnotho okuqubuke kakhulu emuva kwempi eYurophu.
Ngenkathi ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi bekuncipha kulo lonke elaseYurophu ngaphambi kwengcindezi yezomnotho, ikhuphuke kakhulu i-2008 futhi yaphinde yafika emazingeni ezinombolo eziphindwe kabili. Ngeshwa, amazwe angamalungu amasha nangaseningizimu ye-EU angaphansi kophiko. Ekupheleni kwe-2013, i-Eurostat ilinganisela ukuthi izigidi zama-26,2 zamadoda nabesifazane kulo lonke elase-EU kanye nentsha eyizigidi ezingama-5,5 zazingenamsebenzi ngaphansi kweminyaka ye-25. Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi konke kanye nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi yentsha ikakhulukazi okwamanje kuphakathi kwezinselelo ezinkulu ze-EU, njengesizukulwane sonke sabantu abasha ngaphandle kokuthola umsebenzi kanye nombono wangempela ngempilo ezimisele ukubonwa njengokwehluleka kwezepolitiki.
Enye inkinga ebhekene ne-EU ukwanda okukhulu kokungalingani. Iqiniso nje lokuthi i-2004 inyuse i-EU ngamaphesenti ama-20 ngokwesibalo sabantu, kepha ngamaphesenti amahlanu kuphela ngokwemigomo yezomnotho, yaphakamisa igebe lokungena kwi-EU cishe ngamaphesenti ama-20. Ngenxa yesimo semali engenayo enkulu ngesikhathi sokubusa kwamakhomanisi (imigomo: konke kuncane), ukungalingani emazweni amasha ayanda kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuyinkinga kuwo wonke umhlaba waseNtshonalanga: imali engenayo elahlekile isatshalaliswa ngendlela engalingani kuwo wonke amazwe e-OECD emashumini amathathu eminyaka adlule. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kokungalingani kwemali kuhambisana nenguquko yemali engenayo emholweni iye ekuzuzeni imali eyinzuzo. Ngasikhathi sinye, imali engenayo ephezulu kakhulu ikhuphuka ngokuqinile, ngenkathi intela yaleli phesenti elilodwa eliphakeme kakhulu abahola kakhulu kuwo wonke amazwe e-OECD.
Kude nomnotho
Ngaphandle kokuphumelela kwezomnotho nezinselelo, ukunwebeka ngasempumalanga nakho kunobukhulu bomlando. I-Europe ibuye yahlangana ngemuva kokuhlukaniswa kweminyaka eyi-50 kwaba ama-blocs amabili kanye ne-Cold War. Inhloso eyinhloko yokuhlanganiswa kweYurophu, okuwukuthi ukudala ukuthula nokulondeka kweYurophu, empeleni kufezekile.
Namuhla, amazwe angamalungu amadala namalungu amasha e-EU alwa nezinkinga zezomnotho, zenhlalo nezepolitiki. Ukujoyina i-EU kuphela akusona isisekelo sezinselelo zesikhathi sethu. Kodwa-ke, kuyangabazeka ukuthi ngabe la mazwe ayishumi ngabe aphumelele yini ukuzikhulula emibusweni yawo yobushiqela, ebuswa yiRussia futhi iwaguqula asebenze amademokhrasi ngaphandle kokujoyina i-EU. Amagama agqamile: Ukraine.
Photo / Video: Ugogo.
