I-greenwashing yebhizinisi

Izethembiso zesimo sezulu ezenziwa yizinkampani eziningi ezinkulu azisukumeli ukuzihlolisisa

nguMartin Auer

2019 isigqoko Amazon kanye nezinye izinkampani ezinkulu Isithembiso Sesimo Sezulu yasungulwa, enye ye ukuhlanganiswa okuningana yizinkampani ezizibophezela ekungathathi hlangothi kwe-carbon ngo-2040. Kepha kuze kube manje, i-Amazon ayikacacisi imininingwane yokuthi ihlose ukufeza leyo nhloso. Akukacaci ukuthi isibambiso sihlanganisa kuphela ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 noma wonke amagesi abamba ukushisa, futhi akucaci ukuthi ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kuzoncishiswa ngezinga elingakanani ngempela noma kumane kususwe ukuchithwa kwekhabhoni.

Ikea ufuna ukuba “nesimo sezulu esihle” ngo-2030. Ukuthi lokho kusho ukuthini kusahlala kungacacile, kodwa iphakamisa ukuthi i-Ikea ifuna ukwenza okungaphezu kokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngaleso sikhathi. Ngokukhethekile, inkampani ihlela ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwayo ngamaphesenti ayi-2030 ngo-15. Kokunye, i-Ikea ifuna ukubala ukukhishwa "okugwenyiwe", phakathi kwezinye izinto, okungukuthi ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni amakhasimende ayo akugwema ngempela lapho ethenga amaphaneli elanga kwa-Ikea. I-Ikea iphinde ibale ikhabhoni eboshwe emikhiqizweni yayo. Inkampani iyazi ukuthi le carbon iphinde ikhishwe ngemva kweminyaka engaba ngu-20 ngokwesilinganiso (isb. lapho imikhiqizo yezinkuni ilahlwa futhi ishiswa). Yiqiniso, lokhu kulahla umphumela wesimo sezulu futhi.

Apple ikhangisa kusizindalwazi sayo: “Asithathi hlangothi nge-CO2. Futhi ngo-2030, yonke imikhiqizo oyithandayo izobe isikhona." Kodwa-ke, lokhu "Singathathi hlangothi nge-CO2" kubhekiselwa kuphela ekusebenzeni okuqondile kwabasebenzi, uhambo lwebhizinisi kanye nohambo lokuya emsebenzini. Kodwa-ke, zenza kuphela amaphesenti angu-1,5 wesamba esikhishwa yiQembu. Amaphesenti angama-98,5 asele avela ku-supply chain. Lapha, i-Apple izibekele umgomo wokunciphisa ngamaphesenti angama-2030 ngo-62 ngokusekelwe ku-2019. Lokho kuyisifiso sokuvelela, kodwa kusekude nokungathathi hlangothi kwe-CO2. Imigomo enemininingwane emaphakathi ayitholakali. Akukho futhi okuhlosiwe kokuthi unganciphisa kanjani ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngokusebenzisa imikhiqizo. 

Imikhuba emihle nemibi

Izimo ezifanayo zingabonakala kwezinye izinkampani ezinkulu. Ithangi lokucabanga Isikhungo Esisha Sesimo Sezulu yabhekisisa izinhlelo zezinkampani ezinkulu ezingu-25 futhi yahlaziya nezinhlelo ezinemininingwane yezinkampani. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukucaca kwezinhlelo kwahlolwa futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthi izinyathelo ezihleliwe zingenzeka yini futhi zanele ukufeza imigomo izinkampani ezizibekele yona. Izinjongo zebhizinisi ezinkulu, okungukuthi ukuthi imikhiqizo ekuleli fomu futhi kuze kube manje iyahlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi nhlobo, ayizange ifakwe ekuhlolweni. 

Okutholakele kushicilelwe embikweni weCorporate Climate Responsibility Monitor 2022[1] kanye ne-NGO Ukubukwa Kwemakethe yeCarbon i-veröffentlicht. 

Umbiko ukhomba izinqubo ezimbalwa ezinhle okungakalwa ngazo ukuthobela izithembiso zesimo sezulu sebhizinisi:

• Izinkampani kufanele zilandelele konke ukukhishwa kwazo futhi zibike njalo ngonyaka. Okungukuthi lezo eziphuma ekukhiqizeni kwazo (“Scope 1”), kusukela ekukhiqizweni kwamandla abawasebenzisayo (“Scope 2”) kanye nasuka ku-supply chain kanye nezinqubo ezansi nomfula ezifana nezokuthutha, ukusetshenziswa kanye nokulahlwa (“Scope 3”). 
• Izinkampani kufanele zisho ezihlokweni zazo zesimo sezulu ukuthi lezi zinhloso zibandakanya ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ku-scope 1, 2 kanye no-3 kanye nezinye izisusa zesimo sezulu ezifanele (njengokushintsha kokusetshenziswa komhlaba). Kufanele babeke okuhlosiwe okungabandakanyi ama-offset futhi ahambisana nokuhlosiwe kuka-1,5°C kule mboni. Futhi kufanele babeke amaphuzu abalulekile angekho ngaphezu kweminyaka emihlanu ngokuhlukana.
• Izinkampani kufanele zenze izindlela ezijulile zokuqeda ikhabhoni futhi zizidalule ukuze abanye bakwazi ukukulingisa. Kufanele uthole amandla aphezulu avuselelekayo futhi udalule yonke imininingwane yomthombo.
• Kufanele banikeze ukwesekwa kwezimali okunentshisekelo ekunciphiseni ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ngaphandle kochungechunge lwenani labo, ngaphandle kokuzenzisa njengokuqeda ukungcola kwabo. Mayelana nokususwa kwekhabhoni, kufanele kugweme izithembiso ezidukisayo. Yilawo ma-CO2 offset kuphela okufanele abalwe asusa ukukhishwa okungagwemeki ngokuphelele. Izinkampani kufanele zikhethe kuphela izixazululo ezizothatha ikhabhoni amakhulu eminyaka noma izinkulungwane zeminyaka (okungenani iminyaka eyi-2) futhi ezingabalwa ngokunembile. Lesi simangalo singahlangatshezwana kuphela nezixazululo zobuchwepheshe ezenza i-CO100 ibe ngamaminerali, okungukuthi iguqule ibe yi-magnesium carbonate (i-magnesite) noma i-calcium carbonate (i-lime), isibonelo, futhi ezotholakala kuphela esikhathini esizayo esingenakunqunywa ngokunembe kakhudlwana.

Umbiko ukhuluma ngale mikhuba emibi elandelayo:

• Ukudalulwa okukhethekile kokukhishwa kwegesi, ikakhulukazi ku-Scope 3. Ezinye izinkampani zisebenzisa lokhu ukufihla amaphesenti angama-98 awo wonke umkhondo wazo.
• Ukukhishwa okudlule okuyihaba ukwenza ukuncipha kubonakale kukhulu.
• Ukukhishwa kwemikhiqizo ephumayo kosonkontileka abancane.
• Fihla ukungasebenzi ngemuva kwamagoli amahle.
• Ungafaki ukukhishwa okuvela kumaketanga okunikezela kanye nezinqubo ezansi nomfula.
• Okuhlosiwe okungalungile: okungenani izinkampani ezine kwezingu-25 ezishicilelwe ezihlokweni ezishicilelwe ezingadingi noma yikuphi ukuncishiswa phakathi kuka-2020 no-2030.
• Ulwazi olungacacile noma olungakholeki mayelana nemithombo yamandla esetshenzisiwe.
• Ukubalwa kabili kokuncishiswa.
• Khetha amabhrendi ngamanye futhi uwakhuthaze njenge-CO2-neutral.

Ayikho indawo yokuqala esilinganisweni

Ekuhloleni okusekelwe kule mikhuba emihle nemibi, ayikho neyodwa inkampani eyahlolwa eyazuza indawo yokuqala. 

UMaersk ungene okwesibili (“kuyamukeleka”). Inkampani enkulu kunazo zonke yokuthumela imikhumbi emhlabeni wonke yamemezela ngoJanuwari 2022 ukuthi ihlose ukuzuza ukukhishwa kwe-net-zero kuyo yonke inkampani, okuhlanganisa zonke izici ezintathu, ngo-2040. Lokhu wukuthuthukisa kunezinhlelo zangaphambilini. Ngo-2030, ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ematheminali kuzokwehla ngamaphesenti angama-70 kanye namandla okukhipha umkhumbi (okungukuthi ukukhishwa kwethoni ngalinye elithuthwayo) ngamaphesenti angama-50. Yiqiniso, uma umthamo wezimpahla ukhuphuka ngesikhathi esifanayo, lokhu kubalwa ngaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-50 wezinto ezikhishwa ngokuphelele. IMaersk izobe sekumele izuze inqwaba yokwehliswa phakathi kuka-2030 no-2040. I-Maersk iphinde yabeka imigomo yokushintshela ku-CO2-neutral fuels, okungukuthi zokwenziwa kanye nama-bio-fuels. I-LPG njengesixazululo sesikhashana ayibhekwa. Njengoba lawa mafutha amasha edala izinkinga zokusimama nokuphepha, iMaersk iphinde yagunyaza ucwaningo oluhlobene. Izimpahla ezithutha impahla eziyisishiyagalombili zihlelelwe ukuthi ziqale ukusebenza ngo-2024, ezingase zisetshenziswe ngamafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi kanye ne-bio-methanol noma i-e-methanol. Ngalokhu, iMaersk ifuna ukugwema ukukhiya. Le nkampani iphinde yanxenxa i-World Maritime Organisation ukuthi ikhiphe intela yekhabhoni ejwayelekile ekuthuthweni kwemikhumbi. Umbiko ugxeka iqiniso lokuthi, ngokungafani nezinhlelo ezinemininingwane yezinye izinto zokubasa, i-Maersk yethula okumbalwa okuhlosiwe okucacile kwe-scope 2 kanye ne-3 ekhishwayo. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, imithombo yamandla lapho ugesi wokukhiqiza amanye amafutha ezogcina uvela khona izoba semqoka kakhulu.

I-Apple, i-Sony neVodafone iphume isithathu (“ngokulinganisela”).

Izinkampani ezilandelayo zihlangabezana kancane nemibandela: i-Amazon, i-Deutsche Telekom, i-Enel, i-GlaxoSmithkline, i-Google, i-Hitachi, i-Ikea, i-Volkswagen, i-Walmart ne-Vale. 

Futhi umbiko uthola ukuxhumana okuncane kakhulu ne-Accenture, BMW Group, Carrefour, CVS Health, Deutsche Post DHL, E.On SE, JBS, Nestlé, Novartis, Saint-Gbain kanye ne-Unilever.

Zintathu kuphela kulezi zinkampani ezenze izinhlelo zokunciphisa ezithinta lonke uchungechunge lwenani: Isikhondlakhondla semikhumbi yaseDenmark iMaersk, inkampani yezokuxhumana yaseBrithani iVodafone kanye neDeutsche Telekom. Izinkampani eziyi-13 zithumele amaphakheji anemininingwane yezinyathelo. Ngokwesilinganiso, lezi zinhlelo zanele ukunciphisa ukungcola ngamaphesenti angu-40 esikhundleni samaphesenti ayikhulu ayethenjisiwe. Okungenani ezinhlanu zezinkampani zithola ukwehliswa ngamaphesenti ayi-100 kuphela ngezinyathelo zazo. Isibonelo, abafaki ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni okwenzeka kubahlinzeki babo noma ezinqubweni ezansi nomfula njengokuthutha, ukusetshenziswa nokulahlwa. Izinkampani eziyishumi nambili azizange zinikeze imininingwane ecacile ngezinhlelo zazo zokunciphisa isisi esibamba ukushisa. Uma uthatha zonke izinkampani zihlolwe ndawonye, ​​​​zithola kuphela amaphesenti angu-15 okunciphisa okuthenjisiwe kokukhipha umoya. Ukuze kuqhubeke kufinyelele umgomo ongu-20°C, konke ukukhishwa kwegesi kuzofanele kwehliswe ngamaphesenti angama-1,5 kuye kwangama-2030 ngo-40 uma kuqhathaniswa no-50.

Izinxephezelo ze-CO2 ziyinkinga

Okukhathaza kakhulu ukuthi izinkampani eziningi zifaka i-carbon offsetting ezinhlelweni zabo, ikakhulukazi ngezinhlelo zokutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi nezinye izixazululo ezisekelwe emvelweni, njenge-Amazon eyenza ngezinga elikhulu. Lokhu kuyinkinga ngoba ikhabhoni eboshwe ngale ndlela ingadedelwa ibuyele emkhathini, isibonelo ngemililo yamahlathi noma ngokugawulwa kwamahlathi nokushiswa. Amaphrojekthi anjalo adinga izindawo ezingatholakali unomphela futhi okungenzeka ukuthi zishoda ukuze kukhiqizwe ukudla. Esinye isizathu ukuthi i-carbon sequestration (okuthiwa i-negative emissions) Ngokwengeziwe okudingekayo ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Ngakho izinkampani kufanele nakanjani zisekele izinhlelo ezinjalo zokutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi noma ukubuyiselwa kwe-peatland nokunye, kodwa akufanele zisebenzise lokhu kusekelwa njengezaba zokunganciphisi ukukhishwa kwazo, okungukuthi zingazifaki njengezinto ezingezinhle kubhajethi yazo yokukhipha umoya. 

Ngisho nobuchwepheshe obukhipha i-CO2 emkhathini futhi buyibophe unomphela (i-mineralize) bungabhekwa kuphela njengesinxephezelo esikholekayo uma buhloselwe ukuqeda ukukhishwa okungagwemeki esikhathini esizayo. Ngokwenza kanjalo, izinkampani kufanele zicabangele ukuthi ngisho nalobu buchwepheshe, uma busetshenziswa, buzotholakala kuphela ngezinga elilinganiselwe futhi kusekhona ukungaqiniseki okukhulu okuhambisana nabo. Kufanele balandele intuthuko eduze futhi babuyekeze izinhlelo zabo zesimo sezulu ngokufanele.

Izindinganiso ezifanayo kufanele zidalwe

Sekukonke, umbiko uthola ukuthi kunokuntuleka kwezindinganiso ezifanayo ezingeni likazwelonke nelamazwe ngamazwe zokuhlola izithembiso zesimo sezulu zezinkampani. Izindinganiso ezinjalo zizodingeka ngokushesha ukuze kuhlukaniswe umthwalo wemfanelo wesimo sezulu wangempela nokuwashwa luhlaza.

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe amazinga anjalo ezinhlelo ze-net-zero zezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni njengezinkampani, abatshalizimali, amadolobha nezifunda, iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene ishicilele eyodwa ngoNdasa kulo nyaka. iqembu lochwepheshe bezinga eliphezulu wenziwe ekuphileni. Izincomo kulindeleke ukuthi zishicilelwe ngaphambi kokuphela konyaka.

Okuphawuliwe: Renate Christ

Isithombe sekhava: ICanva/postprocessed by Simon Probst

[1]    Usuku, Thomas; UMoldijke, uSilke; Smit, Sybrig; Posada, Eduardo; Hans, Frederic; Fearnehough, Harry et al. (2022): I-Corporate Climate Responsibility Monitor 2022. I-Cologne: Isikhungo Esisha Sesimo Sezulu. Ku-inthanethi: https://newclimate.org/2022/02/07/corporate-climate-responsibility-monitor-2022/, ifinyelelwe ngomhlaka-02.05.2022/XNUMX/XNUMX.