Abacebile kanye nesimo sezulu

Abantu abanesimo esiphezulu senhlalo-mnotho banethonya elikhulu ngokungenakulinganiswa ekukhishweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa. Ngokuqondile ngokusebenzisa kwabo futhi ngokungaqondile ngamathuba abo ezezimali nezenhlalo. Noma kunjalo, izindlela zokuvikela isimo sezulu azihlosiwe neze kuleli qembu labantu futhi amathuba ezinhlelo ezinjalo awakaze ahlolwe. Amasu okuvikela isimo sezulu kumele ahlose ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa kwabathile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yimaphi amasu akhethwayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuncenga nokuncenga noma izinyathelo zezombangazwe nezentela, indima yalaba bantu abaphakeme ngokusetshenziswa kwabo okuphezulu kanye namandla abo ezombusazwe kanye nezezimali okuvimbela noma ukukhuthaza ubulungiswa besimo sezulu kufanele kufakwe. Ososayensi abahlanu abavela emikhakheni yesayikholoji, ucwaningo lokusimama, ucwaningo lwesimo sezulu, isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu kanye nocwaningo lwezemvelo basanda kushicilela isihloko kujenali yemvelo yamandla (1). Sichazwa kanjani “isimo senhlalo nomnotho esiphezulu”? Ikakhulukazi ngemali engenayo nengcebo. Imali engenayo nengcebo inquma kakhulu isimo kanye nomthelela emphakathini, futhi kunomthelela oqondile emandleni okudla. Kodwa abantu abanesimo esiphezulu senhlalo-mnotho nabo banethonya ekukhishweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa ngezindima zabo njengabatshalizimali, njengezakhamuzi, njengamalungu ezinhlangano nezikhungo nanjengezibonelo zezenhlalo.

Ukukhishwa okuningi kubangelwa abantu abakhethekile

Iphesenti eli-1 elicebe kakhulu lidala amaphesenti angu-15 ezinto ezikhishwayo ezihlobene nokusetshenziswayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaphesenti angu-50 ampofu kakhulu, ehlangene abangela ingxenye yalokho, okungamaphesenti angu-7. Abaningi abacebe kakhulu abanempahla engaphezu kuka-$50 wezigidi abasebenzisa izindiza ezizimele ukuhamba phakathi kwezindawo zokuhlala eziningi emhlabeni jikelele banekhabhoni ephezulu kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, laba bantu bazothinteka kancane emiphumeleni yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ucwaningo luphinde lubonise ukuthi ukungalingani okukhulu kwezenhlalakahle ezweni ngokuvamile kuhlotshaniswa nokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa okuphezulu kanye nokusimama okuncane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngakolunye uhlangothi ukudliwa kwalaba bantu abasezingeni eliphezulu kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi nomthelela wabo kwezombusazwe. Izinhlobo ezintathu zokusetshenziswa yizona ezibangela ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa kwabacebile nabacebe kakhulu: ukuhamba ngendiza, izimoto kanye nezindlu.

Indiza

 Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokusetshenziswa, ukuhamba ngendiza yikhona okusebenzisa kakhulu amandla. Uma iholo liphezulu, kulapho kuphakama khona ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni yokuhamba ngendiza. Futhi okuphambene nalokho: Ingxenye yakho konke okuphumayo emhlabeni wonke okuvela ekuhambeni ngendiza kubangelwa amaphesenti acebe kakhulu (bheka futhi lokhu okuthunyelwe). Futhi ukube amaphesenti acebe kakhulu eYurophu ebengakuyeka ngokuphelele ukuhamba ngendiza, laba bantu bebeyonga amaphesenti angu-40 emali abayitholayo. Izindiza zomhlaba wonke zikhipha i-CO2 eningi emkhathini kunalo lonke elaseJalimane. Abacebile nabanamandla bavame ukuhola izimpilo ze-hypermobile futhi bahambe ngendiza ngasese nangomsebenzi. Ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi iholo labo liyabavumela, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi izindiza zikhokhelwa inkampani, noma ngenxa yokuthi isigaba samabhizinisi endizayo siyingxenye yesimo sabo. Ababhali babhala ukuthi ucwaningo oluncane olwenziwe ngokuthi "ipulasitiki", okungukuthi, ukuthi lokhu kuziphatha kokuhamba kunomthelela kangakanani, kuye kwacwaningwa. Kubabhali, ukuguqula imikhuba yenhlalo ezungeze lokhu ku-hypermobility kubonakala kuyisici esibalulekile sokunciphisa ukukhishwa okuvela kule ndawo. Abandiza njalo banamathuba amaningi okuthi banciphise inani lezindiza zabo kunabantu abangabhukha indiza kanye ngonyaka ukuze bavakashele imindeni yabo.

I-Das Auto

 Izimoto, okungukuthi ikakhulukazi izimoto, ziyingxenye enkulu yokukhishwa kwegesi ngomuntu ngamunye e-USA kanye neyesibili ngobukhulu eYurophu. Ezikhiqizweni ezinkulu ze-CO2 (futhi iphesenti elilodwa), i-CO2 evela ezimotweni yenza ingxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu zokukhishwa kwazo komuntu siqu. Ukushintshela kuzithuthi zomphakathi, ukuhamba ngezinyawo kanye nokugibela ibhayisikili kunamandla amakhulu okunciphisa lezi zintuthu ezikhishwayo ezihlobene nethrafikhi. Umthelela wokushintshela ezimotweni ezisebenza ngebhethri uhlolwa ngendlela ehlukile, kodwa noma kunjalo uzokwanda lapho ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kukhishwa i-carbonise. Abantu abahola kakhulu bangahola lolu shintsho lwe-e-mobility njengoba yibona abathengi abakhulu bezimoto ezintsha. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izimoto ze-e zizobe sezifinyelela emakethe yezimoto ezisetshenzisiwe. Kodwa ukuze kuncishiswe ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, ubunikazi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimoto kufanele futhi kuvinjelwe. Ababhali bagcizelela ukuthi lokhu kusetshenziswa kuncike kakhulu kwingqalasizinda ekhona, okungukuthi singakanani isikhala esitholakala kwabahamba ngezinyawo nabahamba ngamabhayisikili. Uma iholo liphezulu, maningi amathuba okuba abantu babe nemoto enzima ekhipha umoya ongcolile. Kodwa nalabo abalwela isikhundla emphakathini bangalwela ukuba nemoto enjalo. Ngokusho kwababhali, abantu abanesimo esiphezulu senhlalo bangasiza ukusungula izimpawu zesimo esisha, isibonelo ukuhlala endaweni evumelana nabahamba ngezinyawo. Phakathi nobhubhane lwamanje lwe-Covid-19, ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kwehlile okwesikhashana. Ingxenye enkulu, lokhu kwehla kudalwe ukuncipha kwezimoto emigwaqeni, hhayi ngoba abantu abaningi bebesebenzela emakhaya. Futhi imisebenzi lapho lokhu kungenzeka khona ikakhulukazi leyo ehola kakhulu.

I-Villa

Iphesenti elilodwa elaziwayo nalo libhekene nengxenye enkulu yegesi eliphuma ezindaweni zokuhlala, okungamaphesenti ayi-11. Laba bantu banezindlu ezinkulu noma amafulethi, banezindawo zokuhlala ezimbalwa futhi basebenzisa impahla yasendlini esetshenziswa kakhulu amandla, njengesiphephetha-moya esimaphakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu abanemali engenayo ephezulu banamathuba amaningi okunciphisa ukukhishwa kwabo ngokusebenzisa izinyathelo ezinezindleko eziphezulu zokuqala, isibonelo ukufaka esikhundleni sezinhlelo zokushisa noma ukufaka ama-solar panel. Ukushintshela emandleni avuselelekayo kunamandla amakhulu kule ndawo, okulandelwa ukulungiswa okubanzi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukonga kukagesi kanye nokuguqulelwa ezintweni zikagesi zasendlini ezonga ugesi. Izinyathelo zomphakathi ezididiyelwe kahle zingenza lokhu kwenzeke emindenini ehola kancane. Kuze kube manje, ababhali bathi, izifundo ngezinguquko zokuziphatha ngeshwa zigxile ekuziphatheni okunamandla okuvikela isimo sezulu aphansi. (Ikakhulukazi ezinguqukweni zokuziphatha eziholela kumthelela osheshayo noma cishe osheshayo, njengokubuyisela emuva i-thermostat yokushisisa [2].) Okutholakele okukhona kumathonya wesimo senhlalo-mnotho kumathuba oshintsho lokuziphatha kuyahlukahluka. Abantu abanemiholo ephakeme kanye nemfundo ephakeme kungenzeka batshale imali ezindleleni zokuthuthukisa ukonga kwamandla noma kubuchwepheshe obusebenza kahle, kodwa ngeke basebenzise amandla amancane. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ngishilo, abantu abahola kakhulu bazoba nabangcono ongakhetha kukhoukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwazo. Okuhlangenwe nakho kuze kube manje kubonisa ukuthi izintela ze-CO2 azibanga namuphi umthelela ekusetshenzisweni kwemizi ehola kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi lezi zindleko ezengeziwe azinakwa kubhajethi yazo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imindeni ehola kancane ithwele kanzima ngezintela ezinjalo [3]. Izinyathelo zezombangazwe, ngokwesibonelo, ezisiza ekunciphiseni izindleko zokutholwa zizoba nje ngokwezomnotho. Indawo yokuhlala enezinga eliphezulu ingakhuphula noma inciphise ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa. Ukuhlala enkabeni yedolobha ebizayo, enabantu abaningi, lapho izindlu zokuhlala nazo zizincane, ishibhile kunokuhlala ngaphandle kwedolobha, lapho izindawo zokuhlala zikhudlwana nalapho uhambo oluningi lwenziwa ngezimoto. Ababhali bagcizelela ukuthi ukuziphatha kwabathengi akunqunywa kuphela izinqumo ezinengqondo, kodwa futhi ngemikhuba, imikhuba yezenhlalakahle, okuhlangenwe nakho kanye nokuthambekela. Izintengo zingaba indlela yokuthonya ukuziphatha kwabathengi, kodwa amasu okushintsha izinkambiso zomphakathi noma ukwephula izinqubo nawo angasebenza kakhulu.

Iphothifoliyo

 Iphesenti elilodwa eliphezulu, yiqiniso, litshala kakhulu ezitokisini, amabhondi, izinkampani, kanye nezindawo ezithengiswayo. Uma laba bantu beshintsha ukutshalwa kwezimali kwabo ezinkampanini ezinekhabhoni ephansi, bangaqhuba uguquko lwesakhiwo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukutshalwa kwezimali kumafutha ezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi, kubambezela ukuncishiswa kokungcola. Inhlangano yokuhoxiswa kwezimali ezimbonini zikaphethiloli ivele kakhulu emanyuvesi asezingeni eliphezulu, emasontweni nakwezinye izikhwama zempesheni. Abantu abanezinga eliphezulu lenhlalo-mnotho bangaba nomthelela ezikhungweni ezinjalo ukuthi zithathe izintambo noma zivimbele le mizamo, njengoba ngokwengxenye zinezikhundla ezinhlakeni eziqondisayo, kodwa futhi nangokuthintana kwazo okungakahleleki kanye nobudlelwano. Njengezimpawu zoshintsho ezinkambisweni zokuxhumana, ababhali babona ukwanda kwenani lezimali zokutshala izimali "eziluhlaza" kanye nomthethonqubo omusha we-EU obophezela abaphathi bezokutshalwa kwezimali ukuthi badalule ukuthi babheka kanjani izici zokusimama emsebenzini wabo wokweluleka kubatshalizimali. Izimali ezigxile ezimbonini ezikhipha umoya omncane ziphinde zenze kube lula ukuguquka kokuziphatha ngoba zenza kube lula futhi kushibhile kubatshalizimali ukuthola mayelana nemiphumela yokutshala izimali ezihlukahlukene. Ababhali bakholelwa ukuthi imizamo yokukhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali okuvumelana nesimo sezulu kufanele igxile kakhulu kumakilasi ahola kakhulu, njengoba elawula ingxenye enkulu yemakethe futhi kuze kube manje abemanqikanqika ukuguqula ukuziphatha kwawo noma, kwezinye izimo, enze izinguquko. zimile ngokuqhubekayo.

Osaziwayo

 Kuze kube manje, abantu abanesimo esiphezulu senhlalo-mnotho banyusile ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa. Kodwa futhi bangaba neqhaza ekuvikeleni isimo sezulu, njengoba benethonya elikhulu njengezibonelo. Imibono yezenhlalo nezamasiko yokuthi yini eyenza impilo enhle isekelwe kuyo. Isibonelo, ababhali bacaphuna ukuthi ukuthandwa kwezimoto ezixubile futhi kamuva ezisebenza ngogesi ngokugcwele kwakuqhutshwa osaziwayo abathenga izimoto ezinjalo. I-Veganism nayo isithole ukuduma ngenxa yosaziwayo. Imigubho yeGolden Globe ye-vegan ngokugcwele yango-2020 ibingaba negalelo elikhulu kulokhu. Kodwa-ke abantu abanesimo esiphakeme bangakwazi futhi ukufaka isandla ekuhlanganisweni kokuziphatha okukhona ngokubonisa ukusetshenziswa kwabo ngokweqile futhi ngaleyo ndlela baqinise umsebenzi wokusetshenziswa njengophawu lwesimo. Ngokusekela kwabo ngokwezimali kanye nezenhlalo emikhankasweni yezombangazwe, izikhungo zokucabanga noma izikhungo zocwaningo, abantu abasezikhundleni eziphezulu bangaba nomthelela omuhle noma ongemuhle enkulumweni yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kanye nokuxhumana kwabo nezikhungo ezinethonya njengamanyuvesi aphakeme. Njengoba kukhona abawinile nabahluliwe ezinyathelweni zokuvikela isimo sezulu, ngokusho kwababhali, abantu bezinga eliphezulu bangasebenzisa amandla abo ukuze balolonge imizamo enjalo ukuze bazuze.

Ama-CEO

 Ngenxa yesikhundla sabo sobuchwepheshe, abantu abanesimo esiphezulu senhlalo-mnotho banethonya elinamandla ngokungenakulinganiswa ekukhishweni kwezinkampani nezinhlangano, ngakolunye uhlangothi ngokuqondile njengabanikazi, amalungu ebhodi labaqondisi, abaphathi noma abaxhumanisi, ngakolunye uhlangothi ngokungaqondile ngokunciphisa. ukukhishwa kwabahlinzeki babo, Ukuthonya amakhasimende kanye nezimbangi. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinhlangano eziningi ezizimele ziye zabeka imigomo yesimo sezulu noma zenza imizamo yokususa uxhaso lwazo lwempahla. Kwamanye amazwe, izinhlelo ezizimele zezinkampani nezinhlangano zenze inqubekelaphambili enkulu mayelana nokuvikelwa kwesimo sezulu kunezifundazwe. Izinkampani ziphinde zithuthukise futhi zikhangise ngemikhiqizo evumelana nesimo sezulu. Amalungu ama-Elite nawo asebenza njengama-philanthropists ngesimo sezulu. Isibonelo, inethiwekhi yesimo sezulu ye-C40 Cities yaxhaswa ngempahla yomuntu yangaphambili yemeya yaseNew York [4]. Iqhaza le-philanthropy ekuvikelweni kwesimo sezulu, nokho, linempikiswano. Kusenocwaningo oluncane kakhulu mayelana nezinga abantu abanesimo esiphezulu senhlalo-mnotho abawasebenzisayo ngempela amathuba abo oshintsho, nokuthi imizamo eqondiswe kulesi sigaba ngokuqondile ingawandisa kanjani amandla abo oshintsho. Njengoba amalungu amaningi e-elite ethola imali engenayo etshalweni, angase futhi abe imithombo yokuphikisa izinguquko uma ebona inzuzo yawo noma isimo sawo sisengozini ngenxa yezinguquko ezinjalo.

Indawo yokwamukela izivakashi

Abantu banethonya ekukhishweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa ezingeni likahulumeni ngokhetho, ngokunxenxa nokubamba iqhaza emikhankasweni yomphakathi. Amanethiwekhi awekho awephesenti elilodwa eliphezulu, kodwa aphezulu Okweshumi kwephesenti zakha umnyombo wamandla ezepolitiki nezomnotho, emhlabeni wonke nasemazweni amaningi. Abantu abanesimo esiphezulu senhlalo-mnotho banethonya elikhulu ngokungenakulinganiswa endimeni yabo njengezakhamuzi. Uzokwazi ukufinyelela kangcono kubathathi izinqumo ezinkampanini ezizimele kanye nasembonini kahulumeni. Imithombo yabo yezezimali ibenza bakwazi ukwandisa ithonya labo kulawa maqembu ngeminikelo yokunxenxa amaqembu, osopolitiki kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nokukhuthaza noma ukuvimba izinguquko emphakathini. Inqubomgomo yamandla yezifundazwe ithonywa kakhulu ukunxenxa. Inani elincane kakhulu labantu abanethonya elikhulu linomthelela omkhulu ezinqumweni. Isenzo sezombangazwe sezikhulu kuze kube manje sibe yisithiyo esinamandla esenzweni sokuqukatha ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Emkhakheni wezamandla, ukunxenxa kwezombusazwe okukhulu kanye nokuba nomthelela emibonweni yomphakathi kuvele emkhakheni wamafutha ezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi, okuvuna izinqubomgomo eziqinisa ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Isibonelo, osozigidi ababili bakawoyela [5] babe nomthelela omkhulu enkulumweni yezombangazwe e-US amashumi eminyaka futhi bayiphushela kwesokudla, okuvune ukukhuphuka kosopolitiki abamela izintela eziphansi, abaphikisana nokuvikelwa kwemvelo nokuvikelwa kwesimo sezulu, kanye ngokuvamile banezinsolo kohulumeni bezifunda Abathonya kukhona. Izinkampani zamandla avuselelekayo nezinye ezingazuza ekusaseni elingabonisiwe zingaphikisa lawa mathonya, kodwa umthelela wazo kuze kube manje ube mncane.

Okusamele kucwaningwe

Eziphethweni zabo, ababhali basho izikhala ezintathu eziyinhloko zocwaningo: Okokuqala, kungaba nomthelela ongakanani ukuziphatha kokusetshenziswa kwe-elite, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokuhamba ngendiza, izimoto kanye nezindlu? Iqiniso lokuthi imiphumela engemihle yokundiza ayinayo intengo ukuxhaswa okuqondile kwabacebe kakhulu, njengoba bebophezele kumaphesenti angama-50 okukhishwa kwendiza. Intela eqondile ye-CO2 kungenzeka ibe nomthelela omncane ekuziphatheni kwabantu abacebile. Intela yamandiza evamile, ekhuphuka ngenani lezindiza, ingase isebenze kangcono. Intela eqhubekayo eqhubekayo yemali engenayo ephezulu kanye nengcebo enkulu ingaba nomthelela omuhle kakhulu esimweni sezulu. Lokhu kungakhawulela ukusetshenziswa kodumo. Umehluko ohlobene nezimo wawuyogcinwa: abacebe kakhulu bekuzoba abacebe kakhulu, kodwa bebengeke besacebe kangako kunabampofu kakhulu. Lokhu kuzonciphisa ukungalingani emphakathini futhi kunciphise umthelela ophakeme ngokungenakulinganiswa wabantu abaphakeme kwezombusazwe. Kodwa lawa mathuba asadinga ukubhekwa kangcono kakhulu, ngokusho kwababhali. Igebe lesibili locwaningo liphathelene neqhaza labantu abanesimo esiphezulu senhlalo-mnotho ezinkampanini. Bahamba ibanga elingakanani abantu abanjalo ukushintsha isiko lebhizinisi kanye nezinqumo zenkampani ngokuqondene nokukhishwa okuphansi, futhi iyini imingcele yabo? Ababhali bakhomba igebe lesithathu locwaningo, ukuthi uhlobo lwethonya oluvezwa abantu abanesimo esiphezulu senhlalo-mnotho luyithinta kangakanani ezombusazwe, okungukuthi ngezimali zabo zezombangazwe, ithonya labo ezinkampanini nasezinhlanganweni, nangokusekela ngokwezimali ukunxenxa imikhankaso yezepolitiki. Laba abaphezulu kuze kube manje bazuze kakhulu ezakhiweni zamanje zezombangazwe nezomnotho, futhi kunobunye ubufakazi bokuthi i-altruism iyancipha ngengcebo ephakeme. Kumayelana nokuqonda ukuthi abantu abahlukile be-elite basebenzisa kanjani amandla abo ukuze bakhuthaze noma bavimbele ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni okusheshayo. Sengiphetha, ababhali bagcizelela ukuthi izicukuthwane ezinesimo esiphezulu senhlalo-mnotho yibona ababhekene nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nomonakalo owudalayo. Kodwa izikhundla zamandla abanazo zizobenza bakwazi ukusebenzela ukwehlisa isisi esingcolisa umoya futhi ngaleyo ndlela behlise nokulimala kwesimo sezulu. Ababhali abafuni ukungabaza iqhaza labantu abangebona abasezikhundleni eziphezulu ekulweni nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, baphinde bagcizelele izindima zabantu bomdabu kanye nabantu bendawo. Kodwa kulolu phenyo bagxile kakhulu kulabo abadale izinkinga eziningi. Alikho isu elilodwa elingaxazulula inkinga, futhi izenzo ze-elite zingaba nemiphumela emihle. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo olwengeziwe mayelana nendlela ukuziphatha kwe-elite lungashintshwa ngayo lubaluleke kakhulu.

Imithombo, amanothi

1 Nielsen, Kristian S.; Nicholas, Kimberly A.; uCreutzig, uFeliksi; Dietz, Thomas; Stern, Paul C. (2021): Iqhaza labantu besimo senhlalo-kahle yezomnotho ekuvaleleni ngaphakathi noma ekwehliseni ngokushesha ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa aqhutshwa ngamandla. Ku: Nat Energy 6 (11), amakhasi 1011-1016. I-DOI: 10.1038 / s41560-021-00900-y   2 Nielsen KS, Clayton S, Stern PC, Dietz T, Capstick S, Whitmarsh L (2021): I-psychology ingasiza kanjani ukunciphisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Am Psychol. 2021 Jan; 76 [1]: 130-144. doi: 10.1037 / amp0000624   3 Ababhali babhekisela lapha ezintela zomugqa ngaphandle kokuhambisana nezinyathelo zokunxephezela ezifana nebhonasi yesimo sezulu. 4 UMichael Bloomberg uhloselwe, cf. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C40_Cities_Climate_Leadership_Group 5 Okushiwo abazalwane bakwa-Koch, cf. Skocpol, T., & Hertel-Fernandez, A. (2016). I-Koch Network kanye ne-Republican Party Extremism. Imibono ngezombangazwe, 14 (3), 681-699. doi: 10.1017 / S1537592716001122