Elizabeth Oberzaucher
IPhenomena yinto engathandekiyo. Ngokwenkcazo, i-phenomena zeziganeko ezibonakalayo, into enokubonwa ziimvakalelo zethu. Kodwa iphela apha.
Abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu banophawu olunye lobomncicience. Ithiyori yengqondo, oko kukuthi, ingcinga yokuba abanye banendawo eyahlukileyo yolwazi kunabo, ikhula kamva. Abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu ubudala bacinga ngokwezolo, oko kukuthi, kujongwe iinjongo: amafu akhona ukwenza imvula, kwaye kuyanetha ukuze izityalo zikhule. Ngale ndlela, abantwana bangamakholwa azelweyo kuba becacisa ngendlela enesidima ulwazi abanalo kunye nemodeli enamandla.
Amandla amakhulu enkolo kukuba ibonelela ngenkcazo yeziganeko, izinto ezigqitha amandla ethu okuqonda kunye nesayensi. Ukungaziwa kweenkolo phantse kuzo zonke iinkcubeko zabantu kunokuchazwa ngale nto. Akukho nto isihluphayo ngathi zizinto esingakwaziyo ukuzichaza. Amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo, isithixo, sinokusetyenziselwa ngokufanelekileyo ukubanoxanduva olungaphaya kwengqondo kunye nesayensi kuyo yonke into eya kuthi yenze umthombo wokungaqiniseki njengento eyenzekayo, njengemfihlakalo engasonjululwanga. Ngokwengqondo, ke, sifumana ngenkolo uhlobo lokuqinisekisa oluvumela iingqondo zethu, ezifuna ukuchaza yonke into, zize kuphumla. Umntu usebenzisa amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo ukufumana ingcaciso yeziganeko ezingaphaya kwamandla enkcazo yesayensi. Isizathu sokuba iinkolo zisasazeke kangaka.
Yintoni izinto?
Masizame ukuba nomfanekiso ngqondweni usebenzisa imizekeliso yokubonakalayo: Inkqubo yokubona iphawulwa ziinkqubo zengqondo kunye nengqondo, umdlalo odlulisela umfuziselo ukukhanya kwizinto eziqondwayo. Ukukhanya kubetha iliso, kugxilwe ziizixhobo zamehlo kwaye emva koko kubetha i-retina, apho isikhuthazo sokukhanya siguqulelwa kwiimpawu zombane. Ukudibana okuntsokothileyo kweentsholongwane kwi-retina ubona ukutolikwa kokuqala kwesibane, okukhokelela kuthelekiso lokongezwa kunye nembono yokuhamba. Sele i-retina ukutyhilwa kokukhanya kuyenzeka, kunye nomgama ukusuka kwinto enyulu. Ukudityaniswa okungaphaya nokutolikwa emva koko kwenzeka kwindawo ebonakalayo yengqondo, ukuze oko kusenzeka kuthi kube ngumcimbi wokuqonda. Yonke imbono yethu sisiphumo sokunxibelelana okuntsonkothileyo kweenkqubo kwindalo esingqongileyo kunye nezixhobo zengqondo kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza kwengqondo. Imbono yento leyo ngokwayo ayisiyo njongo. Endaweni yoko, iimvakalelo zethu kunye nengqondo zilungelelaniswe ne-mesocosm evula ngakumbi okanye inciphise kwiimfuno zethu zebhayoloji. Kuzo zombini i-miccosm kunye neMacrocosm, sifikelela kwimida yethu. Ngelixa ukungafikeleleki kunye nokungakwazi ukubonakala kwimiccosm zombini ziphakathi komda wokuqonda kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo, izehlo ze-macrocosm zidlula ngaphaya komphezulu wethu ikakhulu kwindawo yokuqonda.
Inkcazo njengokuphela
Kuba i-phenomena ingaphaya kwehlabathi lethu lokuchaza nokuqonda, ayisiyonto. Endaweni yoko, ubukho babo buyaphela njengento eyenzekileyo xa isayensi iphumelele ukunika inkcazo. Inkcazo inokwenziwa kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo, kwaye kuxa onke amanqanaba sele ecacisiwe kuphela apho umntu anokuthetha inyani yesayensi.
Imibuzo ephambili yophando
Ophumelele amabhaso eNobel uNikolaas Tinbergen (1951) wenza imibuzo emine efuna ukuphendulwa ukuze kuqondwe indlela yokuziphatha. Le mibuzo mine yimibuzo ephambili eqhuba uphando kwi-biology. Okubalulekile apha kukubonwa kwezinto zizonke, hayi ke ukoneliseka yimpendulo, kodwa kuthathelwa ingqalelo yawo onke amabakala:
Umbuzo wesizathu esikuyo ngoku ujongene neendlela zomzimba zokuziphatha ezifihlakeleyo. Umbuzo wophuhliso lwe -gengenetic uvavanya ukuba kwenzeka njani oku ebomini. Umbuzo wexabiso lokuziqhelanisa uhlola umsebenzi, injongo yokuziphatha. Umbuzo wokukhula kokuzivelela kwezinto usebenza ngemeko yesakhelo esivele phantsi kokuziphatha.
Inzululwazi ebanzi
Kungenxa yokuba ukungazi kunxulunyaniswa nokungazithembi, sithambekele ekutyeni ulwazi lwethu kwaye, kwiindawo apho isiseko solwazi sinqongophele kakhulu, ukusisekela kwisiseko sobungqina esisekelwe kwisiseko. Ukufuna kwethu iimpendulo kusikhokelela ekuwatyeseni amandla achazayo esayensi, ekhokelela ekugqogweni ngokugqithileyo kwiziphumo zophando lwesayensi. Kwangelo xesha, isayensi iya ngokwanda phantsi komlilo: iziphumo ezazithathwa njengezinqabileyo azinakuphinda ziveliswe. Izifundo eziphikisanayo zifika kwiingxelo ezichaseneyo kwisihloko esifanayo. Lunokuhlelwa njani ke olo phuhliso? Ngelixa isayensi inceda ukuyiqonda ngcono imeko, inika iimpendulo ezichanekileyo.
Ukucinga kwethu
Iindlela zokusebenza kwengqondo kunye nezicwangciso eziliqili zabantu zibonisa olu dichotomy lwento neziganeko ezichaziweyo. Njengoko uDaniel Kahnemann echaza kwincwadi yakhe "Ukucinga ngokukhawuleza, ukucinga kancinci", ukucinga kwethu kubonakala ngathi kwenziwa ngamanyathelo amabini: Kwinqanaba le-phenomenological, nedatha engaphelelanga kunye nokungabikho kolwazi malunga nonxibelelwano, inkqubo ye-1 isetyenziswa. Ikhawuleza kwaye inemibala yombala, kwaye ikhokelela kwizigqibo ezizenzekelayo, ezingenangqondo. Amandla afanayo kunye nobuthathaka bale nkqubo kukuqina kwayo kwizithuba zolwazi. Nokuba imeko iphelele kangakanani na, zenziwa izigqibo.
Inkqubo ye-2 icotha kwaye iphawuleka ngokwenza ngabom nangokulungelelanisa. Uninzi lwezigqibo zenziwa kusetyenziswa iSystem 1, bambalwa kuphela abaphakanyiselwe kwinqanaba lesibini. Umntu unokutsho ukuba ukucinga kwethu kuyoneliseka zizinto ezingagungqiyo kumgama omde, kwaye kunqabile ukuba uziqonde ngokunzulu. Kungoko kuthambekele ekulandeleni iindlela zokucinga ezingekho ngqiqweni ngenxa ye-heuristics elula. Ubunzima bethu ekujonganeni nezinto ezinokwenzeka kunye nobungqingqwa busekelwe kubukhosi beNkqubo 1. Ngokusebenzisa ngabom inkqubo ye-2 apho sinokufumana ukuqonda nobunjani bolwalamano.
Uxanduva lwesigqibo
Ukugubungela okwahlukileyo kokufunyanwa kwesayensi, indawo kunye nexesha zihlala zisilela kwihlabathi leendaba. Ke ngoko, kuhlala kuluxanduva lwabantu ukwenza lo mfanekiso ngokwahlukeneyo kunye nokujonga indlela ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo ezinokuthi zichaphazele ngayo isenzo sethu. Ngelixa naluphi na ulwazi olongezelelekileyo lusenza ukuba sikwazi ukwenza izigqibo ezizizo ezinolwazi kwaye ngaloo ndlela sandise amanyathelo ethu, inkqubo ayikhange yenziwe lula, kodwa ilunge ngakumbi. Hayi kuphela inani lezinto, kodwa kunye nokuhambelana kwazo kufuneka kubandakanywe kuqwalaselo.
Ukwenza izigqibo ezizizo ngesiseko sobudlelwane obuntsonkothileyo yinto enzima. Akunjalo kuphela ngenxa yokuba kulula, kodwa nangenxa yesidingo sokuthatha izigqibo rhoqo, sibonisa umbono owahluliweyo kwelona xesha lininzi. Kwinqanaba lezinto ezinkulu, sixhomekeke kwiimvakalelo zethu zesisu, ukuze singabinamandla. Esi sisicwangciso esisebenzayo esisebenzayo, esinokuthetheleleka kwezenzo ezincinci zemihla ngemihla. Ukucamngca nzulu kubalulekile kwizigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo ezichaphazela kakhulu ilizwe lethu lokusebenza: iingqwalaselo ezisisiseko malunga nentando yesininzi, uzinzo, okanye iinjongo zobomi, ukuba zinolwazi kwaye zahlule, zinokubonelela ngenkqubo-sikhokelo eqinileyo ebeka izigqibo zethu ezikhawulezayo.
Ulwazi olutsha lunokutshintsha le nkqubo. Kuphela kuxa sihlala sihlengahlengisa isikhokelo sethu sokwenza izigqibo, sithintela ukuzimela - kubuqu nakwinqanaba lentlalontle. Uphuhliso olongezelelweyo sisiseko seenkqubo ezisebenzayo. Ukwamkelwa kwembeko njengokungenakuchaphazeleka kwindlela yenkqubo. Ekuqaleni kusoloko kukho ukungazi; kuphela kwisigaba solwazi apho ikhoyo inkqubela phambili. Ukuqwalaselwa kwezinto, kunye nezinto ezingaphaya koko isayensi inokucacisa okanye ukuyiqonda, kufuna indawo evulekileyo enokuthi yamkele izinto ezigqitha kwimida yolwazi.
Photo / Ividiyo: Shutterstock.
