Option
Izinkampani ezimbili ze-biotech i-Corteva ne-Bayer ziqongelele amakhulu ezicelo zelungelo lobunikazi ezitshalweni eminyakeni yamuva nje. I-Corteva ifake amalungelo obunikazi angu-1.430 - ngaphezu kwanoma iyiphi enye inhlangano - ezitshalweni ezisebenzisa izindlela ezintsha. Ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo zasetshenziswa. Ucwaningo lwamazwe ngamazwe oluhlanganyelwe olwenziwa yi-GLOBAL 2000, Friends of the Earth Europe, Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO), ARCHE NOAH, IG Saatgut - iqembu elinentshisekelo yomsebenzi wembewu ongenayo i-GMO kanye ne-Vienna Chamber of Labor ihlola lesi sikhukhula samalungelo obunikazi ngokumelene nesizinda se okwamanje kuxoxwe ngakho ngokuhoxiswa komthetho wobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo we-EU kanye Nokwehluka okuseduze kweNew Genetic Engineering (NGT). "Inani elikhulayo lezicelo zelungelo lobunikazi lokwandisa inzuzo yalezi zindlela ze-NGT liveza ukudlala kabili kwezinkampani," kusho ababhali bombiko oshicilelwe namuhla. "Izinkampani zamakhemikhali nembewu zifuna ukufinyelela okulula emakethe ye-EU yezitshalo zabo ze-NGT kanye nembewu ye-NGT futhi ngaleyo ndlela zithole ukulawula okukhulu nakakhulu kubalimi, ukuzalanisa izitshalo kanye nesistimu yethu yokudla."
I-Corteva ne-Bayer ilawula ibhizinisi lelungelo lobunikazi kwezolimo
Izinkampani ze-Biotech ezifana ne-Corteva kanye ne-Bayer zincoma izinqubo ezintsha zobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo njengezinqubo 'zemvelo' ezingenakutholwa ngakho-ke kufanele zikhishwe ezilawulweni zokuphepha ze-European Union kanye nemithetho yokulebula ngokudla okushintshwe izakhi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, balungiselela ezinye izicelo zelungelo lobunikazi le-NGT ukuze bavikele ubuciko babo obusha futhi ngokwenza kanjalo bandise izintuba emthethweni welungelo lobunikazi.
Ukunikezwa kwelayisensi ye-Agricultural Biotechnology kuyibhizinisi elinenzuzo, elikhulayo. UCorteva (owayekade eyiDow, iDuPont kanye nePioneer) kanye neBayer (umnikazi weMonsanto) sebevele belawula Amaphesenti we-40 yemakethe yembewu yezimboni yomhlaba wonke. I-Corteva ifake amagunya obunikazi acishe abe ngu-1.430 ezitshalweni ze-NGT emhlabeni wonke, i-Bayer/Monsanto 119. Zombili lezi zinkampani ziphothule izivumelwano zamalayisense ezifinyelela kude nezikhungo zocwaningo ezakha ubuchwepheshe. I-Corteva ayigcini nje ngokubusa indawo yobunikazi bezitshalo ze-NGT, kodwa futhi iyinkampani yokuqala enesitshalo se-NGT enqubweni yokugunyazwa kwe-EU. Nalokhu okunelungelo lobunikazi ngaphezulu, ekwazi ukumelana nomuthi othile wokubulala ukhula, indlela ye-NGT i-CRISPR/Cas yasetshenziswa kule nqubo ngaphezu kobunjiniyela bofuzo obudala.
I-Patent Yezitshalo Nezakhiwo
Amalungelo obunikazi angafakwa e-EU ngemikhiqizo kanye/noma izinqubo. Izinkampani ze-Biotech, ngokwesibonelo, zifaka izicelo zamalungelo obunikazi azivumela ukuthi zifune izinqubo ezifanele zobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo kanye nezici ezithile zofuzo ezakhiwe yilezi zinqubo. Isibonelo, u-Corteva uphethe i-EP 2893023 yelungelo lobunikazi lendlela yokuguqula i-genome yeseli (ephinde esebenzisa uhlelo lwe-NGT) futhi ifuna amalungelo empahla yobuhlakani kuwo wonke amaseli, imbewu nezitshalo eziqukethe "okusunguliwe" okufanayo, kungaba ku-broccoli, ummbila, ubhontshisi wesoya, irayisi, ukolweni, ukotini, ibhali noma ubhekilanga (“izimangalo zomkhiqizo ngenqubo”). Ngobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, cishe akunakwenzeka ukwazi kahle ukuthi yini enikezwe ilungelo lobunikazi, njengoba izicelo zivame ukubanzi ngamabomu ukuze kutholwe 'ukuvikelwa' okubanzi. Izinkampani zembewu zifiphaza ngamabomu umehluko phakathi kokuzalanisa okujwayelekile, i-mutagenesis engahleliwe kanye nobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo obudala nobusha. Njengoba ulwazi mayelana nokuthi yini equkethwe kumalungelo obunikazi lutholakala kancane, kunzima ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi izitshalo noma izici ezinelungelo lobunikazi. Abazalanisi, abalimi noma abakhiqizi babhekene nokungaqiniseki okukhulu ngokomthetho mayelana nokuthi yini abangayenza ngezitshalo abasebenza ngazo nsuku zonke, yiziphi izinzuzo okufanele zikhokhelwe nokuthi yini engaholela ekumangaleleni. I-Monsanto, manje ehlanganiswe ne-Bayer, yaletha amacala okuphulwa kwelungelo lobunikazi angu-1997 ngokumelene nabalimi base-United States phakathi kuka-2011 no-144.
Izidingo zezolimo ezihlukene, ezihambisana nesimo sezulu
Ukugxila emakethe yembewu eqhutshwa ngamalungelo obunikazi kuzoholela ekuhlukeni okuncane. Kodwa-ke, inkinga yesimo sezulu isiphoqa ukuthi sishintshele ezinhlelweni zokutshala ezikwazi ukumelana nesimo sezulu, ezingadingi okuncane, kodwa ukuhlukahluka okuningi. Amalungelo obunikazi anikeza izinkampani zomhlaba ukulawula izitshalo nembewu, zikhawulela ukufinyelela ezinhlobonhlobo zofuzo futhi zisongela ukuphepha kokudla.
“Amalungelo obunikazi amaningi ezitshalweni awukusetshenziswa kabi kwamalungelo obunikazi futhi abeka engcupheni ukufinyelela ezinsizeni eziyisisekelo kwezolimo nokukhiqizwa kokudla. Sifuna ukuthi izintuba kumthetho welungelo lobunikazi waseYurophu emkhakheni we-biotechnology kanye nokuzalaniswa kwezitshalo kuvalwe ngokushesha futhi kwenziwe imithetho ecacile engafaki ukuzalanisa okuvamile ekutholeni ilungelo lobunikazi. U-Katherine Dolan ovela ku-NOAH'S ARK. Abalimi bezitshalo badinga ukufinyelela ezintweni zofuzo ukuze bathuthukise izitshalo ezivumelana nesimo sezulu. Umlimi ilungelo lembewu kumele kuqinisekiswe.
“Ubunjiniyela obusha bezofuzo kwezolimo kumele buqhubeke nokulawulwa ngokuhambisana nomgomo wokuqapha. Izitshalo ze-NGT zidinga ukulawulwa ngendlela efanele, nge uphawu kanye nezilawuli zokuphepha ukuze kuvikelwe impilo yabantu kanye nemvelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubonakala nokulandeleka kulo lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwabathengi nabalimi." UBrigitte Reisenberger, umkhulumeli we-GLOBAL 2000 wobunjiniyela bofuzo.
Photo / Video: GLOBAL 2000 / Christopher Glanzl.
