UVeronika Janyrova
"Ipalamente yehlabathi evumela onke amalungu oluntu lwehlabathi-kwaye yiyo yonke loo nto ngabantu - ukuba babandakanyeke kwizigqibo zokubaluleka kwehlabathi."
UAndreas Bummel, umseki-mlungu kunye nomnxibelelanisi we-UNPA
Impembelelo zehlabathi kulawulo lwentando yesininzi ayinakujongelwa phantsi. Ivumela ngakumbi nangakumbi iindawo zokugcina amandla ukuba zivele kwilizwe lesizwe. Izazinzulu zopolitiko ziyangqina ukwanda okukhawulezayo kwemibutho yehlabathi kunye nothungelwano olusebenza kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye lunamandla amakhulu ezopolitiko ngaphezulu kwelizwe. Kodwa: ngaba kubi, okanye mhlawumbi kunqweneleka?
Unjingalwazi wezopolitiko uJan Aart Scholte weDyunivesithi yaseWarwick uthetha kolu nxibelelaniso "lwamanyathelo asemthethweni angenakubalwa, izithethe ezingekho sesikweni kunye neentetho ezibandakanya konke ukulawula ubudlelwane behlabathi [...] eziphunyezwa ziinethiwekhi ezinzima". Ezi nethiwekhi zibandakanya amazwe esizwe, imibutho yamazwe aphesheya, amaziko ehlabathi, iiarhente zikarhulumente nabangaphantsi kukarhulumente njengee-NGO okanye ookopolotyeni.
Izigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo wokuphayona ziya ngokuya zenziwa ngaphakathi kwimibutho yohambo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngaphandle kwemvume yezindlu zelizwe, okanye nangaphandle kwemigaqo yelizwe.
Phakathi kwezona zaziwayo nezinamandla yiG20, "iqonga lengxoxo elingacwangciswanga" lamazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho e-20, imele ipesenti ye-85 yepesenti yokukhutshwa koqoqosho lwehlabathi kunye nesibini kwisithathu sabemi behlabathi. I-European Union, kwelinye icala, imele i-23 ipesenti yokukhupha uqoqosho lwehlabathi kunye neepesenti ezisixhenxe zabemi behlabathi. KwiNgxowa-mali yeMali yeHlabathi kunye neBhanki yeHlabathi, nayo, amazwe angamalungu e-189 amele phantse lonke ilizwe, kunye noMbutho woRhwebo weHlabathi (ipesenti ye-90 yehlabathi, i-97 ipesenti yezoqoqosho kwihlabathi. Izigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo wokuphayona ziqala ukwenziwa kwezi zinto zininzi, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngaphandle kwemvume yezindlu zelizwe, okanye kungangqubani nemigaqo yesizwe (yentlalo, yezoqoqosho, yezempilo). Nangona ezi zigqibo ngamanye amaxesha zinokuphazamisa ngokunzulu kwimicimbi yezwe, uninzi lwamazwe ngokubanzi alunayo indlela yokubaphembelela, vumela ukuba babalawule. Oku kucacisa inkululeko yesizwe ngeendlela ezininzi kwaye kujongele phantsi umgaqo-siseko wentando yenkululeko.
Amandla amaninzi, akukho semthethweni
Imibutho yamazwe ngokubanzi ibonakalisa ubudlelwane bamandla obukhoyo kunye nezinto abanomdla kuzo amalungu abo (awongamileyo). Oku kucace gca kwaye kuyabulala, umzekelo, kwi-veto ye-UN Security Council, okuthetha ukuba iRussia, i-US ne China zivalelana, yiyo loo nto zithintela isisombululo seembambano zamazwe jikelele kunye notshintsho lweZizwe eziManyeneyo. Okokugqibela kodwa kungaphelelanga apho, amandla e-UN ukwenza ngokuxhomekeka kwimirhumo yobulungu yamalungu ayo (eyomeleleyo). Ukugxekwa kwemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe kwahluka ngendlela enomdla ngayo. Kodwa ngaphezulu kwayo yonke into inomdla apha: ukuba semthethweni kwentando yesininzi. Nangona oku kudla ngokufuneka kwaye kunconywa, kodwa kunqabile ukuba kuphunyezwe ngokungathí sina. "Kumaxesha amaninzi, imibutho yamazwe aphesheya iphendula kugxekwa ngokutshintsha kweenkqubo zabo, ngakumbi ngokuvula ii-NGOs kwaye yandise ukubonakala kwemisebenzi yabo. Nokuba oku kunokubonwa njengengcaciso yokufumana inkululeko yedemokhrasi, nangona kunjalo, kusaqhubeka ukubonwa ", utsho njalo umprofesa uMichael Zürn waseWissenschaftszentrum Berlin.
Unjingalwazi uZürn kudala esenza uphando ngemibutho yamazwe ehlabathi kwaye ebonwa ngokwanda kwezopolitiko. Abantu abaninzi ngakumbi balindele iimpendulo kunye nezisombululo zeengxaki zeli xesha lethu, ngakumbi kwinqanaba lehlabathi: "Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba ngelixa kukho ukugxekwa okwandayo kwemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe njenge-EU kunye neZizwe eziManyeneyo, ngelixa kwangaxeshanye ziya zibaluleka ngakumbi," utshilo uZürn ,
Urhulumente wehlabathi kunye nedemokhrasi yehlabathi
Kwiminyaka ethile ngoku, olu manyano lwepolitiki luye lwaphembelela intetho esekufundiseni malunga nendlela amademokhrasi anokufumana ngayo amandla eendawo ezinamandla. Ngaba kunyanzelekile ukuba idemokhrasi emhlabeni wonke jikelele idemokhrasi? "Akunjalo" utsho uJürgen Neyer, Unjingalwazi wezobupolitika bamanye amazwe kwiYunivesithi yaseYurophu iViadrina kunye nombhali wencwadi ethi "Idemokhrasi yeHlabathi jikelele". Kuyinyani ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba izakhiwo zopolitiko zedemokhrasi namhlanje kufuneka ziphume kwilizwe ngalinye. Nangona kunjalo, loo nto ayithethi ukuba ilizwe lolawulo lwentando yesininzi. "Endaweni yokuba, ngokukaNjingalwazi Neyer, umntu kufuneka alwele intetho ebanzi ehlanganisiweyo phakathi kwendawo yedemokhrasi.
UMathias Koenig-Archibugi, unjingalwazi kwisikolo saseLondon i-Economics kunye neSayensi yezopolitiko, ulumkisa ngorhulumente wehlabathi. Kungenxa yokuba oku kungaguquka ngokulula ibe "kukucinezelwa kwehlabathi" okanye ukufumanisa njengesixhobo ezandleni zoorhulumente abanamandla.
Unjingalwazi wezopolitiko uJan Aart Scholte weDyunivesithi yaseWarwick uchonga ezimbini zeengcinga eziphambili zokuphuhlisa inkululeko yedemokhrasi: enye yazo kukusetyenziswelwa zizizwe ngezizwe. Icinga ukuba inkululeko yedemokhrasi yehlabathi inokuphuhliswa ngokusetyenzisanayo phakathi kwamazwe e-demokrasi. Indlela yesibini yindlela ye-cosmopolitanism. Oku kujolise ekuphakamiseni amaziko entando yesininzi yelizwe (lasentshona) ilizwe likazwelonke (unxiwankulu, ipalamente, urhulumente, njl.njl) kwinqanaba lehlabathi, okanye liziphindaphinda apho.
IPalamente yeHlabathi yeDemokhrasi
Nangona kunjalo, intetho ngentando yesininzi yehlabathi ayenzeli kuphela kwizigaba zemfundo. Inyathelo lokuqala "Idemokrasi ngaphandle kwemida" (ngaphambili: IKomiti ye-UN ye-Democratic), nge-1.500 MPs kunye nangaphezulu kwee-NGO ze-250 kwihlabathi liphela bajoyine. Kwaye (ngokweengxelo zakhe) uyonwabele inkxaso yePalamente yaseYurophu, iPalamente yePan-African nePalamente yase-Latin America.
Ukusukela kwi2003, eli phulo belisebenzela ipalamente yehlabathi yenziwa njengeNdibano yePalamente yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (i-UNPA). "Ipalamente yehlabathi evumela onke amalungu oluntu lwehlabathi-kwaye yiyo yonke loo nto ngabantu - ukuba babandakanyeke kwizigqibo zokubaluleka kwehlabathi," utshilo u-Andrewas Bummel, umseki ongumququzeleli wephulo le-UNPA. Indawo yokuqala kukuqonda ukuba iiparhente zesizwe zangoku azikho kwimiceli mngeni emininzi. U-Andrewas Bummel kunye neqabane lakhe uJo Leinen, ipalamente yehlabathi inokwakhiwa ngamanqanaba: ekuqaleni, amazwe anokukhetha ukuba amalungu abo e-UNPA avela kwiipalamente zikazwelonke okanye zenqila okanye abonyulwe ngokuthe ngqo. I-UNPA kuqala izakusebenza njengeziko lokucebisa. Ngokonyuswa kokunyaniseka kwabo, amalungelo abo kunye nobuchule babo bungaphuhliswa kancinci. Ethubeni, indibano inokuba yipalamente yehlabathi eyinyani.
URhulumente weHlabathi kunye neDemokhrasi yeHlabathi
Njengoko umbono njengombono wentando yesininzi yehlabathi unokuvakala namhlanje, umbono lo mdala kakhulu. Omnye wabameli abaphambili kwi "federalism yehlabathi" nguImanuel Kant, odibene naye kwincwadi yakhe epapashiweyo ye1795 ethi "Kuxolo lwaphakade" ngombono welizwe. Kuyo, amazwe asimahla aya kuba "yiriphabliki yeRiphabhliki." Nangona kunjalo, walumkisa ngokubhekisele ekutshabalalisweni kweeriphabliki ngokwazo, kuba oku kuya kuvula indlela 'yokulahla umphefumlo ongenamphefumlo'.
Photo / Ividiyo: Shutterstock.
