"Kufuneka sijonge ngakumbi indlela iindaba (ezimbi) ezivezwa ngayo kumajelo eendaba, kunye nokuphindaphinda kokunxibelelana neendaba, ukuthintela abantu ukuba bangaphenjelelwa kukungakhathali.

Iphuma kwincwadi ethi Ngaba iindaba zisenza singonwabi?, ngo-2019

Ufika ukhululekile kwiholo yokufika kwisikhululo sikaloliwe kwisixeko sakho kwaye ujonge phambili ekufikeni ekhaya ukhululekile. Sele ikho, nangona kunjalo, imifanekiso yeentlekele zokugqibela iyaphaphatheka kwizikrini zolwazi, ezingenakuthintelwa. Omnye umdlalo ulandela olandelayo, osanda usulelo olutsha lwecorona olutshintshana neentlekele zemvelo, iingxelo zeemfazwe, uhlaselo lwabanqolobi, ukubulawa namahlazo orhwaphilizo. Kubonakala ngathi akukho kusinda ukungxamiseka kolwazi olubi olugqithisayo - kwaye akukho zimpendulo kumbuzo othi "Yintoni ngoku?".

Le nto ineemvelaphi ezininzi, eziphandwe ngokubanzi ziintlobo ngeentlobo zezifundo zenzululwazi. Iziphumo zihlala ziphikisana kwaye zixhokonxa, kwaye akukho nakuphi na okufunyanisiweyo okugqalwa njengokuthembekileyo. Yintoni eqinisekileyo, nangona kunjalo, kukuba ukukhethwa kwezinto eziba ziindaba kuvela kwindawo enzima yokuxhomekeka. Ukuyibeka ngokulula, kunokuthiwa ukuba abeendaba kufuneka bazixhase ngemali kwaye kulo mongo baxhomekeke kakhulu kwipolitiki nakwishishini. Okukhona abafundi bebaninzi abanokufikelelwa, kokukhona abe ngcono amathuba okuba bakwazi ukufumana inkxaso-mali.

Ingqondo ilungele ingozi

Ukuze kutsalwe ingqwalasela eninzi ngokukhawuleza kunokwenzeka, umgaqo walandelwa ixesha elide: "iindaba ezimbi kuphela iindaba ezilungileyo". Oko ukungabi nangxaki isebenza ngokugqwesileyo kule nkalo inento yokwenza kakhulu nendlela ingqondo yethu esebenza ngayo. Kucingelwa ukuba, ngenxa yendaleko, ukuqondwa ngokukhawuleza kwengozi kumela inzuzo ephambili yokusinda kwaye ingqondo yethu ibunjwe ngokufanelekileyo.

Ngokukodwa imimandla yethu yengqondo yakudala efana ne-brainstem kunye ne-limbic system (ingakumbi i-hippocampus kunye noqhagamshelwano oluqinileyo kwi-amygdala) isabela ngokukhawuleza kwi-stimuli yeemvakalelo kunye noxinzelelo. Zonke iimbono ezinokuthi zibonise ingozi okanye usindiso sele zikhokelele kwiimpendulo kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba amanye amalungu obuchopho abe nexesha lokuhlela ulwazi olufunxwe kangaka. Asikuko nje ukuba sonke sibe ne-reflex yokusabela ngamandla kwizinto ezingalunganga, kukwabhalwe kakuhle ukuba ulwazi olubi lucutshungulwa ngokukhawuleza nangaphezulu kunolwazi olulungileyo kwaye luhlala lukhunjulwa ngcono. Lo mcimbi ubizwa ngokuba "yi-negativity bias".

Kuphela iimvakalelo ezinamandla zinika umphumo ofanayo. Zisenokusetyenziswa nokujolisa ingqalelo ngokukhawuleza nangokunzulu. Siyachukunyiswa koko kusondela kuthi. Ukuba kukho into ekude, ngokuzenzekelayo idlala indima engaphantsi kwengqondo yethu. Okukhona siziva sichaphazeleka ngokungqalileyo, kokukhona sisabela ngokunzulu. Ngokomzekelo, imifanekiso inempembelelo enamandla kunamagama. Badala inkohliso yokusondela kwendawo.

Ingxelo nayo ilandela le ngqiqo. Iindaba zasekuhlaleni zinokuba “zincomekayo” ngamaxesha athile. Umcimi-mlilo owaziwa nguye wonke umntu edolophini unokuba ngundaba-mlonyeni kwiphepha lasekuhlaleni xa ehlangula intshontsho likammelwane emthini. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba isiganeko sikude, inkuthazo eyomeleleyo enjengokumangaliswa okanye imvakalelo iyafuneka ukuze ihlelwe njengefanelekileyo kwingqondo yethu. Ezi ziphumo zinokubonwa ngokugqwesileyo kwihlabathi leendaba zetabloid, phakathi kwabanye. Nangona kunjalo, le ngqiqo ineziphumo ezide kwimicimbi yehlabathi nakuthi njengabantu ngabanye.

Sibona ihlabathi kakubi ngakumbi

Isiphumo sokugxila kwingxelo embi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, sineziphumo ezicacileyo kumntu ngamnye. Isixhobo esisoloko sicatshulwa ngokuphathelele indlela esilijonga ngayo ihlabathi “luvavanyo lolwazi” oluphuhliswe ngumphandi wezempilo waseSweden uHans Rosling. Iqhutywa kumazwe angaphezu kwe-14 kumazwe angaphezu kwamawaka aliqela, ihlala ikhokelela kwisiphumo esifanayo: Sivavanya imeko yehlabathi ngokubi kakhulu kunokuba injalo. Ngokwe-avareji, ngaphantsi kwesithathu kwi-13 imibuzo elula yokhetho oluphindaphindiweyo ephendulwa ngokuchanekileyo.

I-Negativity-Uloyiko-Ukungabi namandla

Ngoku kunokucingelwa ukuba imbono engalunganga yehlabathi inokunyusa ukuzimisela ukutshintsha into kwaye usebenze ngokwakho. Iziphumo ezivela kwisayikholoji nakwineuroscience zipeyinta umfanekiso owahlukileyo. Uphononongo ngemiphumo yengqondo yengxelo engalunganga lubonisa, umzekelo, ukuba emva kokubukela iindaba ezimbi kumabonwakude, iimvakalelo ezingathandekiyo ezifana nokuxhalaba ziyanda.

Uphononongo luye lwabonisa ukuba iziphumo ezinokulinganiswa zengxelo engalunganga zibuyele kuphela kwimeko yokuqala (phambi kokusetyenziswa kweendaba) kwiqela lophononongo elathi emva koko likhatshwa lungenelelo lwengqondo olufana nokuphumla okuqhubekayo. Imiphumo emibi yengqondo iqhubekile kwiqela lolawulo ngaphandle kwenkxaso enjalo.

I-Media negativity inokuba nesiphumo esichaseneyo: imvakalelo yokungabi namandla kunye nokungabi nakuzinceda iyanda, kwaye imvakalelo yokukwazi ukwenza umehluko ilahlekile. Ingqondo yethu ingena "kwimo yengxaki yengqondo", ibhayoloji yethu isabela ngoxinzelelo. Asifundi into esinokuyenza ukutshintsha into. Sifunda ukuba akukho sizathu sokujongana.

Ukugqithiswa kukwenza ukuba ukhuseleke kwiingxabano, izicwangciso zokumelana nazo zonke izinto ezidala inkohliso yokhuseleko, njengale: ukujonga kude, ukuphepha iindaba ngokubanzi ("ukuphepha iindaba"), ukulangazelela into enhle ("ukubalekela") - okanye nokuba inkxaso. kuluntu kunye / okanye ingcamango-ukuya kuthi ga kwithiyori iyelenqe.

Ukungabi nangxaki kumajelo eendaba: yintoni enokwenziwa ngokwenene?

Izisombululo zinokufumaneka kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Kwinqanaba lobuntatheli, iindlela ze "Positive Journalism" kunye ne "Constructive Journalism" zazalwa. Zombini ezi ndlela zifanayo kukuba zizibona njengentshukumo echaseneyo ne "negativity bias" kwingxelo yemidiya yakudala kwaye zombini zithembele kakhulu kwizisombululo ezisekelwe kwimigaqo "yengqondo elungileyo". Umbindi ke ngoko ngamathemba, izisombululo, iimbono malunga nendlela yokujongana nemingeni eyahlukahlukeneyo yehlabathi elintsokothileyo.

Kodwa kukwakho nezisombululo ezakhayo zodwa kuneendlela zokuhlangabezana ezikhankanywe ngasentla. Indlela eyaziwayo ethe yangqinwa ukuba ikhuthaza ukuba nethemba kunye nokunciphisa "i-negativity bias" inokufumaneka kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yingqondo yokuziqhelanisa - ekwafumene ukubonakaliswa kwiindlela ezininzi zonyango. Kuhlala kubalulekile ukwenza amathuba amaninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuba uzibophe ngesazela "apha nangoku". Ubuchule obusetyenziswayo bususela kwimithambo yokuphefumla, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucamngca ukuya kwimithambo yomzimba. Ngokuziqhelanisa okuncinci, omnye wezona zizathu ziphambili zokufuna okugqithisileyo kunye nokungabi nakuzinceda okubangelwayo kunokuchatshazelwa kwixesha elide-ubuncinci nje ukuba unobangela woxinzelelo onamava omntu unokufumaneka ngaphandle kwaye ungabuyeli kubunzulu. ehleli imprints zakuqala: uxinezeleko oluhlala luquka konke olufunyanwa kumzimba womntu, oluhlala luhamba noluntu lwethu namhlanje.

Photo / Ividiyo: Shutterstock.

Ibhalwe ngu Clara Landler

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