Inganekwane "yokukhula okuluhlaza"

Ibhalwe nguMartin Auer

Eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu edlule, kwashicilelwa incwadi ephusile ethi The Limits to Growth, eyagunyazwa yiClub of Rome futhi yakhiqizwa eMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Ababhali abaphambili kwakunguDonella noDennis Meadows. Ucwaningo lwabo belusekelwe esilinganisweni sekhompuyutha esidale kabusha ubudlelwano phakathi kwezitayela ezinhlanu zomhlaba: ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, ukukhula kwenani labantu, ukungondleki, ukuqedwa kwemithombo yemvelo, nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala. Umphumela waba ukuthi: “Uma ukwanda kwamanje kwenani labantu emhlabeni, izimboni, ukungcola, ukukhiqizwa kokudla nokuxhashazwa kwemithombo yemvelo kuqhubeka kungashintshile, imingcele ephelele yokukhula emhlabeni iyofinyelelwa phakathi neminyaka eyikhulu ezayo.1

Le ncwadi, ngokukaDonella Meadows, “ayibhalwanga ukuze iprofethe ngenhlekelele, kodwa ukuze inselele abantu ukuba bathole izindlela zokuphila ezivumelana nemithetho yale planethi.”2

Nakuba namuhla kunokuvumelana okukhulu kokuthi izinto ezenziwa abantu zinemiphumela engenakulungiseka endaweni ezungezile, njengoba iphephabhuku i-Nature libhala kumagazini walo wakamuva.3, abacwaningi bahlukaniswe ngezixazululo ezingenzeka, ikakhulukazi ukuthi kudingekile ukunciphisa ukukhula komnotho noma ukuthi "ukukhula okuluhlaza" kungenzeka.

“Ukukhula okuluhlaza” kusho ukuthi umnotho uyakhula kuyilapho ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza kuncipha. Ukusetshenziswa kwensiza kungasho ukusetshenziswa kwezibaseli ezimbiwa phansi noma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngokuvamile noma ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezithile zokusetshenziswa. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwesabelomali sekhabhoni esisele, ukusetshenziswa kwenhlabathi, ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile, ukuvundisa ngokweqile komhlabathi namanzi ane-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, ukugcwala kwe-asidi ezilwandle kanye nenhlabathi. ukungcoliswa kwemvelo ngepulasitiki neminye imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali.

Ukunciphisa ukukhula komnotho ekusetshenzisweni kwezinsiza

Umqondo “wokwehlukanisa” ukukhula komnotho ekusetshenzisweni kwezinsiza ubalulekile engxoxweni. Uma ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza kukhula ngezinga elifanayo nelomphumela womnotho, ukukhula komnotho kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza kuyaxhunyaniswa. Lapho ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza kukhula kancane kunomphumela wezomnotho, umuntu ukhuluma "ngokuhlukaniswa kwesihlobo". Kuphela uma ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza kuncipha, kuyilapho umphumela wezomnotho ukhula, umuntu angakwazingokuphelele i-decoupling”, futhi kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho umuntu engakhuluma “ngokukhula okuluhlaza”. Kodwa kuphela uma ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza kuncipha kuze kufike ezingeni elidingekayo ukuze kuzuzwe izinhloso zesimo sezulu kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ngokusho kukaJohan Rockström. I-Stockholm Resilience Centre kulungisiswe ngokuthi"okwangempela ukukhula okuluhlaza"4 ukukhuluma.

I-Rockstrom yethula umqondo wemingcele yeplanethi5 i-co-developed ikholelwa ukuthi umnotho kazwelonke ungakhula ngenkathi ukukhishwa kwawo kwamagesi abamba ukushisa kwehla. Njengoba izwi lakhe linesisindo esikhulu emazweni omhlaba, sizochaza kabanzi mayelana nethisisi yakhe lapha. Ubhekisela empumelelweni yamazwe aseNordic ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwawo kwesisi esibamba ukushisa. Esihlokweni esibhalwe ngokubambisana nePer Espen Stoknes6 kusukela ngo-2018 uthuthukisa incazelo "yokukhula okuluhlaza kweqiniso". Emfanekisweni wabo, i-Rockström ne-Stoknes ibhekisela kuphela ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu ngoba kukhona imingcele eyaziwayo yalokhu. Kulesi simo esiqondile, kumayelana nobudlelwano phakathi kokukhishwa kwe-CO2 nevelu eyengeziwe. Ukuze ukukhishwa kwegesi kwehle kuyilapho inani elengeziwe likhuphuka, inani elengezwe ngethani ngalinye le-CO2 kufanele likhuphuke. Ababhali bacabanga ukuthi ukuncipha konyaka kokukhishwa kwe-CO2 kwe-2015% kusuka ku-2 kuyadingeka ukuze kufezwe umgomo wokufudumala ngaphansi kwe-2 ° C. Baphinde bacabange ukunyuka okumaphakathi komkhiqizo womnotho womhlaba (i-GDP yomhlaba wonke noma umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene) ngo-3% ngonyaka. Kulokhu bathola ukuthi inani elengeziwe ngethani ngalinye lokukhishwa kwe-CO2 kumele likhuphuke ngo-5% ngonyaka ukuze "ukukhula kwangempela okuluhlaza" kube khona.7. Bachaza lokhu okungu-5% njengokuqagela okuncane nokunethemba.

Esinyathelweni esilandelayo, bahlola ukuthi ingabe ukwanda okunjalo kokukhiqizwa kwekhabhoni (okungukuthi inani elengeziwe ekukhishweni kwe-CO2 ngakunye) sekufinyelelwe ngempela noma kuphi, futhi bathola ukuthi iSweden, iFinland neDenmark empeleni ibe nokukhula konyaka kokukhiqizwa kwekhabhoni ngaleso sikhathi. 2003-2014 5,7%, 5,5% ngabe ifinyelele 5,0%. Kulokhu bafinyelela isiphetho sokuthi "ukukhula okuluhlaza kwangempela" kungenzeka futhi kubonakale ngokunamandla. Babheka lokhu okungenzeka kwesimo sokunqoba, okwenza kokubili ukuvikelwa kwesimo sezulu kanye nokukhula, kubaluleke kakhulu ekwamukelweni kwezombusazwe kokuvikelwa kwesimo sezulu kanye nokusimama. Eqinisweni, "ukukhula okuluhlaza" kuhloswe ngabakhi benqubomgomo abaningi e-EU, i-UN nasemhlabeni jikelele.

Ocwaningweni lwango-20218 Tilsted et al. umnikelo weStoknes kanye neRockström. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, bagxeka iqiniso lokuthi i-Stoknes ne-Rockström basebenzise ukukhishwa kwendawo okusekelwe ekukhiqizeni, okungukuthi ukukhishwa okukhiqizwa ezweni ngokwalo. Lokhu kukhishwa akubandakanyi ukukhishwa kwemikhumbi yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokuhamba kwezindiza. Uma lokhu kukhishwa kufakiwe esibalweni, umphumela we-Denmark, isibonelo, ushintsha kakhulu. IMaersk, inkampani yemikhumbi emikhulu emhlabeni wonke, izinze eDenmark. Njengoba inani layo elingeziwe lifakiwe ku-GDP ye-Danish, ukukhishwa kwayo kufanele kufakwe. Ngalokhu, nokho, inqubekelaphambili yeDenmark ekuthuthukisweni kokukhiqizwa kwekhabhoni inyamalala cishe ngokuphelele futhi cishe akusekho ukuhlukaniswa ngokuphelele.

Uma umuntu esebenzisa okusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni esikhundleni sezinto ezikhishwayo ezisekelwe ekukhiqizeni, isithombe sishintsha nakakhulu. Igesi ekhishwa yizinto ezisetshenziswayo yileyo ekhiqizwa ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla ezisetshenziswa ezweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zikhiqizwa kuyiphi ingxenye yomhlaba. Kulesi sibalo, wonke amazwe aseNordic asilela kahle ekukhuphukeni kwaminyaka yonke ngo-5% kokukhiqizwa kwekhabhoni okudingekayo 'ekukhuleni kweqiniso okuluhlaza'.

Elinye iphuzu eligxekayo ukuthi i-Soknes ne-Rockström basebenzise i-target engu-2 ° C. Njengoba ubungozi bokufudumala obungu-2°C bukhulu kakhulu kuno-1,5°C, lokhu okuhlosiwe kufanele kusetshenziswe njengophawu lokunciphisa okwanele kokukhipha intuthuko.

Izithiyo Eziyisikhombisa Zokukhula Okuluhlaza

Ngo-2019, i-NGO European Environment Bureau yashicilela ucwaningo oluthi "Decoupling Debunked"9 (“Decoupling Unmasked”) ka-Timothée Parrique nabanye ososayensi abayisithupha. Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, ababhali bayaphawula, "ukukhula okuluhlaza" kuye kwabusa amasu ezomnotho e-UN, EU nakwamanye amazwe amaningi. Lawa masu asekelwe ekucabangeni okungalungile kokuthi ukuhlukaniswa okwanele kungafinyelelwa ngokusebenzisa ukonga kwamandla okuthuthukisiwe kuphela, ngaphandle kokukhawulela ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwempahla yezomnotho. Abukho ubufakazi obuphathekayo bokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kufinyelelwe noma yikuphi okwanele ukugwema ukuwohloka kwemvelo, futhi kubonakala kungenakwenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa okunjalo kuzokwenzeka esikhathini esizayo.

Ababhali bathi amasu ezepolitiki akhona okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kumele ahambisane nezinyathelo zokwanela.10 kudingeka kwengezwe. Okushiwo yilokhu ukuthi ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa emazweni acebile kufanele kuncishiswe ezingeni elanele, elanele, izinga lapho impilo enhle ingenzeka khona ngaphakathi kwemingcele yeplanethi.

Kulo mongo, ababhali bacaphuna ucwaningo oluthi "Ukungalingani kwekhabhoni yomhlaba wonke" ngu-Hubacek et al. (2017)11: Eyokuqala ye-UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ukuqeda ubumpofu. Ngo-2017, ingxenye yesintu yayiphila ngemali engaphansi kwama-$3 ngosuku. Leli qembu lemali engenayo labangela kuphela amaphesenti angu-15 kuphela amagesi abamba ukushisa emhlabeni wonke. Ingxenye yesine yabantu iphila ngemali elinganiselwa ku-$3 kuya ku-$8 ngosuku futhi yabangela amaphesenti angama-23 okukhishwa kwegesi. Ngakho-ke i-CO2 yabo yomuntu ngamunye yayiphakeme ngokuphindwe kathathu kunaleyo yeqembu labahola kancane. Ngakho-ke uma imali engenayo ephansi izokhushulelwa ezingeni eliphakeme elilandelayo ngo-2050, lokho kukodwa (ngokusebenza kahle kwamandla) kuzodla amaphesenti angu-66 wesabelomali se-CO2 esitholakalayo ku-2°C target. I-carbon footprint yamaphesenti angu-2 aphezulu ngemali engaphezu kwama-$ 10 ngosuku yayingaphezu kokuphindwe ka-23 kwalabo abampofu kakhulu. (Bheka futhi okuthunyelwe ku-Celsius: Abacebile kanye nesimo sezulu.)

Ngokusho kwethimba likaParrique, lokhu kuphumela esibophweni esicacile sokuziphatha emazweni asezuze kakhulu kuze kube manje ekungcolisweni kwe-CO2 emkhathini ukuze anciphise kakhulu ukungcola kwawo ukuze anikeze amazwe aseNingizimu Yomhlaba inkululeko edingekayo yentuthuko.

Ngokuningiliziwe, abalobi bathi ukuhlukaniswa okwanele akukwazi ukunqunywa ezindaweni zokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi noma ukulahlekelwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Ezimweni eziningi, ukuhlukanisa kuhlobene. Uma kukhona ukuhlukaniswa okuphelele, khona-ke kuphela isikhathi esifushane nasendaweni.

Ababhali basho izizathu ezimbalwa ezivimbela ukuhlukaniswa:

1. Ukwenyuka kwezindleko zamandla: Lapho insiza ethile ikhishwa (hhayi nje amafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, kodwa futhi, isibonelo, ama-ores), iqala ukukhishwa lapho kungenzeka khona ngezindleko eziphansi kakhulu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ukwanda kwensiza osekuvele isetshenzisiwe, kuba nzima kakhulu, kuyabiza futhi kudinga amandla kakhulu ukuxhaphaza amadiphozithi amasha, njengezihlabathi zetiyela kanye namashale kawoyela. Ngisho namalahle ayigugu kakhulu, i-anthracite, acishe aphela, futhi namuhla kumbiwa amalahle aphansi. Ngo-1930, ama-ores ethusi ane-copper concentration ka-1,8% ambiwa, namuhla ukugxila ku-0,5%. Ukuze kukhishwe izinto zokwakha, ukwaziswa okuphindwe kathathu kufanele kuhanjiswe namuhla njengoba kwakunjalo eminyakeni eyi-100 edlule. I-kWh engu-1 yamandla avuselelekayo isebenzisa insimbi ephindwe ka-10 kune-XNUMX kWh yamandla ezinto ezimbiwa phansi.
2. I-Rebound Effects: Ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle kwamandla ngokuvamile kubangela ukuthi okunye noma konke okongiwe kuncishiswe kwenye indawo. Isibonelo, uma imoto eyonga kakhulu isetshenziswa kaningi noma uma ukonga kusuka ezindlekweni eziphansi zamandla kutshalwa endizeni. Kukhona nemiphumela yesakhiwo. Isibonelo, izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ezongayo zingasho ukuthi uhlelo lwezokuthutha olusindayo lwemoto luyaqina nokuthi ezinye izindlela ezisimeme njengokugibela ibhayisikili nokuhamba ngezinyawo azingeni. Embonini, ukuthengwa kwemishini esebenza kahle kuyisikhuthazo sokwandisa umkhiqizo.
3. inkinga shift: Izisombululo zobuchwepheshe zenkinga yendawo ezungezile zingadala izinkinga ezintsha noma zandise ezikhona. Izimoto ezizimele zikagesi zandisa ingcindezi ku-lithium, i-cobalt ne-cobalt deposits. Lokhu kungase kuqhubekisele phambili izinkinga zezenhlalo ezihambisana nokukhishwa kwalezi zinto zokusetshenziswa. Ukumbiwa kwemihlaba engavamile kubangela umonakalo omkhulu endaweni ezungezile. Ama-biofuels noma i-biomass yokukhiqiza amandla anomthelela omubi ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba. Amandla kagesi angaholela ekukhishweni kwe-methane lapho ukunqwabelana kodaka ngemuva kwamadamu kukhuthaza ukukhula kolwelwe. Isibonelo esisobala sokuguquguquka kwezinkinga yilesi: Umhlaba ukwazile ukunciphisa ukukhula komnotho kusukela ekungcolisweni komquba wamahhashi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamafutha omkhomo - kodwa kuphela ngokuwashintsha wafaka ezinye izinhlobo zokusetshenziswa kwemvelo.
4. Imiphumela yomnotho wesevisi ivamise ukubukelwa phansi: Umnotho wesevisi ungaba khona kuphela ngesisekelo somnotho wezinto ezibonakalayo, hhayi ngaphandle kwawo. Imikhiqizo engaphatheki idinga ingqalasizinda ebonakalayo. Isoftware idinga ihadiwe. Indawo yokuzivocavoca idinga igumbi elishisayo. Labo abaqashwe emkhakheni wenkonzo bathola amaholo abawasebenzise ezintweni ezibonakalayo. Imboni yokukhangisa nezinsizakalo zezezimali zisebenzela ukukhuthaza ukuthengiswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Impela, amakilabhu e-yoga, abelaphi bezithandani, noma izikole ezikhuphukayo zingabeka ingcindezi encane endaweni ezungezile, kodwa lokho akuphoqelekile nakho. Izimboni zolwazi nezokuxhumana zidinga amandla amaningi: I-inthanethi iyodwa inesibophezelo ku-1,5% kuya ku-2% wokusetshenziswa kwamandla emhlabeni jikelele. Ukushintshela emnothweni wesevisi cishe sekuphelile emazweni amaningi e-OECD. Futhi lawa yiwo kanye amazwe anomkhondo osuselwa ekusetshenzisweni okuphezulu.
5. Amandla okugaywa kabusha anqunyelwe: Amazinga okugaywa kabusha okwamanje aphansi kakhulu futhi anda kancane kuphela. Ukugaywa kabusha kusadinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile kwamandla nezinto zokusetshenziswa ezitholiwe kabusha. Izinto zokwakha. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ziwohloka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi kufanele kushintshwe ezisanda kumbiwa. Ngisho ne-Fairphone, eyaziswa kakhulu ngedizayini yayo eyimojula, ama-30% wezinto ezisetshenziswayo angaphinda asetshenziswe kahle kakhulu. Izinsimbi eziyivelakancane ezidingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe futhi kugcinwe amandla avuselelekayo zaphinde zagaywa kabusha ngo-2011% ngo-1. Kuyacaca ukuthi ngisho nokugaywa kabusha okuhle kakhulu akukwazi ukwandisa impahla. Umnotho okhulayo awukwazi ukuphila ngezinto ezigaywe kabusha. Izinto ezinezinga elingcono kakhulu lokugaywa kabusha yinsimbi. Ngokukhula konyaka ekusetshenzisweni kwensimbi ngama-2%, izindawo zokugcina insimbi emhlabeni zizophela ngonyaka ka-2139. Izinga lamanje lokugaywa kabusha elingu-62% lingabambezela lelo phuzu ngeminyaka eyi-12. Uma izinga lokugaywa kabusha linganyuswa libe ngu-90%, lokho kuzongeza eminye iminyaka engu-7 kuphela12.
6. Izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe azanele: Inqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe ayiqondile izici zokukhiqiza ezibalulekile ekusimameni kwemvelo futhi akuholeli emisha enciphisa ingcindezi endaweni ezungezile. Ayikwazi ukufaka esikhundleni obunye, ubuchwepheshe obungadingeki, futhi ayisheshi ngokwanele ukuqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa okwanele. Iningi lentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ihloselwe ukusindisa abasebenzi kanye nemali. Nokho, iyona kanye le nqubo eholela ekwandeni okuhlala kukhuphuka kokukhiqizwa. Kuze kube manje, imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo ayizange iholele ekuncipheni kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ngenxa yokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kukhula jikelele. Okuvuselelekayo kuyimithombo eyengeziwe yamandla kuphela. Isabelo samalahle ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla emhlabeni wonke sehlile ngamaphesenti, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle ngokuphelele bekulokhu kukhuphuka kuze kube namuhla. Emnothweni wobunxiwankulu, ogxile ekukhuleni, izinto ezintsha zenzeka ngaphezu kwakho konke lapho ziletha inzuzo. Ngakho-ke, izinto ezintsha eziningi ziqhuba ukukhula.
7. ukushintsha izindleko: Okunye kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-decoupling empeleni nje wushintsho ekulimaleni kwemvelo kusuka ekusetshenzisweni okuphezulu kuya emazweni asetshenziswa kancane. Ukucabangela indawo yemvelo esekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kupenda isithombe esincane kakhulu futhi kuphakamisa ukungabaza mayelana nokwenzeka kokuhlukana kwesikhathi esizayo.

Ababhali baphetha ngokuthi abagqugquzeli bokukhula okuluhlaza abanakho okuncane noma akukho okugculisayo abangakusho mayelana namaphuzu ayisikhombisa asohlwini. Abenzi bezinqubomgomo badinga ukuqaphela iqiniso lokuthi ukubhekana nesimo sezulu kanye nezinkinga zezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo (okuyizingqinamba ezimbili kwezimbalwa zezemvelo) kuzodinga ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa komnotho nokusetshenziswa emazweni acebe kakhulu. Lokhu, bayagcizelela, akuyona indaba ecatshangwayo. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, izinhlangano zomphakathi eGlobal North zihlele mayelana nomqondo wokwanela: Amadolobha ashintsho, ukunyakaza kokwehla, izindawo zokuhlala, Slow Cities, umnotho wobumbano, Umnotho wezinto ezijwayelekile ziyizibonelo. Okushiwo yilokhu kunyakaza ukuthi: okuningi akuhlali kungcono, futhi kunokwanele. Ngokusho kwababhali balolu cwaningo, akudingekile ukunciphisa ukukhula komnotho ekulimaleni kwemvelo, kodwa ukuqeda ukuchuma nokuphila okuhle ekukhuleni komnotho.

OKUBONWAYO: Renate Christ
ISITHOMBE ESISESEMBOZWENI: I-Montage ka-Martin Auer, izithombe ngo- Matthias Boeckel futhi bluelightpictures nge Pixabay)

Imibhalo yaphansi:

1I-Club of Rome (2000): Imikhawulo Yokukhula. Umbiko weClub of Rome mayelana nesimo sesintu. Uhlelo lwe-17 Stuttgart: Indlu yokushicilela yaseJalimane, p.17

2https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00723-1

3ibid

4Stoknes, Per Espen; I-Rockström, Johan (2018): Ukuchaza kabusha ukukhula okuluhlaza ngaphakathi kwemingcele yeplanethi. Ku: Amandla Research & Social Science 44, amakhasi 41-49. I-DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2018.04.030

5I-Rockstrom, uJohan (2010): Imingcele Yeplanethi. Ku: New Perspectives Quarterly 27 (1), amakhasi 72-74. I-DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5842.2010.01142.x.

6ibid.

7Ivelu eyengeziwe ngeyunithi ngayinye ye-CO2 ibizwa ngokuthi ukukhiqizwa kwekhabhoni, isifushaniso se-CAPRO.
I-CAPRO = GDP/CO2 → GDP/CAPRO = CO2.. Uma ufaka u-103 we-GDP kanye no-105 we-CAPRO, umphumela uba ngu-2 we-CO0,98095, okungukuthi ukwehla cishe okucishe kube ngu-2%.

8Tilsted, Joachim Peter; Bjorn, Anders; Majeau-Bettez, Guillaume; U-Lund, uJens Friis (2021): Izindaba ze-accounting: Ukubukeza kabusha izimangalo zokuhlukaniswa nokukhula okuluhlaza kwangempela emazweni ase-Nordic. Ku: Ecological Economics 187, amakhasi 1-9. I-DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107101.

9U-Parrique T, Barth J, Briens F, Kerschner C, Kraus-Polk A, Kuokkanen A, Spangenberg JH (2019): Decoupling-Debunked. Ubufakazi nezimpikiswano eziphikisana nokukhula okuluhlaza njengesu elilodwa lokusimama. I-Brussels: I-European Environmental Bureau.

10Kusukela esiNgisini Kwanele = ngokwanele.

11Hubacek, Klaus; Baiocchi, Giovanni; Feng, Kuishuang; Muñoz Castillo, Raúl; Sun, Laixiang; Xue, Jinjun (2017): Ukungalingani kwekhabhoni yomhlaba wonke. Ku: Amandla. I-Ecol. imvelo 2 (6), amakhasi 361-369. I-DOI: 10.1007/s40974-017-0072-9.

12Grosse, F; Mainguy, G. (2010): Ingabe ukugaywa kabusha “kuyingxenye yesixazululo”? Indima yokuvuselela kabusha emphakathini okhulayo kanye nomhlaba wezinsiza ezinomkhawulo. https://journals.openedition.org/sapiens/906#tocto1n2