Elisabeth Oberzaucher
"Ukube i-biology ibisebenzise izinguquko, esikhundleni sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kungenzeka ukuthi ngabe akukho kuphila emhlabeni."
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo yinqubo engapheli, yize singaba nomuzwa wokuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle - okungenani maqondana nezinto zethu eziphilayo.
Izinguquko emazingeni ezakhi zofuzo ngokuvamile zihamba kancane kakhulu, izindlela zangaphambili zokuguqula nokushintsha zenzeka kuphela ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Ngokuphikisana, izinqubo ze-epigenetic zingasebenza ngokushesha okukhulu. Isibonelo, imiphumela yendlala ku-physiology yezizukulwane ezilandelayo ikhonjisiwe. Omunye umthombo wokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo yizinambuzane eziphilayo esiphila nazo eduze kwe-Symbiosis: Isikhumba semvelo sinesibopho sezinto ukudla okugaywa kuzo, futhi ngenxa yalokho singaba nethonya elikhulu ku-physiology. Ucwaningo ngemiphumela eyinkimbinkimbi ye-microflora kwimpilo yabantu, i-psyche nokuziphatha kusekuncane, kepha izinkomba zokuqala zikhomba imiphumela efinyelela kude.
I-Evolution ne-Epigenetics
Ku-biology, ushintsho luyibhizinisi nsuku zonke. Izinto eziphilayo ziyaguquka njalo, izinhlobo ezintsha ziyavela kanti ezinye ziyafa. Zimbalwa kakhulu izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezihlala isikhathi eside ngokungajwayelekile, futhi ngenxa yokuthi zimangalisa kakhulu, zibizwa ngokuthi izinsalela eziphilayo.
Sekuyisikhathi eside kucatshangwa ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kusebenza kancane njengokuqeqeshwa komzimba: lapho wenza izicubu ezisindayo xaxa, ziba ziqina futhi ziqine, futhi ngandlela thile lobu buntu buzuzwa esizukulwaneni esilandelayo. le Isikole seLamarcki Ifa lezindawo ezitholiwe lalingu Umbono kaDarwinian wokuziphendukela kwemvelo obona kuphela umthombo woshintsho njengomthombo woshintsho, futhi ivumela inqubo yokuzivumelanisa kuphela ngokuxhumana kwalezi zinguquko ezingahleliwe nezimo zokuphila - okungukuthi, ekukhetheni. Kuze kube muva nje, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo nokukhetha bekubhekwe njengokuwukuphela kwezindlela ezisebenzayo ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo. Ngokutholwa kwe-epigenetics, okubandakanya ukushintshwa nokuphuma kwezakhi zofuzo, phakathi kwezinye izinto ngenxa yamathonya ezemvelo, umbono weLamarckian uthola imvuselelo. Ngokungezelela empahleni etholwe ngokuguqukayo, izinto eziphilayo zisebenza ngokusebenza ngokusebenza futhi nokwenza kungasebenzi imininingwane esele ikhona.
I-Revolution vs. kwemvelo
Ngaphezu kwalezi zinto ezihlobene nokuzalwa, amathonya ezenhlalo namasiko nawo adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekudalekeni kwezinhlobo zezilwane, ikakhulukazi kulabo abanezinqubo zamasiko eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nezobuchwepheshe. Lezi zindlela zokusungula ngokushesha zishesha kakhulu: Uma umphumela wokuguqulwa kofuzo ubonakala esizukulwaneni esilandelayo, khona-ke ubuchwepheshe bungaphelelwa isikhathi esikhathini esingaphansi konyaka. Ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kubhekene ukushesha, okuholele ekutheni empilweni yomuntu, izinketho zokuxhumana kusuka ku-telex kuya kwelefoni telephony zathola uguquko lwangempela. Kepha ingabe lokho kuyinguquko ngempela?
Ngaphandle kokulandelana okusha kwemisebenzi, inqubo yentuthuko yethu yezobuchwepheshe ifana nokuvela kwezinto, inqubo yokushintsha esivame ukukwenza ngaphandle kokubhujiswa okusebenzayo kwalokhu okukhona. Ubuchwepheshe obudala busazobakhona isikhashana, futhi buzothunyelwa kancane kancane ngabusha obumele ukuthuthuka kwezinga lesimo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi ngaphandle kokuphakama okucacile kwezobuchwepheshe kwama-Smartphones, lezi azikaze zisuswe ngokuphelele izingcingo zamaselula zakudala futhi ngokuqinisekile azona izingcingo eziqondile ezingalungisiwe. Izinqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zibonakaliswa ukuhlukaniswa kokuqala okukhona okuphikelelayo noma okuphelayo kokunye okuhlukanisiwe okunye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaRevolutions, aqala ngesenzo esonakalisayo lapho kususwa khona izinhlelo ezikhona. Emanxiweni walesi sikhathi sokubhujiswa yakha izakhiwo ezintsha. Ukube i-biology ibisebenzise izinguquko, esikhundleni sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, amasu, bekungeke kube nokuphila emhlabeni.
Umuntu wezobuchwepheshe
Intuthuko yesiko nobuchwepheshe ibukeka incane kakhulu ekusungulweni okungahleliwe kunokuvela kokuzalwa. Kodwa-ke, amathuba ahlukahlukene kakhulu kangangokuba akunakwenzeka ukwenza izibikezelo ezithembekile zokuthi lolu hambo luzohamba kuphi. Ezinye izinkambiso ezijwayelekile zibonakala zibonakala kusengaphambili: Ukuvela kwabantu kuzoshesha njengoba ubuchwepheshe buye buhlanganiswa futhi buhlanganiswa. Izinsizakusebenza zomshini womuntu ziya ngokuya zinokuqonda ngokwengeziwe - njengoba sesivele sikubona ngokusebenzisa izikrini zokuthinta esikhundleni samakhibhodi - futhi sihlanganiswa kakhulu. Ngakho-ke ngombono wanamuhla, kubonakala sengathi kungenzeka ukuthi maduze nje abantu babe nokufakwa kokulawula amagajethi abo.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo ngaphandle kwezimilo?
Ikakhulu emkhakheni wezokwelapha, le mibono iyathembisa: Abalawuli be-insulin abalawulwa ngokuzimela bangalinganisa ukulethwa kwe-insulin ngezinzwa ezifakiwe ukuze isifo sikashukela sibe yisifo esincipha kakhulu. Umuthi wokufakelwa uthembisa amandla amasha ngekhono lokukhiqiza izitho zonke kuphrinta ye-3D. Kuliqiniso, ucwaningo lusekude kakhulu ukuthi lungahunyushelwa ekwelashweni okubanzi okubanzi, kepha umbono ubonakala kungenzeka. Ukuxilonga izakhi zofuzo kudlala indima ekhulayo emithini yokuzala. Lapha kuphakama imibuzo yokuziphatha okuhle.
Umuntu oklanyelwe
Ekuhlolweni kokukhulelwa, kuhlaziywa izakhi zofuzo ukulinganisa amathuba okusinda. Ekufakweni okungelona iqiniso, lezo zindlela zingasetshenziswa futhi ukukhetha izimfanelo ezithile enzalweni - umphetho kumntwana oklanywe mncane kakhulu lapha. Ukuxilongwa kofuzo kusengaphambili kwenza sikwazi ukukhetha ubulili besibeletho esifakiwe - ingabe kufanelekile lokhu?
Ngenkathi ukukhethwa kwemibungu kwabaningi kusengangena endaweni engwevu, okusho ukuthi imiphumela yayo yokuziphatha ayikacaciswa ekugcineni, isayensi isivele yathatha isinyathelo esilandelayo, futhi esigcizelela ukubaluleka kwalombuzo: I-CRISPR indlela entsha yobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, okwenza sikwazi ukuletha izinguquko zofuzo ezihlosiwe ngezindlela ezilula. Ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti, ukuphathwa kokuqala kokuphumelela kokusebenzisa umbungu komuntu usebenzisa indlela ye-CRISPR Cas9 kwabikwa. Abaphenyi basebenzise uhlobo oluthile lwesifo senhliziyo nokufa kwenhliziyo. Njengoba uhlobo lokuhlukahluka lwofuzo luzuza kakhulu, bonke abathwali bayagula. Ngakho-ke, ukususa uhlobo oluyiphutha kuhluka hhayi nje ngokunciphisa amathuba okuba umuntu agule kodwa kunalokho kusho ukuthi esikhundleni sesifo esiqinisekisiwe somuntu kanye nengxenye yenzalo yabo, akekho ogula.
Amathuba amakhulu okudambisa ukuhlupheka kwabantu, ahambisana nokwenzakala okulula, aholela ekulangazelelekeni okukhulu ngale ndlela entsha. Kodwa-ke, amazwi ezexwayiso nawo angazwakala: Ngabe uhlelo lungalawulwa kahle kangakanani? Ingabe kunjalo ngempela ukuthi izinguquko ezihlosiwe kuphela ezibangelwa? Ngabe indlela nayo ingabe isetshenziselwa izinhloso zobumnyama? Okokugcina, kuphakama umbuzo wokuthi kungaphumelela yini noma izisekelo zobuntu bethu azisabaleki.
Imikhawulo yokwenzeka
Ukuqanjwa kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kusivumela ukuthi sithathe ikusasa ezandleni zethu kunanini ngaphambili. Ngenxa yamandla namasu wezobuchwepheshe esikwazile ukuguqula umhlaba ngokwezifiso nezidingo zethu, manje singathonya ikusasa lethu lokuzalwa. Ekukhohliseni umhlaba njengoba sifisa, ubuntu abuzange banconywe ngokuqagela kwabo nokuhlakanipha ekusebenzelaneni nezinsizakusebenza. Kulokhu, ukukhathazeka mayelana nokwenziwa okusha kwesayensi kubonakala kufanelekile. Ingxoxo yomhlaba wonke mayelana nokushayisana kokuziphatha kweqiwa kakhulu. Kuyaphuthuma ukuthuthukisa imihlahlandlela elawula ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obungaguqula ubuntu ngokuyisisekelo. Okutholakele kungumkhawulo wokusebenziseka okufanele wokweqiwa ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuguqulwa kofuzo. Udonsela kuphi lo mugqa? Uphi umngcele phakathi kokuphilile futhi osekugula vele? Ukuthi lokhu kuguqulwa akuvamile kucace, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kukhombisa ingxoxo yenzeka njalo ngonyaka yencazelo yokugula kwengqondo. Okuchazwa njengesifo kungumphumela wesivumelwano, hhayi iqiniso elingenakuphikwa. Ngenxa yalokho, umthetho olula wokuthi ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kufanele kuvunyelwe lapho kulwelwa isifo akusebenzi ngempela. Ubulukhuni benkinga bumenyezelwa kangangokuba ingxoxo mpikiswano engenakugwenywa ukuze kutholakale isisombululo esizuzisayo.
Photo / Video: Ugogo.
