IDemokrasi ethe ngqo: Ixesha eliphezulu lokukhululwa kwinkululeko

Kuthekani ngophuhliso lwentando yesininzi e-Austria? Zinto zini ezinokukhethwa yindoda okanye umfazi ukuze ziviwe? Ngaba kuyenziwa ngokunikezela ngevoti rhoqo kwiminyaka embalwa? Ngaba yonke le nto idemokrasi kufuneka ibonelele? Ngaba ifanelekile isigama sedemokhrasi - oko kukuthi, "ulawulo lwabantu"?

Ngexesha leminyaka ukusuka kwi-2011 ukuya kwi-2013 - khumbula ngamaxesha okhetho-iingcaphephe, amajelo eendaba, amanyathelo abahlali kunye nabezopolitiko bakhokele intetho engaqhelekanga neziqhamo esekwe kuphuhliso nolwandiso lwentando yesininzi ethe ngqo, impikiswano yedemokrasi kweli lizwe iye yathula ngokuthelekisa mva nje. Ke, kule nkqubo yangoku kurhulumente, kuphela ileta yeenjongo ekuqaleni kwe-2014 ibiza ikhomishini yokucacisa kwiBhunga lesiZwe. Ukuba ayikabikho, ayifanele isothuse okwangoku.

"Emva kwesigqibo sikarhulumente, abavoti baxelelwa ukuba imeko yabo bayifumene, yeyokuba banike abantu abathile amavoti."
U-Erwin Mayer, isithethi se "mehr demokratie".

Kuthini malunga nengxoxo malunga nentando yesininzi ngqo e-Austria? Siphila kwidemokhrasi esebenzayo-andithi? Ngokuchasene nezopolitiko, umgaqo-siseko wase-Austrian unamazwi acacileyo. Inqaku 1 lomgaqo-siseko we Federal lithi: "I-Austria yiriphabliki yedemokhrasi. Ilungelo labo livela ebantwini. "Xa kuhlolisiswa, nangona kunjalo, kukho amathandabuzo afanelekileyo. Ubomi bezopolitiko bahlala bubukeka buhluke kancinci. Yilwe yipolitiki yeqela, apho intlalontle ibekwa phambili ngaphezulu kokunye. Yonke imihla sijonga indlela inyanzeliso yeklabhu, umntu ngamnye kunye nezinto ezizodwa ezikhethekileyo, ezopolitiko zabaxhasi kunye ne-lobbyists ukuba baphumelele njani kuthando lonyulo. Phambi konyulo umntu waboniswa ngazo zonke iintlobo zeenkqubo zeqela, iinkcazo ezingacacanga zopolitiko kunye neziqubulo zomkhankaso. Iiprojekthi zopolitiko zinokuqikelelwa ngcono. Kwiimeko ezimbalwa kakhulu umntu ufunda ngokuthe chu, ukuba zeziphi izikhundla eziya kuthatha amaqela emva konyulo. Inkqubo yokugqibela kaRhulumente ixhonywe emva kweengcango ezivaliweyo. "Emva kwesigqibo sale nkqubo kaRhulumente, abavoti baxelelwa ukuba imeko yabo bayifumene, yeyokuba banike amavoti kubantu abathile, utshilo u-Erwin Mayer, isithethi sika"idemokhrasi ngakumbi".
Kukuzimisela nokungahambelani kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi ekhokelela ekukhuliseni ukungaboni ngasonye kwezopolitiko e-Austria. Okanye ngaba kunokuba yindlala kwezopolitiko?

Idemokhrasi ethe ngqo: umnqweno wokuthatha inxaxheba

Ngelixa abavotayo beye bawe ngamaxesha athile kwaye amaqela ezopolitiko akakwazi ukulawula amalungu amatsha, ukubandakanyeka kwabemi kuyaqhuba. Nokuba ziyipolitiki, ezemidlalo, imicimbi yezentlalo okanye inkcubeko - abantu abaninzi ngakumbi babandakanyeka esidlangalaleni kwaye simahla. Olona vavanyo lwamva nje lokuzithandela kwi-2008 lubonise ukuba i-44 ibonelela ngepesenti yomsebenzi wokuzithandela we-15 Ngokujikeleze i-1,9 yezigidi zeOstriya ikwiiklabhu okanye kwimibutho-emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ingaphezulu kwesithathu yabantwana abaneminyaka eyi-15.
Amanyathelo aBemi basePalamente-avumela amaqela abemi njengabantu be-500 ukuba baphakamise kwiBhunga leSizwe ngemithetho yomanyano okanye ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho ekhoyo-inyuke ngepesenti ye-2000 ukusukela ngonyaka we-250. Kunyuswe kakhulu ukusukela kwiminyaka ye-1980er kunye nenani leereferentha kunye neengqungquthela kwilizwe kunye nenqanaba loluntu. Unjingalwazi wezopolitiko wase-Austrian Sieglinde Rosenberger noGilg Seeber bathi: "I-Austria, unxibelelwano lwexeshana phakathi kokungahambelani kakuhle kwiqela, ukuyekisa ukuvela kunye nokusetyenziswa okukhulayo kwezixhobo zedemokhrasi ngokuthe ngqo kungathethwa." Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo kulinyathelo labemi abalishumi abeza kumxholo wophuhliso lwentando yesininzi. esidwelise izindululo ezininzi zohlaziyo ukuze kuphuhliswe inkululeko yase-Austrian.

Nge kwezepolitiki?

Xa ujonga la manani, umntu akanakukwazi ukukhanyela ukuba abantu banomdla kwezopolitiko. Endaweni yoko, ukuzithemba kwezopolitiko kusezantsi. Umzekelo, uphando olwenziwe yiSocial Science Study Society lubonise ukuba ukuthembela kwabantu kumaziko oluntu afana nejaji, amapolisa okanye imibutho yabasebenzi i-2012 inyuke kancinci. Kwelinye icala, i-46 ipesenti yabaphenduli bebonke be-1.100 bathi abezopolitiko baphulukene nokunxibelelana nabemi kwaye ne-38 yepesenti babeqinisekile ukuba yeyokwenzelwa bona. Uvavanyo olufanayo lwenziwa ngumbutho wase-Austrian Society for Marketing (OGM) ngonyaka we-2013. I-78 ipesenti yabaphenduli be-500 bathi abanokuzithemba okuncinci okanye akukho themba kwezopolitiko.

Ithe ngqo idemokrasi e-Austria?

Ngokwenkcazo, idemokhrasi ethe ngqo yinkqubo okanye inkqubo yezopolitiko apho abantu bavota ngokuthe ngqo kwimicimbi yezopolitiko. UGertraud Diendorfer, uMlawuli oLawulayo we IZiko leDemokrasi iVienna, eqonda ulawulo lwentando yesininzi njenge "into yokongeza, yokulungisa okanye isixhobo solawulo lwenkqubo yenkululeko. ukuthatha ".

Ukuphela kwento eyothusayo: Iziphumo zezixhobo zodidi lwedemokhrasi ngqo-ezinje ngereferendamu okanye ireferenamu - ayibopheleleki kwaye ngenxa yoko kuthathelwa ingqalelo ngabenzi bezopolitiko kwiBhunga leSizwe. Kuphela kuvavanyo lukhokelela kwisigqibo esibophelelayo ebantwini. Nangona kunjalo, liBhunga lesiZwe kuphela elinokuthi lithathe isigqibo sokuba libambe ugwayimbo okanye cha. Amanyathelo okuqala kwabemi okanye amaxwebhu ezikhalazo, njengoko kubonelelwe kwiMigaqo yeNkqubo yeKansile kaZwelonke, anokusetyenziselwa ukuhambisa izicelo zekhonkrithi zonyango kwiBhunga lesiZwe.

Xa sijongisisa, izixhobo zethu zedemokhrasi ethe ngqo ziye zingabinamazinyo xa zizonke. KuGerhard Schuster, osisithethi se “Stop sham democracy!” Initiative, okwangoku akukho ndlela yoba kuyiwe kwizimvo ukuba izindululo ezingeniswe kwiBhunga likaZwelonke ngereferendamu azipasiswa epalamente.

Ngenxa yamathuba angaphuhliswanga kakuhle kwaye angakhathalelwanga ekuthatheni inxaxheba koluntu, kwimeko elungileyo esivumela ukuba sivakalise ukuthanda kwethu kwabo bathatha izigqibo kwezopolitiko, ayothusi into yokuba malunga neepesenti ezingama-55 kuphela zabantu baseAustria abonelisekileyo yindlela idemokhrasi esebenza ngayo. Ababini kwisithathu bakwathanda ukwandiswa kwedemokhrasi ethe ngqo, njengoko i-OGM "Ingxelo yeDemokhrasi ka-2013" ibonisa.

Direct Democracy: Izixhobo eOstriya

isicelo Vumela ukuba ummi aqalise inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kwipalamente, kodwa ngelishwa ayibotshwanga. Akumangalisi ke, ukuba zintlanu kuphela ze-37 ezikhalazo ezenziweyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku e-Austria zaphumelela ngengqondo yokuba eneneni bakhokelela emthethweni.

referendums sesona sixhobo sokugqibela sentando yesininzi e-Austria. Bakhonza kwibhunga likazwelonke ukufumana uluvo lwabemi. Ayisekho enye, ngoba ke iziphumo zeereferensi azibophelelanga kwinto. Nangona kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iBhunga leSizwe alikaze ligqithe kwisiphumo sophando.

Okokugqibela kodwa kungaphelelanga apho referendums imiselwe ukusuka phezulu. Bayabavumela abantu ukuba bavote ngqo kumgaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho yedrafti, kwaye nantsi isigqibo sabo sibophelela. Nangona kunjalo, ugwayimbo lunokwenziwa kuphela kumthetho oyilwayo oseludalisiwe. Kodwa ukuba ityala elilula sele lifumene isininzi kwiBhunga lesiZwe, ngokweZiko leDemokrasi laseVienna akunakulindeleka ukuba ivoti eyaneleyo ifumaneke apho kuya kufuneka ukuba kuqale uhlolo.

Ukongeza, iMigaqo yeNkqubo yeBhunga likaZwelonke isaboniswa Izikhalazo kunye namanyathelo oluntu on. Ngoncedo lwezixhobo, iiPalamente (abenzi bezicelo) kunye nabemi (amanyathelo oluntu) angenisa izicelo ezithile zonyango.

Ngakumbi ulawulo lwentando yesininzi, kodwa njani?

Umbuzo uhlala, ingaba idemokhrasi ngqo ingasebenza njani ngcono? Ngaba iAustria inokuphila njani ngokuhambelana nomgaqo-siseko wayo ukuze umthetho uvele ebantwini?
Amanyathelo okuqala wabemi sele ezinikele kulo mbuzo, esenza idrafti yesindululo kwaye esenza ngokucacileyo iimfuno zopolitiko. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo, iikhonsepthi zokuqhubela phambili idemokhrasi kugxilwe kumanqaku amabini aphambili: Okokuqala, iireferensi kufuneka zihanjiswe kunye noluhlolo lwasemthethweni. Kwaye okwesibini, abahlali kufuneka babe negalelo kuphuhliso nasekuqulunqweni kwemithetho.

Enye indlela indlela idemokhrasi engajonga ngayoUmthetho wabantu ngoku!". Malunga nenkqubo yamanqanaba amathathu, equka inyathelo elidumileyo, ireferendamu kunye novavanyo.
Ngokuchasene nenkqubo yezomthetho yangoku, abemi banokukhetha ukwamkela umthetho okanye isikhokelo sezopolitiko.
Ngelixa kugxilwe kwinyathelo elaziwayo likwimiboniso yombono, abantu bakwimeko yokulandela kolandelayo malunga nokuzibandakanya koluntu kwinyathelo lokuqala.
Izithintelo zobungakanani ezibonelelwe kule nkqubo zenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo wecebo lokucoca: Amanyathelo angavunyelweyo-okt ulandelela kuphela umdla okhethekileyo okanye okhethekileyo okanye ubuchwephesha kakhulu, isisombululo sokutyikitywa kwe-300.000 asisayi kudala kwaye ngenxa yoko "sihluziwe" ,

Amajelo eendaba nawo adlala indima ephambili kwesi siphakamiso, njengoko kuya kufuneka eqinisekise ngebhunga leendaba ukuba kwiinyanga ezintathu ezikhokelela kuvavanyo lwengxoxo lwasimahla nolulinganayo malunga neengozi nakwimithombo yeendaba enkulu luyenzeka.

USchuster ubona inzuzo enkulu yale nkqubo incomekayo kwiintsika ezimbini zomthetho, ethi, nangona besebenza kunye, nangona kunjalo bezimele omnye komnye. Intando yabantu ayikhuphisani neparadise, kodwa bayayongeza ngento engekahoywa: abantu.

Isindululo semithetho yamanqanaba amathathu e-Austria ukusuka "kwimithetho yabantu ngoku!"

kuqala ethandwayo (Inqanaba le-1) Abemi be-30.000 (ngokuchasene ne-100.000, ekungoku nje ifuna uvavanyo) banikezela ngedrafti yomgaqo-nkqubo okanye umgaqo-nkqubo kwiBhunga lesiZwe. IBhunga leSizwe licebisa ngeli nyathelo kwaye kufuneka lifune abantu abathathu abagunyazisiweyo ngabaxhasi beli phulo. Ukuba kuyakhatywa yiBhunga lesiZwe, ukuphononongwa kungaqalwa.

isicelo (Inqanaba le-2) Phambi kweveki yobhaliso, umzi ngamnye uya kwaziswa ngegama lesicelo. Ukusuka kwi-300.000 ixhasa i-referendum iyaphumelela kwaye ikhokelela kuvavanyo. Ubuncinci iinyanga ezintathu phambi kovakaliso-zimvo, ulwazi olulinganayo noludibeneyo kunye nengxoxo malunga neeprosesa kunye nokubaluleka kwenzeka kwimithombo yeendaba.

nokhetho (Inqanaba le-3) Uninzi luthatha isigqibo.

IDemokrasi ngqo-Ukuqukumbela

Idemokhrasi ethe ngqo ayisihloko nje eshushu e-Austria. Umzekelo, kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yiKhomishini yeVenice yeBhunga laseYurophu, ikwatsho ukuba amazinga aphezulu abathatha inxaxheba kunye neenkqubo ezivelisa kuphela iziphumo zokubonisana kufuneka zithintelwe ngokomgaqo. Ngokufanayo kwiinkqubo zonyulo, abavoti kufuneka bakwazi ukubona, kwiivoti eziyinyani, unxibelelwano olucacileyo phakathi kokuthatha kwabo inxaxheba kunye nesiphumo.

Ngale ndlela, kufanelekile ukuba abantu babe nokuthetha ngakumbi kwaye basebenze ngokukuko kwaye babonisane ngekamva labo. Inkqubo yedemokrasi ngokuthe ngqo ke ikhokelela ekuqinisekisweni kweziphumo zeenkqubo zezopolitiko kwaye inyuse okanye idale ukuzimisela ukuxhasa izigqibo zezopolitiko.

Photo / Ividiyo: Isiculi seGernot, ngoku, Imidiya enokukhetha.