Intlekele yemozulu kunye nongquzulwano ngezinto ezibalulekileyo ezisetyenziswayo

Ukuphinda kuveliswe ngokuyinxenye kwentetho kaMartin Auer (Izazinzulu zeOstriya yekamva) kwiiNtetho zoXolo lwaseLinz nge-27 kaJanuwari 2023.

Emva kohlaselo lweRussia eUkraine ngoFebruwari 2022, amabinzana afana nala: "Amandla ahlaziyekayo aqinisekisa uxolo" ayesoloko eviwa kwaye efundwa. Ingxoxo eqhelekileyo yile: “Ioyile negesi azipheleli nje ekuphembeleleni ukutshintsha kwemozulu, zikwaphembelela ungquzulwano lwemikhosi ehlabathini lonke. Nabani na ofuna ukudala uxolo kufuneka ke ngoko aphelise ukuxhomekeka kwizixhobo zefosili – ngokutyala imali kwimithombo yamandla ecocekileyo efana nelanga nomoya.”1

Ngelishwa, oku kungayihoyi into yokuba izixa ezikhulu "zesinyithi esibalulekileyo" ezifana nobhedu, i-lithium, i-cobalt, i-nickel kunye neentsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ziyafuneka ukuvelisa umbane ovela kwimithombo yamandla avuselelekayo kunye nokugcina lo mbane. Kwaye ezi zisasazwe ngokungalinganiyo kumhlaba. Iikota ezintathu zemigodi ye-lithium, i-cobalt kunye nehlabathi elinqabileyo lenzeka e-China, kwi-Democratic Republic of the Congo kunye nakwi-lithium triangle yaseChile-Argentina-Bolivia.

Kwiphepha lango-2020, iKomishoni yaseYurophu yathi: “Ukufikelela kwizinto ezisetyenziswayo ngumba wokhuseleko olucetywayo ukuze iYurophu ifikelele kwiSivumelwano soBuhlaza. ... Inguqu yaseYurophu ekungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni inokuthatha indawo yokuxhomekeka kwanamhlanje kumafutha efosili ngokuxhomekeka kwimathiriyeli ekrwada, uninzi lwazo esilukhuphela phesheya noluya lusanda ukhuphiswano lwehlabathi.2

NgoJulayi ka-2021, i-EU yagqiba isivumelwano sobuchule kunye ne-Ukraine malunga nokutsalwa kunye nokulungiswa kwezinto ezibalulekileyo kunye nokuveliswa kweebhetri.3. I-Ukraine inovimba be-lithium, i-cobalt, i-beryllium kunye neentsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezixabisa i-6.700 yeebhiliyoni zee-euro. Idiphozithi ye-lithium kuqikelelwa ukuba yenye yezona zinkulu kwihlabathi.

Umzobo 1: Iidiphozithi zeLithium eUkraine. 
umthombo: https://www.icog.es/TyT/index.php/2022/11/white-gold-of-ukraine-lithium-mineralisation/

Kwandula ke, ngoFebruwari 2022, iRashiya yahlasela iUkraine. Uninzi lweediphozithi zikwiindawo ngoku ezihlala eRussia empuma, ngakumbi eDonetsk. Ngokutsho kwesazinzulu sezopolitiko u-Olivia Lazard, enye yeenjongo zikaPutin kukunqamla ukufikelela kwe-EU kwezi ndawo zogcino. IRussia ngokwayo inovimba abakhulu bezinto eziluhlaza kwaye izama ukuba ngumdlali onamandla kwimarike yehlabathi kwakhona. Ngokuzenzekelayo, iQela likaWagner, elisilwa eUkraine, likwakho kumazwe anezimbiwa eAfrika, anjengeMozambique, Central African Republic, Madagascar neMali.4

Enye imathiriyeli ekrwada ebalulekileyo yinickel. NgoDisemba ka-2022, uMbutho woRhwebo weHlabathi (i-WTO) uye wavuma ukumangalelwa kwe-EU ngokuchasene ne-Indonesia. I-Indonesia yawisa umthetho ngo-2020 ovala ukuthunyelwa kwe-nickel kumazwe angaphandle kwaye ifuna i-nickel ore ukuba icocwe e-Indonesia. I-EU yayimangalele ngokuchasene noku. Yintoni i-Indonesia echasayo yipatheni ye-colonial ye-classic: izinto eziluhlaza zikhutshwe kwi-Global South, kodwa ukudalwa kwexabiso kwenzeka kwi-Global North. Ingeniso yenkampani, irhafu, imisebenzi iya ngasemantla. “Sifuna ukuba lilizwe eliphuhlileyo, sifuna ukudala amathuba emisebenzi,” utshilo uMongameli wase-Indonesia. Kodwa i-EU ifuna ukugcina iipateni zobukoloniyali.5

Umvelisi wesibini omkhulu we-lithium okwangoku nguChile (emva kwe-Australia). KwiNtlango yeAtacama, enye yezona ndawo zome kakhulu emhlabeni, i-lithium carbonate impontshelwa isuka emhlabeni njengebrine. I-brine ivumelekile ukuba iphuphe kwizitya ezinkulu. Ngokutsho kweKomishoni yeMigodi yorhulumente waseChile, amanzi amaninzi aphindwe kane arhoxiswa kwi-Atacama phakathi kwe-2000 kunye ne-2015 njengoko ayengena ngokwemvelo kwindawo ngendlela yemvula okanye i-meltwater. Amanzi aya enqaba ngakumbi kulimo lwabantu bomthonyama kwiindawo ezihlala kwiindawo ezihlala kuzo. Abantu bomthonyama nabo abazange badibane kwiiprojekthi ze-lithium. Oku kwaphula iNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo malunga naBantu boMthonyama.6

Eyona ndawo inkulu yokugcina i-lithium ilala phantsi kweeflethi zetyuwa zaseSalar de Uyuni eBolivia. Nangona kunjalo, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ayikambi imigodi. Urhulumente we-socialist we-Evo Morales ubhengeze i-lithium njengesixhobo esicwangcisiweyo esinesicwangciso sexesha elide lenjongo yokwenza iBolivia enye yabakhiqizi abahamba phambili behlabathi beebhetri, oko kukuthi, ukugcina ixabiso elongezelelweyo elizweni. Kwakukho ingxabano ekuqaleni kunye nemikhosi yendawo kwiphondo lasePotosí, apho iidiphozithi zikhoyo. Babefuna ukuxhamla kwimirhumo yelayisensi ngokukhawuleza kwaye abazange bavumelane nokukhethwa kweqabane lobuchule bophuhliso. Inkampani yaseJamani kufuneka Iinkqubo ze-ACI ekwabonelela iTesla ngeebhetri kwaye iqalise ukwakha umzi-mveliso weebhetri kwimarike yaseMzantsi Melika kunye nokuqeqesha kunye nokufaneleka kwabasebenzi baseBolivia. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, oku kufuneka kuzise ukudluliselwa kweteknoloji eBolivia, kwelinye icala, i-joint venture kufuneka ngokuqinisekileyo inike iJamani ukufikelela kwi-lithium enqwenelekayo.

Ungquzulwano phakathi kwePotosí kunye norhulumente omkhulu lwenziwa ngoqhanqalazo, uqhankqalazo lwendlala kunye nemisebenzi yamapolisa ephalaza igazi. UMorales ekugqibeleni wayeka isivumelwano kunye ne-ACI.7 Kunyulo lukamongameli olwalandela kungekudala emva koko, apho uMorales wabaleka okwesine, uMbutho waseMelika waseMelika, owawufanele ukubeka iliso kunyulo, wathi ufumene ubuqhophololo babavoti. Eso sityholo sakhatywa kamva. Ibutho lasekunene lasebenzisa ubuqhophololo bonyulo njengesizathu sobhukuqo-mbuso.8 Umbutho waseMelika waseMelika uxhaswa ngemali ngama-60 ekhulwini yi-United States. Ke uMorales watyhola i-US ngokuba ngasemva kobhukuqo-mbuso. Ulawulo lukaTrump lwamkele ngokusesikweni ubhukuqo-mbuso.

U-Elon Musk wathumela kwi-tweeter kamva: "Sidibanisa nabani na esimfunayo, siginye!"9 Urhulumente wobhukuqo-mbuso wasitshitshisa ngokusisigxina isivumelwano ne-ACI, evula indlela yokuthengiswa kwe-lithium yaseBolivia kwiinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe. Iqonga lophando I-Declassified ichaze umsebenzi ongxamisekileyo yi-ambassy yaseBritane emva koqhanqalazo lokungena kwiingxoxo kwi-lithium.10

Nangona kunjalo, ukuchasa ubhukuqo-mbuso kwakunamandla ngokwaneleyo ukunyanzela unyulo olutsha.
U-Luis Arce, iqabane leqela le-Morales, uphumelele unyulo, ngeli xesha ngomda ongenakuphikiswa, kwaye uthethathethwano kunye ne-ACI luqalise kwakhona ngenjongo yokuphumeza imimiselo engcono yeBolivia.11

Ngokuqinisekileyo, i-EU iphinda izame ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zeeminerali ezibalulekileyo ngaphakathi kunye nakwiindawo ezikufutshane. Kodwa kulapho imigodi ye-lithium idibana nokuchasana okusisiseko.

EPortugal, iBarroso, indawo echazwe "Ilifa lezoLimo" yi-FAO, isongelwa ngentshabalalo. I-Lithium iza kombiwa phaya kwimigodi evulekileyo.

E-Serbia, uqhanqalazo oluchasene nemigodi ye-lithium ecwangcisiweyo ikhokelele ekubeni urhulumente arhoxise ilayisensi yeshishini elikhulu iRio Tinto.

Kutheni ugqatso lweempahla ezibalulekileyo lunzima kangaka?

Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwebhanki yotyalo-mali i-Goldman Sachs, kuya kuba neemoto ezi-2050 zeebhiliyoni emhlabeni ngo-3, ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini kunanamhlanje. Kwezi, iipesenti ze-19 zizithuthi zombane kunye neepesenti ze-9 zisebenza kwi-hydrogen okanye igesi engamanzi.

Umzobo 2: Iimoto kwi-2050 ngokweGoldman Sachs
I-Orenji: ii-injini zokutsha, bhlowu: iimoto zombane, tyheli: amanye amafutha (umzekelo: i-hydrogen)
umthombo: https://www.fuelfreedom.org/cars-in-2050/

Imeko ye-International Energy Agency ithi ama-33 ekhulwini amele abe ziimoto zombane. Kodwa inani elipheleleyo le-3 yeebhiliyoni zeemoto alibuzwa.12 Akukho mntu ubuzayo, “Singaphila njani ngale nto sinayo?”, kodwa endaweni yoko uqikelela imfuneko yezi mveliso zibalulekileyo ezisekelwe kuhlumo loqoqosho oluqikelelwayo, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo uxinzelelo lokufumana ezi zixhobo lukhulu.

Ngokutsho kwe-OECD, lonke uqoqosho lwehlabathi lubekwe ngokuphindwe kabini ngo-2050, ukusuka kwi-100 yeebhiliyoni zeedola namhlanje ukuya kwi-200 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, kulinganiswe ngokwamandla okuthenga.13 Ngamanye amazwi, ngo-2050 kufanele ukuba sivelisa kwaye sisebenzisa into ephindwe kabini kunayo yonke into esiyenzayo namhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuthetha ukuba imfuno yemathiriyeli ekrwada nayo iyakuphinda kabini, incitshiswe kancinci ngokuphuculwa kokurisayikilisha.

Uphononongo olwenziwa yiYunivesithi yaseValladolid, esanda kupapashwa kwiJournal yeRoyal Society of Chemistry, ifikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ukuba imeko yangoku ngokubhekiselele kwi-e-mobility idluliselwa kwixesha elizayo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-lithium nge-2050 kuya kuba yi-120 ekhulwini yento ekhoyo. oovimba abaziwayo ngoku. Kwimeko enezinga eliphezulu leemoto ze-300 ekhulwini, kwimeko egxininise kwi-e-izithuthi ezikhanyayo ezifana ne-e-bikes phantse ipesenti ze-100, kwaye kuphela kwimeko yokunciphisa siya kuphelisa kuphela ipesenti ze-2050 zeediphozithi. ngo50. Iziphumo ze-cobalt kunye ne-nickel ziyafana.14  

Umzobo 3: Umthombo: Pulido-Sánchez, Daniel; eCapellán-Pérez, eIñigo; uCastro, uCarlos de; UFrechoso, uFernando (2022): Iimfuno zezinto eziphathekayo kunye namandla ombane wothutho. Kwi: Imekobume yaMandla. inzululwazi 15(12), iphepha 4872-4910
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2022/EE/D2EE00802E

Utshintsho kwisiseko samandla ke ngoko aluyi kutshintsha ugqatso lwemithombo. Iya kutshintsha kuphela kwioli kunye namalahle ukuya kwezinye izinto. Kwaye olu gqatso alukho malunga nokufumana ulawulo lwemathiriyeli ekrwada, kodwa lumalunga nokulawula imarike.

Ndingathanda ukubhekisela kumzekelo wembali: Umbhali-mbali wezoqoqosho uAdam Tooze ubhala ngeenjongo zeChancellor yaseJamani kamva uGustav Stresemann njengelungu leReichstag kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I: Ukwandiswa kolongamo lwaseJamani ngokubandakanya iBelgium, unxweme lwaseFransi ukuya. ICalais, iMorocco kunye neendawo ezongezelelweyo kwi-Wafumana iMpuma 'iyimfuneko' kuba inokubonelela ngeJamani iqonga elaneleyo lokhuphiswano neMelika. Akukho qoqosho ngaphandle kwemarike eqinisekisiweyo ubuncinane ye-1 yezigidi zabathengi ezinokuhambelana noncedo lwemveliso enkulu e-United States.15

Le yingcinga eyayilawula iMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala neyeSibini, le yingcinga elawula ukwandiswa kwe-EU, le yingcinga elawula imfazwe yaseRussia ne-Ukraine, le yingcinga elawula ungquzulwano phakathi kwe-United States ne-China. ngokuqinisekileyo. Akunjalo ukuba abo bavelisa ngcono kunye nexabiso eliphantsi baya kulawula imarike, kodwa kunoko ngokuchaseneyo, abo balawula imarike enkulu banokusebenzisa ngcono inzuzo yezoqoqosho kwimveliso yobuninzi kwaye baziqinisekise ngokuchasene nokhuphiswano.

Iimfazwe zamaxesha anamhlanje azikho kuphela malunga nokuba ngubani onokuthatha izibonelelo kubani, ngubani onokuxhaphaza amandla omsebenzi kabani, kodwa kwakhona - kwaye mhlawumbi ngokukodwa - malunga nokuba ngubani onokuthengisa ntoni kubani. Le yingqiqo yoqoqosho olusekelwe kukhuphiswano kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkunzi ukudala inkunzi enkulu. Ayikokubawa kongxowankulu abakhohlakeleyo, kodwa ngabo ulwakhiwo indlela yokwenza ishishini: Ukuba uqhuba inkampani, kufuneke u Benza ingeniso ngokutyala imali kwizinto ezintsha ukuze bangasileli emva kokhuphiswano. I-villa kunye ne-yacht ziyimveliso emnandi, kodwa injongo kukunyusa inkunzi ukuze uhlale kwishishini. Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha kuthetha ukuba unokuvelisa okuninzi ngomsebenzi ofanayo, okanye okufanayo ngomsebenzi omncinci. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwenza imveliso yakho ingabizi kakhulu, kufuneka uthengise ngaphezulu ukuze wenze iingeniso eziyimfuneko kwizinto ezintsha. Urhulumente kunye neemanyano zabasebenzi ziyakuxhasa koku, kuba ukuba awukwazi ukwandisa intengiso yakho, imisebenzi iya kulahleka. Akufunekanga uzibuze: Ngaba ilizwe liyayidinga imveliso yam, ngaba ilungile ebantwini? Kodwa uyazibuza ukuba ndingabenza njani abantu bayithenge? Ngentengiso, ngokuyiyeka ingasebenzi okanye yaphulwe ngokukhawuleza, ngokugcina abathengi besebumnyameni malunga neempawu zayo zokwenyani, ngokubenza babe likhoboka layo, njengakwimeko yeshishini lecuba, okanye ngokutsho, njengakwimeko yamatanki. nezinto ezinjalo, mabazihlawulele abarhafi. Ewe, indlela yongxowankulu yokwenza ishishini nayo ivelisa iimveliso ezilungileyo neziluncedo, kodwa ayinamsebenzi kusetyenziso lwemali eyinkunzi nokuba imveliso iluncedo okanye iyingozi ukuba nje inokuthengiswa.

Le ndlela yokwenza ishishini kufuneka ifikelele kwimida yesijikelezi-langa, kwaye kufuneka ibuyele ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokuchasene nemida yabamelwane bayo. Le nkqubo yezoqoqosho ayisivumeli ukuba sithi: Ewe, eneneni sonele ngayo yonke into ngoku, asidingi ngaphezulu. Uqoqosho oludodobalayo, uqoqosho olungatyekeli ekukhuleni okungapheliyo. kufuneka icwangciswe ngokwahlukileyo ngokomgaqo. Kwaye umgaqo kufuneka ube: Iqela labathengi kunye nabavelisi - kwaye ngabavelisi ndithetha abo benza umsebenzi - kufuneka bamisele ngokwedemokhrasi ukuba yintoni, njani, ngowuphi umgangatho, kwaye ngowuphi ubungakanani obuveliswayo. Zeziphi iimfuno ezisisiseko neziyimfuneko, yintoni elungileyo ukuba unayo, kwaye bubuphi ubunewunewu obugqithisileyo? Sinokuhlangabezana njani neemfuno zokwenyani ngokusetyenziswa kancinci kwamandla, izinto eziphathekayo kunye nomsebenzi wesiqhelo ongeyomfuneko?

Inokucwangciswa njani oku? Akukho mzekelo usebenzayo emhlabeni okwangoku. Mhlawumbi into ekufuneka uyicinge libhunga lemozulu. E-Austria, kwakukho abantu abayi-100 abakhethwe ngokungaqhelekanga kunye nommeli woluntu, abathi, ngeengcebiso zeengcali, baphuhlise iziphakamiso malunga nendlela i-Austria inokufezekisa ngayo iinjongo zayo zemozulu. Ngelishwa, eli bhunga alinawo amandla okunyanzelisa izindululo zalo. Amabhunga abemi abanjalo, acebisa ngezigqibo zezoqoqosho nezopolitiko, anokubakho kuwo onke amanqanaba oluntu, kumasipala, kurhulumente, kumdibaniso nakwinqanaba laseYurophu. Kwaye iingcebiso zabo kuya kufuneka ukuba zivotelwe ngokwentando yesininzi. Iinkampani kufuneka zizinikele kwinzuzo efanayo endaweni yexabiso labaninizabelo. Kwaye ukuba iinkampani zecandelo labucala azikwazi ukwenza oku, imisebenzi yazo kufuneka ithathwe ngoomasibambisane, umasipala okanye iinkampani zikarhulumente. Kuphela yindlela enjalo yokwenza ishishini ayiyi kuza ngokuchasene nemida yeplanethi okanye imida yommelwane. Kuphela yinkqubo enjalo yezoqoqosho enokudala iimeko zoxolo oluhlala luhleli.

1 https://energiewinde.orsted.de/klimawandel-umwelt/energiewende-friedensprojekt

2 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0474&from=EN

3 https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/news/eu-and-ukraine-kick-start-strategic-partnership-raw-materials-2021-07-13_en

4 ULazard, u-Olivia (2022): IiNjongo zaseRashiya ezingaziwayo e-Ukraine. Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/87319

5 https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-global-race-to-secure-critical-minerals-heats-up/

6 https://www.dw.com/de/zunehmender-lithium-abbau-verst%C3%A4rkt-wassermangel-in-chiles-atacama-w%C3%BCste/a-52039450

7 https://amerika21.de/2020/01/236832/bolivien-deutschland-lithium-aci-systems

8 https://www.democracynow.org/2019/11/18/bolivia_cochabamba_massacre_anti_indigenous_violence

9 https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EksIy3aW0AEIsK-?format=jpg&name=small

10 https://declassifieduk.org/revealed-the-uk-supported-the-coup-in-bolivia-to-gain-access-to-its-white-gold/

11 https://dailycollegian.com/2020/09/bolivias-new-government-and-the-lithium-coup/
https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/was-bolivia-s-coup-over-lithium-32033
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/nov/13/morales-bolivia-military-coup
12 https://www.fuelfreedom.org/cars-in-2050/

13 https://data.oecd.org/gdp/real-gdp-long-term-forecast.htm

14 uPulido-Sánchez, uDaniel; eCapellán-Pérez, eIñigo; uCastro, uCarlos de; UFrechoso, uFernando (2022): Iimfuno zezinto eziphathekayo kunye namandla ombane wothutho. Kwi: Imekobume yaMandla. inzululwazi 15(12), iphepha 4872-4910. I-DOI: 10.1039/D2EE00802E

15 Tooze, Adam (2006): Economics of Destruction, Munich