Helmut Melzer
Ingcali yozinzo ku-Dirk Messner kudliwano-ndlebe olukhethekileyo malunga notshintsho lwehlabathi, inguqu enkulu- nendlela obuya kutshintsha ngayo ubomi beshishini nabantu.
Umyalezo we-Dirk (I-1962) nguMlawuli weZiko loPhuhliso laseJamani (i-DIE) kunye noMlawuli-weZiko loPhando lweZiko leMfundo ePhambili ngoPhando lweNtsebenziswano kuZwelonke / eDuisburg. U-Messenger wafunda isayensi yezopolitiko kunye ne-Economics kwaye ucebisa kungekuphela korhulumente we-Federal kodwa noRhulumente wase-China, i-European Union, iBhanki yeHlabathi kunye neminye imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe malunga nemicimbi yophuhliso lwehlabathi kunye nentsebenziswano yehlabathi. Uphethe usihlalo ophanda ngemozulu uJohn Schellenhuber IBhunga lamaNgcebiso laseJamani malunga notshintsho lwehlabathi (i-WBGU), I-2011 wayipapasha kunye ne-WBGU isifundo "Sosivumelwano soMbutho sotshintsho olukhulu. Indlela eya kuqoqosho lwehlabathi olunobuhlobo ".
"Ukuba yonke into ihlala injalo, akukho nto ihlala inje.
Dirk Messenger kwisidingo sotshintsho olukhulu
Mnu Messenger, kutheni unethemba elingaka?
Kumashumi amabini eminyaka eyadlulayo, besisazi ukuba utshintsho oluzinzileyo kuya kuba yimfuneko ukuthintela ukwenzakala ebantwini. Phantse zonke iintloko zamazwe nezikarhulumente ziyityikityile le nto kwiNkomfa yeHlabathi yokusiNgqongileyo kunye neNkomfa yoPhuhliso ye-1992 eRio. Nangona kunjalo, amathuba okuqalisa utshintsho olunjalo avele ukususela ngelo xesha. Namhlanje zonke izinto zenguqu ezinzileyo ziyafumaneka. Iitekhnoloji zokuqhubela phambili uqoqosho kunye noqoqosho oluhambelana nemozulu, umgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho kunye nenjongo yokuseta ikhosi entsha, inani elandayo labadlali esele liqhuba inguqu eluhlaza: izixeko, amashishini, abanye oorhulumente, imibutho yamazwe aphesheya, amaziko ophando.
Utshintsho lokuzinza nalo luxhaswa ngemali. Sikwinqanaba lokuqhubela phambili apho ikhosi inokuphinda isethwe khona. U-Immanuel Kant unokuthi: "Iimeko ezinokwenzeka" zenguqu sele zenzekile.
Ngawaphi amanyathelo afunekayo ngoku?
Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuba akukho bantu bathathe izigqibo bashiyekileyo, nokuba kungasekho eYurophu, China, Morocco okanye e-USA, abaphikisi ekufumaneni esisiseko ukuba uguquko lolondolozo luyimfuneko. Oku kuvula iifestile zotshintsho. Kodwa: Abathathi izigqibo zezoqoqosho nezopolitiko, kodwa nabemi abaninzi banexhala lokuba le nguqu ifikelela kude kangaka ingaphumelela. Kungenxa yoko iiprojekthi zokubonisa ezibonisa ezinokwenzeka zibaluleke kakhulu. Ukuba inguqu yamandla aseJamani, ethi ibenguguquko oluguqukayo kwimithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo, iyaphumelela, oku kungakhokelela kutyalo-mali lwehlabathi kwiinkqubo zombane eziluhlaza. Abayili bezakhiwo abaphuhlisa izakhiwo ezingavelisi-mandla ngexabiso elifanelekileyo banokuhambisa uphuhliso lwasedolophini kwicala elitsha. Isizukulwana sokuqala seemoto zokukhupha zero zisenziwa. Ukufezekisa okunje ngobuphuculo kubalulekile ukukhawulezisa utshintsho. Ngapha koko, ezopolitiko zinokwenza lukhulu. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu lixabiso lokukhutshelwa kwegesi eluhlaza ekusekeni imiqondiso yexabiso elifanelekileyo. Umzekelo, urhwebo lokukhutshwa kwemveliso kufuneka ekugqibeleni lutshintshwe ukuze amaxabiso obushushu egasi yobushushu abonakalise umonakaliso abawuzisayo.
Inokukhuthazeka njani kwezopolitiko?
Inguqu ezinzileyo ayiseyiyo niche; ifumana abaxhasi kuwo onke amaqela kunye nakudidi lwentlalo. Singabemi kufuneka silulwele olu tshintsho. Oorhulumente kufuneka baqonde ukuba nangayiphi na imeko inguqu enkulu iyaqhubeka. Ukuba yonke into ihlala inje, akukho nto ihleli injalo. Ukuba siqhubeka kwindlela yethu yokukhula kwegesi kunye negesi eluhlaza, ukusukela ngo-2030 kuyakufuneka siziqhelanise notshintsho kwinkqubo yomhlaba eya kusiba nzima ngakumbi ukulawula: amanzi kunye nokunqongophala komhlaba, ukunyuka komphakamo wolwandle, iziganeko zemozulu ezigqithileyo, ukunyibilika kwe-permafrost eneziphumo ezingalindelekanga, ukunyibilika komkhenkce waseGreenland- oko yimeko yeengxaki zehlabathi. Enye indlela kukuqalisa ngotshintsho kubume bemozulu kunye noqoqosho olusebenzayo. Amazwe enza oku kuqala aya kuba luqoqosho olukhokelayo kumashumi eminyaka ezayo. Zininzi iingxoxo malunga noku e-China, umzekelo: iliza elikhulu elitsha lezinto ezintsha kuqoqosho lwehlabathi ziya kuba luhlaza.
"Inguqu eya kuqoqosho olunobungani bemozulu luthetha utshintsho oluya kude oluza kuzisa abaphumeleleyo kunye nabaphulukeneyo.", UDirk Messner kubachasi bokuzinza.
Ngaba "inguqu eluhlaza" ibeka esichengeni ukhuphiswano lweenkampani?
Lo mbuzo ekuqaleni ubonakalisa inkxalabo esemthethweni malunga nokuba utyalomali olukhuselayo lweendleko zemozulu kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo inokukhokelela ekugqogweni kokhuphiswano, umzekelo phakathi kwemigodi yensimbi eJamani naseRussia. Ngenxa yoko, ukufuduswa kwemveliso kunokuqikelelwa, okungayi kunceda imeko yehlabathi. Izinto ezintathu zibalulekile apha: Okokuqala, imigaqo-nkqubo yokukhuselwa kwemozulu kufuneka inike iinkampani ezomeleza amandla ixesha lokwenza inguqulelo-enobuntu ngendlela. Kwinkqubo yokurhweba kukhutshwa kwezinto zaseYurophu, iinkampani zinikwe ixesha elininzi ngohlobo lwezatifikethi zokukhupha mahala ukuze zitshintshele kwimveliso enobuhlobo bemozulu. Okwesibini, inkuthazo yozinzo lwemozulu inokwenza iinzuzo ezintsha, ezizinzileyo zokhuphiswano. Oku kuya kuphumela ekubeni iinkampani zensimbi zaseJamani okanye zaseYurophu ziphumelele ukuba ngoovulindlela bemveliso yensimbi enobushushu. Okwesithathu, utshintsho kuqoqosho lwekhabhoni esezantsi luthetha utshintsho oluya kude oluya kuvelisa abaphumeleleyo, njengabanikezeli bamandla ahlaziyekayo, kunye nabaphulukene nezinto ezifana nabasebenzi abasebenza kumalahle. Utshintsho kuzinzo ke ngoko kuyaqondeka ukuba banabachasi abaninzi kumacandelo eekhabhoni ephezulu.
Ngaba ummi kunye nomthengi kuya kufuneka benze ngaphandle kwenguqu?
Ukutsiba kwezobuchwephesha ekusebenzeni kakuhle kuya kuba yinxalenye yesisombululo: amandla asebenzayo kwimozulu kunye neenkqubo zokuhamba, ukuveliswa kwezixhobo ngokufanelekileyo. Kodwa kuya kufuneka siphonononge indlela yethu yokuphila kunye nezigqibo zokuthenga. Ngethuba nje ukuba iinqwelo-moya ezithatha ixesha elide zingalungelanga imozulu, sidlula kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwegesi yendalo eluhlaza ngayo yonke inqwelomoya ehamba ngenqwelomoya enokuthi ifumaneke kubo bonke abemi behlabathi. Sinokuthenga iimoto ezisezantsi kwii-greenhouse gases kunye neemveliso ezizinzileyo. Singazama ukunqanda ukuba iipesenti ezingama-40 zokutya eziveliswayo ziphelela kwinkunkuma kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Kodwa sinokucinga malunga neekhonsepthi zentlalontle ezingalungiselelwanga kuphela kwimveliso yelizwe jikelele ngomntu ngamnye. Izifundo ezininzi zibonisa ukuba xa iimfuno zabo ezisisiseko zifezekisiwe, abantu banelisekile ikakhulu xa kukho ubudlelwane obunokuthenjwa kubume babo, iinethiwekhi zentlalo, ukhuseleko kwiindawo zabo, ukuthembeka kwamaziko oluntu, ukufikelela kwimfundo, ezempilo kunye nobulungisa kwezentlalo. Ngaphezulu kwako konke, thina bathengi kufuneka sizibone njengabemi ulonwabo lwabo luxhomekeke kungekuphela kumathuba okusetyenziswa, kodwa nakwiimeko ezichaziweyo zobomi obulungileyo.
Ngaba imali yenguquko inokwenzeka?
Uninzi lwezifundo lubonisa ukuba uluntu lwehlabathi luza kutyala imali malunga neepesenti ezimbini zemveliso yekhaya jikelele kwinguqu ezinzileyo, nokuba iindleko zokutshintsha kwemeko ezingalawulekiyo zaziphezulu kakhulu kunothintelo. Nangona kunjalo, utyalomali olubalulekileyo kwangaphambili luya kufuneka ukwakha amandla okunyanzela imozulu kunye nolwakhiwo lwezixeko, umzekelo. Kwinkqubo yenguqu, konke malunga nokunyanzelisa iiasethi zoluntu, umdla wexesha elizayo kunye nezakhono ngokuchasene nezinto ezinamandla zangaphambili nezangoku. Ukutyala imali kulwakhiwo olutsha olunobuhlobo bemozulu kusebenza njengokugcina imali ekwakheni imali kutyalo-mali. Babiza imali eninzi ekuqaleni, kodwa nangayiphi na imeko banefuthe elihle kwiinkampani zethu kwixa elizayo.
Ngaba ukuluhlaza okuguqukayo kunokoyisa le ngxaki?
Lo ngumbuzo ovulekileyo. Ingakumbi kumazwe anamashishini asezantsi e-Western anamatyala, ngoku kunzima ukudibanisa utyalomali olufanelekileyo ukwakha ulwakhiwo olunobushushu bemozulu. Kumazwe ambalwa kuphela ezi ziingxoxo zokukhula okungakumbi ukuze kuncitshiswe intswela-ngqesho ephezulu ehambelana nohlengahlengiso oluhlaza koqoqosho. Kuya kubaluleke kakhulu ukubonakalisa ngotshintsho lwamandla eJamani kunye nezicwangciso zebhabhoni ezisezantsi zaseDenmark ukuba ukhuphiswano, ingqesho kunye nozinzo akufuneki ziphikisane. ESpain nakwamanye amazwe anengxaki, utyalomali oluhlaza luye lwaphela. Le ngxaki inokuthi ikhokelele ekunyuseni kweendlela zokukhula kwezinto eziphilayo, eziya kuthi emva koko zidale ukuxhomekeka kwendlela ezithi zenze utshintsho kuhambelwano lwemozulu lube nzima kwaye lubize kakhulu kwixesha elizayo. Kukho izibonakaliso zokuba uqoqosho oluhlumayo lunokulufezekisa utshintsho kunokuba amazwe anamatyala kakhulu e-OECD. I-China inezimali eziphezulu zangaphandle zotshintshiselwano, ezinokuxhasa ngemali kutyalo-mali oluyimfuneko kumacandelo eekhabhoni esezantsi. Ukongeza, uqoqosho oluhlumayo sele lukwindlela yenguqu kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho ngenxa yokuma okuphezulu kwezoqoqosho. Kwimeko enjalo, ukuqhelanisa nokuzinza kunokuba lula ukufezekisa kunokuthwaxwa yindlala kunye nokudinwa ko-OECD kumazwe adiniweyo.
Yintoni enokwenziwa ngumntu ngamnye?
Sele nditshilo okuninzi malunga noko thina njengabasebenzisi sinokukwenza ngokuthembekileyo. Kodwa ngokuxhaphakileyo ingxoxo yokuzinziswa yenziwa njengengxoxo-mpikiswano etshabalalisayo. Kodwa okokugqibela, sonke kufuneka sisebenzele ukuphuhlisa indlela yokuphila eza kwenza ukuba kungekudala abantu abazizigidi ezilithoba bakhokele ubomi obunesidima, obunqabisekileyo kwimibutho yedemokhrasi. Imalunga nembono yehlabathi elitsha, ukutshintsha kweendlela zethu zokucinga, impumelelo yenkcubeko yempucuko. Okokuqala, inyani iyafuneka-kufuneka samkele imida yenkqubo yomhlaba apho unokuphunyezwa khona umntu ngokusisigxina. Yonke enye into ingangabinamsebenzi.
Emva koko kuye kwavela kwezentlalo, kwezopolitiko nakwezoqoqosho, okt kuyilo kunye nokuhamba ukwenza indawo ezinzileyo. Xa ubukela abakhi bezakhiwo bezibophelela ekuvuseleleni izixeko ezinobuhlobo bemozulu, ufumana imvakalelo yokuba ukungqinelana kwemozulu akunanto yakwenza "nokwenza ngaphandle" kwaye kuninzi okunxulumene neshishini. Kwaye kufuneka sifunde ukuqaphela iziphumo zexesha elide zezenzo zethu kolunye uluntu nakwizizukulwana ezininzi ezizayo. Ngumbuzo wobulungisa.
Okokugqibela, imalunga nokwamkela abantu-ngokukodwa kwaye njengabantu behlabathi - ukuba kufuneka sithathe uxanduva kuzinzo lwenkqubo yoMhlaba, kuba leyo kuphela kwendlela yokusithintela ekuqaliseni utshintsho lwenkqubo yomhlaba kunye nesiphumo esingaqinisekanga kumashumi eminyaka ezayo. Ndithelekisa utshintsho oluzinzileyo kunye nexesha lokukhanya. Ngeli xesha, izinto ezinkulu nazo "zazenzelwe": amalungelo abantu, umthetho womthetho, idemokhrasi. U-Imanuel Kant ushwankathele ngokumangalisayo isiseko sale nyanga. Ngaye, ubungakanani bokuKhanyiselwa yayiyinguquko "kwindlela abantu abacinga ngayo."
Photo / Ividiyo: Shutterstock, IDie / Messner, option.
