Elizabeth Oberzaucher
"Ukuba i-biology isebenzise inguquko, kunokuba yenziwe, ngendalo, ngebungekho bomi emhlabeni."
Ukuzivelela kwezinto yinkqubo engenasiphelo, nangona sisenokuba nombono wokuba into ayihambi ngokwenyani- ubuncinci ngokokuma kwezinto zethu ezichaphazelekayo.
Iinguqu kwinqanaba lemfuzo zihlala zihamba kancinci, iindlela zodluliso kunye nokukhethwa kuphela kokuqala kwesinye isizukulwana kuye kwesinye. Ngokwahlukileyo, iinkqubo ze-epigenetic zinokusebenza ngokukhawuleza okukhulu. Umzekelo, iziphumo zendlala kwi-physiology yezizukulwana ezizayo zibonakalisiwe. Omnye umthombo weyantlukwano yebhayiloji yintsholongwane apho sihlala khona kufutshane ne-Symbiosis: Isityalo esijikelezayo sinoxanduva lwezinto ekutyelwe kuzo ukutya kwethu, kwaye ke loo nto inokuphembelela amandla amakhulu kwiphysology. Uphando ngeziphumo ezintsonkothileyo ze microflora kwimpilo yabantu, i-psyche kunye nokuziphatha kusebancinci, kodwa iimpawu zokuqala zikhomba kwiziphumo ezifikelela kude.
Indaleko kunye ne-Epigenetics
Kwibhayoloji, utshintsho lushishino lwemihla ngemihla. Izinto eziphilayo zihlala zitshintsha, iintlobo ezintsha ziyavela ngelixa ezinye ziphela. Zimbalwa kuphela iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezihlala ixesha elide ngokungaqhelekanga, kwaye kuba ziqhelekile, zibizwa ngokuba zizinto eziphilayo eziphilayo.
Kudala kucingelwa ukuba indaleko isebenza kancinane njengokuqeqeshwa komzimba: xa usenza isihlunu esithe xaxa ukuba nzima, iba mandundu kwaye yomelele, kwaye ngandlela thile lo mkhwa ifumaneke kwisizukulwana esilandelayo. i Isikolo saseLamarcki Ilifa leepropati elifunyenwe yayiyi Ingcinga kaDarwinian yendaleko ebona kuphela umthombo wotshintsho njengomthombo wotshintsho, kwaye ivumela inkqubo yohlengahlengiso kuphela ngentsebenzo yolu tshintsho olungenazintsingiselo kunye neemeko zokuhlala-oko kukuthi, ngokukhetha. Kude kube kutshanje, utshintsho kunye nokukhethwa beziqwalaselwa njengezona zixhobo zisebenzayo kwindalo yendalo. Ngokufunyanwa kwe-epigenetics, ebandakanya ukutshintshwa nokucima iintlobo zemfuza, phakathi kwezinye izinto ngenxa yefuthe kwindalo esingqongileyo, umbono kaLamarckian uhlangabezana nemvuselelo. Ukongeza kwipropathi eguqulwe ngokuhlangeneyo, izinto eziphilayo ziyaqhubeka ngokusebenza ngokusebenza nangokudala ulwazi esele lukhona.
Uhlaziyo vs. kwemvelo
Ukongeza kwezi zinto zingqongqo zebhayoloji, iimpembelelo zentlalo nenkcubeko nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekudalekeni kwendalo, ngakumbi kwezo zinobuchule benkcubeko nobugcisa. Ezi ndlela zokwenza izinto zikhawuleza ngokukhawuleza: Ukuba isiphumo sokutshintsha kwemfuza siyabonakala kwisizukulwana esilandelayo, ke itekhnoloji inokuphelelwa yisikhathi esingaphantsi konyaka. Uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji luhlangabezana nokukhawuleziswa, okukhokelele kwinto yokuba kubomi bomntu, iindlela zonxibelelwano ukusuka kwi-telex ukuya kwi-telephony yevidiyo ziye zafumana inguquko yokwenyani. Kodwa ngaba ngenene olo lutshintsho?
Ngaphandle kokulandelelana okukhawulezayo kwezinto ezintsha, inkqubo yophuhliso lwetekhnoloji ifana nokuzivelela, inkqubo yotshintsho edla ngokwenza ngaphandle kokutsala okusebenzayo kwento esele ikho. Iitekhnoloji ezindala ziya kuhlala zikho okwethutyana, kwaye ziya kuthathelwa ingqalelo ziintsingiselo ezintsha ezinokuthi zimele ukuphuculwa komgangatho. Ke kubalulekile ukuba nangona ubuchwephesha obucacileyo bungaphezulu kweefowuni, ezi azikushiyanga ngokupheleleyo iifowuni eziphathwayo kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo azilungelelaniswanga ngomnxeba. Iinkqubo zokuzivelela kwezinto ziphawulwa ngulungelelwaniso lokuqala olunokuphelisa okanye luphele kwimeko eyahlukileyo yokuhambisa kwenye. Uhlaziyo, kwelinye icala, uqala ngesenzo esitshabalalisayo apho iinkqubo ezikhoyo ziphelisiweyo. Kumabhodlo wale ntshabalalo ke wakhe izakhiwo ezitsha. Ukuba i-biology isebenzise inguquko, kunokuba yenziwe, ngendalo, ngebungekho bomi emhlabeni.
Umntu wobugcisa
Uphuhliso lwenkcubeko kunye nobuchwephesha lubonakala lungaxhomekeki kwindalo engenamveliso kunokuvela kwendalo. Nangona kunjalo, amathuba ahluka kakhulu kangangokuba akunakwenzeka ukwenza uqikelelo oluthembekileyo malunga nendlela uhambo oluya kuyo. Ezinye izinto ezibonakala ngokubanzi zibonakala zibonakala kwangaphambili: Ukuzivelela kwabantu kuya kunyuka njengoko itekhnoloji iqhubeka ngakumbi kwaye idityaniswa. Izinto zokunxibelelana ngomatshini woomntu ziya zisiba ngcono - njengoko sele siyibona ngokusebenzisa izikrini zokuchukumisa endaweni yebhodi yezitshixo - kwaye iya idityaniswa ngokudibeneyo. Ke ngokombono wanamhlanje, kubonakala ngathi kunokwenzeka ukuba abantu kungekudala babe nokufakwa kokulawula igajethi zabo.
Ngaba izinto zazivelela ngaphandle kokuziphatha?
Ngokukodwa kwicandelo lezamayeza, le mibono iyathembisa: Abalawuli be-insulin abalawulwa ngokuzimeleyo banokuguqula ukuhanjiswa kwe-insulin kunye neenzwa ezifakiweyo ukuze isifo seswekile sibe sisifo esingenaxinzelelo. Amayeza atshintshelayo athembisa amandla amatsha ngokukwazi ukuvelisa amalungu onke kwiprinta ye-3D. Ewe kunjalo, uphando lusekude kakhulu ekubeni liguqulelwe kunyango olubanzi lonyango, kodwa umbono ubonakala unokwenzeka. Ukuxilongwa kwemfuza kudlala indima eyandayo kumayeza okuzala. Apha kuphakama imibuzo yokuziphatha.
Umntu owisiweyo
Ekuchongeni isifo sokukhulelwa, uhlalutyo lwemfuza lusetyenziselwa ukuqikelela ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba usinde. Ukufakwa ngaphakathi, iindlela ezinjalo zinokusetyenziselwa ukukhetha iimpawu ezithile kwimbewu - umda ukuya kumyili womntwana umxinwa kakhulu apha. Ukuxilongwa kwemfuza ngemozulu kusenza ukuba sikwazi ukukhetha isini se-umbungu esifakelweyo - ngaba kufanelekile oko?
Ngelixa ukukhethwa kwemibungu yabaninzi kusenokuwela ngaphakathi kwindawo eyi-grey, eneziphumo zokuziphatha ezingekacaciswa ekugqibeleni, isayensi sele ithathe inyathelo elilandelayo, eliqinisa ngakumbi ukubaluleka kwalo mbuzo: I-CRISPR yindlela entsha yobunjineli bemfuza, eyenza ukuba ibenakho ukuzisa utshintsho olujolisiweyo ngokwemfuza ngeendlela ezilula. Ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti, ubuqili bokuqala obuphumeleleyo bokusetyenziswa kwesibeleko somntu kusetyenziswa indlela yeCRISPR Cas9. Abaphengululi benziwe i-gene enoxanduva lwesifo sentliziyo kunye nokufa ngequbuliso. Ukusukela ekubeni uhlobo oluhlawulelwayo luzuze njengelifa, bonke abathwali baba kugula. Ke, ukuphelisa isiphako sofuzo olunesiphene kunganciphisi kuphela amathuba okuba umntu agule kodwa endaweni yoko kuthetha ukuba endaweni yesifo esiqinisekisiweyo somntu nesiqingatha sembewu yakhe, akukho mntu ugula.
Amathuba amakhulu okuphelisa ukubandezeleka kwabantu, kunye nokusebenza lula, akhokelela ekulangazelelekeni okukhulu ngale ndlela intsha. Nangona kunjalo, amazwi ezilumkiso nawo anokuvakala: Ngaba inkqubo inokulawulwa kakuhle kangakanani? Ngaba kunjalo ngokwenene ukuba kuphela lutshintsho olwenzelwe oko? Ngaba le ndlela ingasetyenziselwa iinjongo zobumnyama? Okokugqibela kodwa kungaphelelanga apho, umbuzo uphakama wokuba ingaba ingasebenza na na le nto nokuba iziseko zobuntu bethu azisahambi iimpembelelo zethu.
Imida enokwenzeka
Iinzululwazi zesayensi kunye nezobuchwepheshe zisivumela ukuba sithathe ikamva ezandleni zethu kunanini na ngaphambili. Ngenxa yamandla enkcubeko kunye nobugcisa esikwazile ukuguqula ilizwe ngokweminqweno neemfuno zethu, ngoku sinokuba nefuthe kwikamva lethu lebhayoloji. Ekuxhaphazeni umhlaba njengoko sinqwenela, ubuntu abuzange banconywe ngenxa yokucamngca kwabo kunye nobulumko bokujongana nezixhobo. Kule ukukhanya, iinkxalabo malunga nezinto ezintsha zesayensi zibonakala zilungile. Ingxoxo yehlabathi jikelele malunga nokuchaphazeleka kokuziphatha kugqithe kakhulu. Kuyadingeka ukuba kuphuhliswe izikhokelo ezilawula ukusetyenziswa kweetekhnoloji ezinokutshintsha ubuntu. Umda onokufikeleleka kuluncedo ekufuneka udlulisiwe ukuze kuvumeleke ukuguqulwa kwemfuza. Uwuzoba phi lo mgca? Uphi umda phakathi kokuba usempilweni kwaye sele ugula? Ukuba olu tshintsho alunqabile kucace, phakathi kwezinye izinto, lubonisa ingxoxo yophindaphindo yonyaka malunga nenkcazo yokugula kwengqondo. Oko kuchazwa njengesifo sisiphumo sesivumelwano, ayisiyo nyani engenakuphikwa. Ngenxa yoko, umthetho olawula ukuba utshintsho lwe-gene kufuneka uvunyelwe xa uchasa isifo awusebenzi. Ubunzima bengxaki bukhankanywa kangangokuba ukuba nengxoxo ebanzi ayinakufikeleleka ukuze ufumane isisombululo esifanelekileyo.
Photo / Ividiyo: Shutterstock.
