Helmut Melzer
Isazi sokuqina kwe-Dirk Messner engxoxweni ekhethekile mayelana noshintsho lomhlaba jikelele, ushintsho olukhulu - nokuthi luzokuguqula kanjani impilo yebhizinisi nabantu.
Dirk Messner (I-1962) nguMqondisi weSikhungo Sokuthuthuka SaseJalimane (i-DIE) kanye noMqondisi-Siqondisi weSikhungo Sokufunda Okuthuthukile kwi-Global Cooperation Research / Duisburg. UMessner wafunda iSayensi Yezepolitiki kanye ne-Economics futhi weluleka hhayi uHulumeni Wenhlangano kuphela kepha noHulumeni waseChina, i-European Union, iBhange Lomhlaba nezinye izinhlangano zomhlaba jikelele ngezinkinga zokuthuthuka komhlaba kanye nokubambisana kwamazwe aphesheya. Usebenzisana nomcwaningi wesimo sezulu uJohn Schellenhuber Umkhandlu Wokweluleka WaseJalimane Ngoshintsho Lomhlaba (i-WBGU), I-2011 wayishicilela kanye ne-WBGU isifundo esithi "Isikhungo soguquko olukhulu. Indlela eya emnothweni wezwe onobungani sezulu ".
"Uma konke kuhlala kunje, akukho okusala njengokunjalo."
Dirk Messner ngesidingo soguquko olukhulu
Mnu Messenger, kungani unethemba elikhulu kangaka?
Emashumini amabili edlule, besazi ukuthi ushintsho ekuqinisekeni kuzodingeka ukugwema ukulimala esintwini. Cishe zonke izinhloko zombuso nohulumeni bakusayinile lokhu ekugcineni kwengqungquthela enkulu yomhlaba Wezemvelo Nentuthuko 1992 eRio. Kodwa-ke, amathuba okuqala lolo shintsho avele kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Namuhla zonke izinto zoshintsho oluzinzile zikhona. Ubuchwepheshe ukuqhubekisela phambili ezomnotho nezinsizakusebenza zezimo zezulu, umgomo wenqubomgomo yezomnotho kanye nokwenza izinto ezintsha ukubeka inqubo entsha, inani elikhulayo labadlali asebevele beqhuba uguquko oluhlaza: amadolobha, amabhizinisi, abanye ohulumeni, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, izikhungo zocwaningo.
Inguquko yokusimama nayo ingaxhaswa ngezimali. Sisekungeneni lapho inkambo ingasethwa khona futhi. U-Immanuel Kant uzothi: "Izimo zokuba nokwenzeka" kwenguquko sezakhiwe.
Yiziphi izinyathelo ezidingekayo manje?
Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi ukuthi abekho neze abenzi bezinqumo abasele, noma ngabe kuseYurophu, China, Mororussia noma e-USA, abaphikisana nokuxilongwa okuyisisekelo ukuthi kudingeka ushintsho lokusimeme. Lokhu kuvula amawindi woshintsho. Kepha: Abenzi bezinqumo kwezomnotho nakwezepolitiki, kodwa futhi nezakhamizi eziningi zikhathazeka ngokuthi ukuguqulwa okunjalo okude kungaphumelela ngempela. Kungakho amaphrojekthi wokukhombisa akhombisa okungenzeka abaluleke kakhulu. Uma inguquko yamandla aseJalimane, efana nokuguqulwa okuguquguqukayo kwemithombo yamandla evuselelekayo, iphumelela, lokhu kungaholela ekutshalweni kwemali komhlaba wonke ezinhlelweni zokuhlinzekela amandla aluhlaza. Abaqambi abakha izakhiwo ezingama-zero-energy ngentengo efanele bangahambisa ukuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha endaweni entsha. Isizukulwane sokuqala sezimoto ezikhipha i-zero siyenziwa. Izimpumelelo ezinjalo zokuphayona zibalulekile ukusheshisa inguquko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezepolitiki zingenza okuningi. Okubaluleke kakhulu yintengo yokuphuma komoya greenhouse ukusetha amasignali entengo afanele. Isibonelo, ukuhweba okukhishwa komoya kumele kuguqulwe ekugcineni ukuze amanani entengo kaphethiloli abamba ukushisa abonakalise umonakalo owilethayo.
Ipolitiki ingagqugquzeleka kanjani?
Ukuguqulwa kokuqina akuseyona inkinga ye-niche; ithola abasekeli kuwo wonke amaqembu nezigaba zomphakathi. Izakhamizi kumele silulwele lolu shintsho. Ohulumeni kudingeka futhi baqonde ukuthi noma yikanjani kunoshintsho olukhulu olwenziwayo. Uma konke kuhlala njengoba kunjalo, akukho okuhlala njengoba bekulokhu kunjalo. Uma siqhubeka nendlela yethu yokukhula kwezinsizakusebenza kanye negesi ebamba ukushisa okushisa kakhulu, kusuka ngo-2030 kuzofanele sivumelane nezinguquko ohlelweni lomhlaba oluyoba nzima kakhulu ukulawula: ukusweleka kwamanzi nenhlabathi, ukwanda kwezinga lolwandle, izehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, ukuncibilikisa i-permafrost ngemiphumela engalindelekile, ukuncibilika kweqhwa laseGreenland - lokho yisimo senhlekelele embulungeni yonke. Okunye okungenziwa ukuqala inguquko iye emnothweni olungele isimo sezulu futhi osebenza kahle ngezinsizakusebenza. Amazwe enza lokhu kuqala azoba umnotho oholayo emashumini eminyaka ezayo. Kunengxoxo eningi ngalokhu eChina, isibonelo: igagasi elikhulu elilandelayo lemisha emnothweni womhlaba lizoba luhlaza.
"Ushintsho oluya emnothweni olungele isimo sezulu lisho ushintsho olwenziwe kude oluzoveza abawinile nabaphumelelayo.", UDirk Messner kubaphikisi bezokuqina.
Ngabe "inguquko eluhlaza" ibeka engcupheni ukuncintisana kwezinkampani?
Lo mbuzo ekuqaleni ukhombisa ukukhathazeka okusemthethweni ngokuthi ukutshala imali okuningana nezindleko zokuvikela isimo sezulu kungaholela ekuphambukeni komncintiswano, ngokwesibonelo phakathi kwezimayini zensimbi eJalimane naseRussia. Njengomphumela, ukuthutha kabusha komkhiqizo kungacatshangelwa, okungeke kusize isimo sezulu somhlaba. Izici ezintathu zibalulekile lapha: Okokuqala, izinqubomgomo zokuvikela isimo sezulu kufanele zinikeze izinkampani ezisebenzisa amandla amandla ukwenza ngendlela yesimo sezulu esivumelana nesimo sezulu. Ohlelweni lokuhweba oluya e-Europe, izinkampani zinikezwe isikhathi esiningi ngendlela yezitifiketi zokuzikhipha mahhala ukuze ziguqukele ekukhiqizeni okuhambisana nesimo sezulu. Okwesibili, izisusa zokuqina kwesimo sezulu kungadala amathuba amasha wokuncintisana aqhubekayo. Lokhu kuzovela uma izinkampani zensimbi zaseJalimane noma zaseYurophu ziphumelela ukuba ngamaphayona okukhiqizwa kwensimbi okuhambisana nesimo sezulu. Okwesithathu, ukuguqukela emnothweni wekhabhoni ephansi kusho ushintsho olwenziwe ngokude oluzoveza abawinile, njengabaphakeli bamandla avuselelekayo, nabalaleli abanjengezisebenzi eziqhutshwa ngamalahle. Ngakho-ke, ukuguqulwa kokuqina kuyinto enabaphikisi abaningi emikhakheni enekhabhoni ephezulu.
Ngabe isakhamuzi nomthengi kuzodingeka benze ngaphandle kwezinguquko?
Ukweqa kwezobuchwepheshe ekusebenzeni kahle kuzoba yingxenye yesixazululo: izinhlelo ezisebenza ngesimo sezulu namandla okuhamba, ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni ezonga izinsiza. Kepha kuzofanele futhi sibuyekeze izindlela zethu zokuphila nezinqumo zokuthenga ngakunye. Inqobo nje uma izindiza ezithatha isikhathi eside zingenzeki ngendlela evumelana nesimo sezulu, ngazo zonke izindiza ze-transatlantic sidlula isabelomali sonyaka sokushisa i-greenhouse esingatholakalela sonke isakhamuzi. Singathenga izimoto eziphansi kumagesi abamba ukushisa nemikhiqizo ehlala isikhathi eside. Singazama ukugwema ukuthi amaphesenti angama-40 okudla okukhiqizwayo aphelela kudoti empilweni yansuku zonke. Kepha singacabanga nangemiqondo yezenhlalakahle engahloselwe kuphela umkhiqizo ophelele kazwelonke womuntu ngamunye. Ucwaningo oluningi lukhombisa ukuthi uma izidingo zabo eziyisisekelo sezitholakele, abantu baneliseka ikakhulukazi lapho kunobudlelwano bokuthembana endaweni yabo, ukuxhumana nabantu, ukuphepha emiphakathini yabo, ukuthembeka kwezikhungo zomphakathi, ukufinyelela kwezemfundo, ezempilo kanye nokungakhethi emphakathini. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, thina bathengi kufanele sizibone njengezakhamizi ezinenjabulo yazo incike hhayi kuphela emathubeni okusebenzisa, kepha futhi nasezimeni ezibekiwe zempilo enhle.
Ngabe imali yokuguqulwa kungenzeka ngempela?
Ucwaningo oluningi lukhombisa ukuthi umphakathi wembulunga yonke kuzofanela utshale cishe amaphesenti amabili womkhiqizo wasekhaya omkhulu oshintsheni lwenguquko esimeme, nokuthi izindleko zokushintshwa kwezimo zemvelo ezingalawulwa beziphakeme kakhulu kunesenzo sokuvimbela. Kodwa-ke, ukutshala imali okubalulekile kusengaphambili kuzodingeka ukwakha amandla okuvuselela isimo sezulu kanye nengqalasizinda yasemadolobheni, ngokwesibonelo. Ehlelweni lokuguqulwa, kumayelana nokuphoqelelwa kwempahla yemiphakathi, izintshisekelo zesikhathi esizayo kanye namakhono ngokumelene nezintshisekelo ezinamandla zangesikhathi esidlule nezamanje. Ukutshala imali kwingqalasizinda entsha ehambisana nesimo sezulu isebenza njengokutshala imali ekwakheni utshalomali kwezemfundo. Babiza imali eningi ekuqaleni, kepha noma ngabe yikuphi, baba nomthelela omuhle ezinkampanini zethu ngokuzayo.
Ingabe ukuguquka okuluhlaza kungayinqoba le nkinga?
Lo ngumbuzo ovulekile. Ikakhulu emazweni anezimboni eziseNtshonalanga ezikweletayo, kumanje kunzima ukuhlanganisa imali edingekayo ukwakha ingqalasizinda ehambisana nesimo sezulu. Emazweni ambalwa kuphela lezi zingxoxo zokukhula okuthe xaxa ukuze kuncishiswe ukusweleka kwemisebenzi okuphezulu okuxhunywe kabusha ekwakhiweni kabusha kwezomnotho okuluhlaza. Kuzobaluleka kakhulu ukukhombisa ngokushintshwa kwamandla eJalimane namasu aphansi weDanish ukuthi ukuncintisana, ukuqasha kanye nokusimama akudingeki kube ngokuhlukile. ESpain nakwamanye amazwe asezingeni lokutshalwa kwezimali okuluhlaza kuye kwehla. Ngakho-ke, le nkinga ingaholela ekwandeni kwamaphethini wokukhula kwezinto eziphilayo, okuzodala ukuxhomekeka kwendlela okwenza ukuguqula ukuhambisana kwesimo sezulu kube nzima futhi kubize kakhulu ngokuzayo. Kunezinkomba zokuthi ezomnotho ezihlumayo zingafeza uguquko kunokuba amazwe akweletwa yi-OECD amanje. I-China inezindawo zokuhwebelana eziphakeme zangaphandle, ezingakwazi ukuxhasa ngezimali izimali ezidingekayo ezigabeni eziphansi zekhabhoni Ngaphezu kwalokho, umnotho osafufusa usuvele usesimweni sokuguqula isimo senhlalo-nomnotho ngenxa yokuqina komnotho. Ngokwesimo esinjengalesi, ukubhekela phambili ekusimameni kungaba lula ukufeza ukwedlula emazweni asenkingeni futhi ediniwe nezinguquko ezikhathele e-OECD.
Yini umuntu ngamunye angayenza?
Sengikushilo okuningi kakhulu ngalokho thina njengabathengi esingakwenza ngobuhlakani. Kepha imvamisa impikiswano yokusimamisa yenziwa njengengxoxo mpikiswano eyehlayo. Kepha ekugcineni, sonke sidinga ukusebenzela ukuthuthukisa indlela yokuphila ezovumela ukuthi maduze sifinyelele kubantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalolunye ukuba baphile impilo enesizotha nephephile emiphakathini yentando yeningi. Kumayelana nokubukwa kwezwe elisha, ukuguqulwa kokucabanga kwethu, impumelelo yamasiko empucuko. Okokuqala, iqiniso liyadingeka - kufanele samukele imikhawulo yohlelo lomhlaba lapho ukuthuthukiswa komuntu kungatholwa khona njalo. Konke okunye kungaba ukungabekezeleleki.
Ngemuva kwalokho kukhulunywa ngokuqalwa kwezenhlalo, kwezepolitiki nakwezomnotho, okusho ukusungula nokushiya ukudala imiphakathi esimeme. Uma ubuka abaklami abazinikele bevuselela amadolobha alungele isimo sezulu, uthola umuzwa wokuthi ukuhambisana kwesimo sezulu akuhlangene nakancane “nokwenza ngaphandle” futhi kuhlobene kakhulu namabhizinisi. Futhi kufanele sifunde ukubheka imiphumela yesikhathi eside yezenzo zethu kweminye imiphakathi nakwizizukulwane eziningi ezizayo. Umbuzo wobulungiswa.
Ekugcineni, imayelana nokwamukela abantu - ngokwesintu nangomphakathi wembulunga yonke - ukuthi kufanele sizibophezele ekuqineni kohlelo loMhlaba, ngoba leyo ukuphela kwendlela yokusivimba ekuqaliseni ushintsho lohlelo lomhlaba ngomphumela ongaqinisekile kumashumi eminyaka ezayo. Ngiqhathanisa uguquko olusimeme nethuba lokukhanyiselwa. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinto ezinkulu nazo "zasungulwa": amalungelo abantu, ukubusa komthetho, nentando yeningi. U-Imanuel Kant ufingqe ngokumangalisayo umnyombo walesi sikhathi esihle kangaka. Ngaye, umongo wokukhanyiselwa kwaba "ushintsho endleleni abantu abacabanga ngayo."
Photo / Video: Ugogo, DIE / Messner, Option.
