Intsholongwane-Ulwazi olusebenzisiweyo

Amaxesha ngamaxesha, iindaba ziyavela ezijika umbono wazo welizwe entloko. Yiloo nto eyenzekileyo kum, umzekelo, xa ndafumanisa ukuba uJohn F. Kennedy wabulawa yi-CIA kunye nePrincess Diana egameni leMIT. Andizange ndothuke ndatsho ukuba amaMelika aphuhlisa intsholongwane kaGawulayo kwii-CIA labs nokuba ukubekwa kwenyanga kwakuyinto nje yobugcisa bemiboniso bhanyabhanya yiNASA. Kodwa xa ndafunda ukuba uMichelle Obama yindoda yokwenene - njengevidiyo ethandwayo yevidiyo youtube ngokucacileyo kunye nobungqina bezenzululwazi - ilizwe lam laliphantsi ngokupheleleyo.

Nkqu neenkonzo zobukrelekrele zaseRashiya aziMelika nje. Okokugqibela, kwindawo eyimfihlo eSiberia, baqeqesha abantwana ngokubona okugqithileyo ukuze emva koko basebenzise iingqondo zabo ukubulala abantu naphi na emhlabeni.
Ilizwe elihlanyayo, awunakuza nje kwesi sigqibo ukuba ukhangela kwi-Intanethi "yethiyori yethiyori".

Intsholongwane yehlabathi

Ukongeza kwimiqobo yoqoqosho, ikwajolise ekujongeni nasekwenzeni ubuchule bokusasaza kwezopolitiko ezibalaseleyo ezisebenzisa izixhobo zosasazo ngeenjongo zazo kwaye zibumba iipolitiki zehlabathi. Ngokwenza njalo, ngobuchule babeka ingxelo yabo abayithandayo kwisihloko esithile kwimidiya enkulu kwaye ngokwenza njalo babazi abantu. Ke, iimbambano ezinkulu zezi ntsuku azikho zingabinobungozi obunobungozi bemfazwe, ezibenza ukuba bangabinakulawuleka lula abafundi, kodwa kwaneentatheli. I-Disinformation isetyenziswa kwiindawo ezininzi zezopolitiko nezoqoqosho ezijolise ekufumaneni inkxaso yezinto ezixhalabisayo. Umzekelo, iinkonzo ezifihlakeleyo zihlala zinamasebe awo ngenjongo yokwenziwa kwengcaciso kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi.

Ukuqonda kolu qhelaniso kunqabile. Konke ngakumbi kufanelekile ingxelo yobuqu yomntu owayesakuba yingcaphephe yaseBritane uCarne Ross, owakwi23. UDisemba 2015 wakhutshwa "ngexesha". Iqala kwiminyaka ye-1990 xa u-Ross ethethathethwano nezoqoqosho ku-Iraqi u-Saddam Hussein kwi-United Nations egameni likarhulumente wakhe, kwaye ilizwe laseNtshona lamnyanzela ukuba abonelele ubungqina bokuba akasenazo izixhobo zentshabalalo: "Senze oku, nangona urhulumente wam enzile. yayikukuba izixhobo zikaSaddam Hussein zazingasoyikisi ". Ngokutsho kwakhe, ezohlwayo ziye zasebenza ngokukodwa ukugcina iSaddam ukuba ingayakhi kwakhona iKuwait emva kohlaselo lwayo ekwakheni umkhosi wakhe ngemali yokuthengisa ioyile. "Sibukhanyele ngokwenyani ubungqina bokubandezeleka kwabahlali kwaye sithule cwaka nabani na obuza isohlwayo." Ukhe wajonga amagqabantshintshi kaKofi Annan: "Ndazihlela iingxelo zeofisi yakhe phambi kokuba zipapashwe. U-Annan "uthe" oko besikufuna. "Ukuqukumbela kwakhe kweli nqaku:" Batshabalalise ngokupheleleyo ilizwe elihlumileyo. "

I-Disinfuction ifuna amaxhoba

Ngale ndlela, i-disinformation ejolise kuyo iphumelele ekuqinisekiseni uluntu lwaseMelika, kunye ne-US Congress kunye ne-Allies, ukuba i-Iraq inezikhali eziyingozi zokubhujiswa kwabantu ngobuninzi obuya kuba semngciphekweni omkhulu, oya kuthi emva koko uhlangane nokuhlasela komkhosi. , Namhlanje, i-US inokuthi yazibandakanya nemfazwe engenamsebenzi, ebeka imfazwe ngaphezulu kwe-200.000 efileyo kunye nomsila wegrey ekhuphukeni okungaphezulu. Inani labantu ababhubhileyo livela kwi "War on Terror" edume ngokuqikelelwa linyathelo le-Iraq Body Count (IBC) kwizigidi ze-1,3. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba esinye isiqingatha sabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu basweleke ngenxa yesoqoqosho. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, kuba ukungeniswa kwe chlorine yonyango lwamanzi okusela kuchatshazelwe zizohlwayo. Isigwebo esingokwembali malunga nale ntlekele asikathethwa.

Nangona kunjalo, yonke inkcukhacha yolwazi igcwele kwi-Intanethi nakwiintanethi zentlalo. Kuba konke malunga nemithombo yeendaba apho umthombo, umthumeli, ulwazi kunye nomfanekiso zinokutshintshwa ngokulula, kwaye ulwazi kunye nomxholo wenyaniso yemiyalezo ekusasazeke apha ayiphantsi ngokwaneleyo ukuqikelela.
Le nto ikwathatha inxaxheba kuMbutho woBudlelwane boLuntu e-Austria (PRVA): “Njengokuba izinto ezithandabuzekayo ze-PR zisanda, ngakumbi kwindawo yemidiya yoluntu, iBhunga le-PRVA lamkele amalungu amathathu amatsha ekwindla ka-2015 azinikele ngqo kwesi sihloko. I-PR Ethics Council ikwapapashe imigaqo-nkqubo yokunxibelelana ekusebenzeni namajelo eendaba ezentlalo- njengesixhobo sokuqhelanisa neengcali zePR ", utshilo uSusanne Senft, uMongameli wePRVA. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zolu dushe lolwazi azibalulekanga. Abaphelelanga nje ekuphazamiseni abantu bendawo, baya besenza imifanekiso yotshaba kunye nokwahlulahlula uluntu. Ingcaciso.

Ipateni yephiko lasekunene

Ngaphezulu kwayo yonke i-populists yephiko lasekunene eliqondayo kubugcisa. Isithethi solwimi uRuth Wodak uthetha kwincwadi yakhe ethi "Ezopolitiko. Oko Kuthethwa liLungelo leNgcaciso yoMntu kaWing Wing "(Sage, London) yendawo ebizwa ngokuba yi" Perpetuum mobile of maping hand-poping ". Ngale nto uyayiqonda ipatheni ethile ngokokutsho kwezopolitiko abaphula-phuli bezopolitiko ngendlela efanelekileyo kwaye basebenzise amajelo eendaba: inyathelo lokuqala kukucaphukisa. Iposta iyavela isicatshulwa okanye umxholo othile utolikwa njengoshukumisayo. Oku kulandelwa ngumsindo wokuphuphuma komsindo, ekufikelelwe kuwo usukelo lokuqala: Omnye usezintloko.

Emva koko ingena kumjikelo wesibini: Ukucaphuka kuyakhula kwaye umntu utyhile ukuba ibango kule poster lixoki. Inqanaba lesithathu lilandelayo: Ababhali bomyalezo bajika iitafile kwaye bazenze njengamaxhoba.Ngoko ke zibakho iinkosi, okanye iyelenqe lokubambana.
Ke xa elinye icala lisabela lize kwiinkundla zamatyala, omnye uyaxolisa.

Umxholo weli qhinga, ngokutsho kukaNjingalwazi Wodak, nangona kunjalo, kukuba umntu ubophelela amandla abanye: "Endaweni yokumisela imixholo yabo kwaye benikezela ngeenkqubo zabo, amanye amaqela anyanzeliswa yile nqanaba inyukayo kwisikhundla sommangalelwa. Endaweni yokwenza ezopolitiko, balandela iziganeko, "utshilo uWodak kwiphephandaba laseJamani leveki" Die Zeit ".

Impumelelo yezopolitiko ngokususa iintsholongwane

Esi sicwangciso sikhangeleka sibanzi kwaye siphumelela kakhulu kuthungelwano lwentlalo. Ngokwe- politometer.at, iqonga le-Intanethi elihlalutya ubukho kunye nokusebenza kweqela ngalinye lezopolitiko, amaqela ezopolitiko, ii-NGOs kunye neentatheli zopolitiko kwezonxibelelwano zentlalo, ezopolitiko zase-FPÖ ngokucacileyo zikhokela. Phakathi kwezopolitiko ezisebenzayo kwezopolitiko eziphezulu ze-5 kweli lizwe zontathu (HC Strache, H. Vilimsky, uNorbert Hofer) kwi-FPÖ. Kwaye kwangaxeshanye iqela le-Facebook "FPÖ Fail" lisokola ukuphicotha ngokucwangcisiweyo iingxelo ezingenakubalwa ze-FPÖ. Isekethe evaliweyo, ke.

Ababaleki: Imood yatsho yangabom

Ngapha koko, iphumelele ngale ndlela, imo yokuchasana nababaleki kumajelo eendaba ezentlalo ayakhiwa kakhulu. Umbhali wencwadi, intatheli kunye nebhulogi uJakob Steinschaden, umzekelo, wajonga ngokusondeleyo kwiitshathi zeendaba zase-Austrian zokuqalisa ibaliclash.com. Ezi tshathi zivavanya ukuhlangana kwe-Facebook zazo zonke iindaba eziphambili ze-intanethi kunye neebhloko zase-Austrian. Ngokwaku, imeko enkulu ibisenzeka kuFacebook kwezi nyanga zimbalwa zidlulileyo ibonisa imeko eOstriya: "NgoJuni, ngoJulayi nango-Agasti, i-2015 ifumene ezona zinto zithandwayo kunye nolwabiwo ngabo banolwalamano oluchanekileyo malunga nesihloko sokubaleka. iphepha lajika ngoku. Ukusukela ngoSeptemba u-2015 wafumana ezi ngxelo, ezinokuthanani okungalunganga kwimiba yeembaleki, ukuthandwa ngakumbi kwaye ke ukufikelela kuFacebook, ”utshilo uSteinschaden.

Umatshini wokushicilela oxokayo

Imizekelo yeengxelo zobuxoki inokufumaneka kwinethiwekhi yezoluntu kwi-Masse kunye nendlu yeembaleki ilungele oku. Umzekelo, imiyalezo ye-Facebook enje ngegama elithi "Ababaleki bathenga ii-iPhones ezibiza kakhulu nje ngenxa yeCaritas", okanye bafumana i- "3.355,96 Euro ngenyanga ngokwenza nto", banandiphe ukuthandwa ngokukhethekileyo. Kwakhona isityholo esaziwa kakhulu ngokuba "sisityholo sokuxoka", malunga nolwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwa ziimbacu, siya kuhlala sigutyungelwa yimithombo yeendaba namapolisa, kufuneka sichazwe apha. Zonke ezi ngxelo zagqitywa ekubeni (zingenasisekelo) sophando olusondeleyo.

Tips

U-Yassin Musharbash, intatheli yaseJamani kunye nombhali, kutshanje wathi "sifumana uninzi lolwazi esinalo malunga nezenzo zika-Islamic State kunye nokonakaliswa okuvela kwi-Islamic State uqobo." Iindlela zakhe zokulwa intsholongwane zezi:
-UPhando
Ukuzimela
Ukungafihlisi

UDoris Christina Steiner, olilungu le-Ethics ye-Ethics yoLuntu kwiAustria, kutshanje uqaphele ukuba indlela asebenzisa ngayo amajelo eendaba isoloko ichazwa yi-Facebook. Izicwangciso zabo ezichasene nokutshabalalisa intsholongwane kuluntu ngokubanzi zezi:
Jonga ukuba ngaba olu luluhlu losasazo oluqingqiweyo.
Nika ingqalelo "iiakhawunti eziqinisekisiweyo". Ezi ziqinisekiso ukuba umyalezo empeleni uvela kumntu okhethiweyo okanye iziko.
-Jonga into ukuze ubone ukuba uza kwabelwa phi na umbhali.
-Bhalisa kwii-aplikeshini zosasazo ezisasazo ezisemgangathweni kwaye uzisebenzise ngqo.

Udo Bachmeier, uMongameli woMbutho weMicimbi yezeMithombo yeendaba, uthi: "Nabani na ongawuceliyo umthombo akenzanga mpazamo yokuqala. Ngubani ongabuziyo ngomgangatho womthombo, owesibini ". Iingcebiso zakhe:
Ulwazi lwe-arhente yeendaba ithembeke ngakumbi kunewebhusayithi kunye neebhloko.
-Iinyani ze-Exaggeration ngaphandle kokubhekisa kumthombo kufuneka zitshekishwe ngononophelo.
-Ngokusisiseko, ukusondela kumthombo wokuqala, ungcono.

Amaqonga entengiso "

Nangona kunjalo ingxaki kukuba amajelo eendaba ezentlalo awasasebenzi nje ekuzonwabiseni nasekwakheni amakhonkco onxibelelwano. Baye baba ngamaqonga ezentengiso anamandla kunye namaphephandaba. Ngokutsho kwesifundo se-IAB, i-73 ipesenti yabasebenzisi be-intanethi base-Austrian ngoku balandela imicimbi yemini kwi-Intanethi.

Ulutsha kumnatha

Abantu abancinci bathatha isikhundla esikhethekileyo ekusebenziseni i-Intanethi: bachitha umyinge ngaphezulu kweeyure ezintlanu ngosuku kwi-intanethi, ngokokufunda kombutho weMedia Server.
UWalter Osztovics, uMphathi weQabane leKovar kunye namaQabane aqwalasele indlela yokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba yaseAustria kwaye kunyaka ophelileyo baqhuba isifundo ngekamva leendaba. Ngokombono wakhe, abantu abancinci ikakhulu basemngciphekweni wokuchazwa kwi-disinformation kunye ne-propaganda kwinethiwekhi yoluntu. Ngokutsho kwakhe, indlela yokusebenzisa imithombo yeendaba yabakwishumi elivisayo ngokuyintloko yingxaki yeklasi: “Ulutsha oluvela kubazali abanobudlelwane kwezemfundo bayaqhubeka nokusebenzisa amaphephandaba ngokuprinta nakwi-Intanethi ukufumana ulwazi. Abantu abancinci abakhule benemfundo encinci baya besala ukwamkela ulwazi kumajelo osasazo esiNtu ”. Ngenxa yoko, iOsztovics ibona ubungozi bokuba "sonke isizukulwana siza kuphulukana nomdla kwezopolitiko, ukuqhelanisa kunye namandla entetho", ngaphandle kokuba kukho into ecaphukisayo kwicandelo lezemfundo kunye nemfundo yeendaba.

I-bubble yolwazi

Ukongeza kulwaziso lobuqhetseba ekujongwe kulo, iingcali zikwabona ukukhethwa kolwazi kwinethiwekhi yezoluntu njengeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu, uWalter Osztovics uqukumbela kwisifundo sakhe: "Kukhokelela ekubonweni okusondeleyo kwehlabathi. Okungahambelaniyo noluvo okanye umdla wakhe awusaziwa. Yonke indawo ejikeleze umsebenzisi, kuvela iqhuma lokucoca ulwelo apho abona kuphela loo ndawo yehlabathi iyakuqinisekisa oko ".

Kodwa indima yemidla yoqoqosho ayinakulinganiswa. Ngokuka-Ksenia Churkina ovela kwiqela eliphando leMedia Change kwiYunivesithi yaseSalzburg, ukusasazwa kolwazi kumajelo eendaba ezoluntu kulandela imithetho yezoqoqosho ingakumbi: "Iinethiwekhi zontlalontle zakha iimeko zesikhokelo esitsha sokuhambisa ulwazi nokwenza izimvo. Bazizimisile njengabagcini-masango abatsha ekusasazeni iindaba kunye nezimvo eluntwini. Imigaqo yabo yesakhelo ichaza imida, iifom kunye neziqulatho zonxibelelwano. Yiyo loo nto i-algorithm ye-Facebook ibeka inqanaba lomgangatho, ukuba yeyiphi imiyalezo ayifumanayo umsebenzisi ngokubona kwakhe iindaba. "

Sithini isiphelo soluhlaselo lolwazi olukhona namhlanje? "Musa ukukholelwa yonke into ebhaliweyo," ngombono wethu, awuhambi ngokwaneleyo, unikwe iindlela ezininzi ezichuliweyo nezikhohlisayo. Isincomo sethu kukugcina iingqondo zakho kunye nengqondo eqhelekileyo, ukumamela iiNqaku eziNgcono zokuTyibilika kukaNoam Chomsky "kunye nokuthatha" iingcebiso zeNgcali ngokuchasene neDisinformation "entliziyweni kusetyenziso lweendaba.

Ukuqhatha

Izicwangciso ezili-10 zikaNoam Chomsky zeeMali zokuSetyenziswa kweMedia (eziguqulweyo zaza zafinyezwa)

1. Isicwangciso sokuphazamisa
Isiseko solawulo lwentlalo. Kwangelo xesha, ingqalelo yabemi iphambukiswa kwiingxaki zentlalo kunye nezaseburhulumenteni ngokugcwala ngolwazi olungabalulekanga.

2. Dala iingxaki emva koko uzise izisombululo
Idala ingxaki esenza ukuba abantu baphendule ngendlela ethile. Umzekelo, unobangela wokuphazamiseka kwegazi, ukuze abantu bamkele imigaqo yokhuseleko kunye nemilinganiselo yokunciphisa inkululeko yabo. Okanye: kubangela ingxaki yezoqoqosho kwaye ngaloo ndlela kudale ukwamkelwa kokuncitshiswa okuyimfuneko kwamalungelo entlalontle kunye neenkonzo zoluntu.

3. Isicwangciso esiliqili
Kancinci, ngokuhamba kweminyaka, fumana ukwamkelwa kokungamkeleki. Ngale ndlela iimeko zesakhelo sezentlalo noqoqosho (i-neoliberalism) zanyanzeliswa kwiminyaka ye-1980er kunye ne-1990: "lean state", i-privatizations, iimeko ezinobungozi kunye nezitshintshayo zomsebenzi kunye nokuhlawulwa, intswela-ngqesho.

4. Icebo lokucothisa
Yenza izigqibo ezingathandekiyo njengezibuhlungu nezingathandeki. Kuba ixhoba elizayo kulula ukujamelana nalo kunoko lilo, kudala ulwamkelo lokuphunyezwa kwalo kamva.

5. Thetha nabantu abakhulu njengosana
Uninzi lwezibongozo zikawonke wonke zisebenzisa ulwimi, ukuxoxa, abantu, nkqu nokubekwa, ngokungathi abaphulaphuli ngabantwana abancinci okanye abaphazamisekileyo engqondweni. Kutheni? Oku kukwacebisa ukuphendula okuhambelana nesi sizukulwana kwaye sikhululekile ukubuza imibuzo.

6. Sebenzisa imvakalelo kunokubonakalisa
Ukuxhaphaza iinkalo zeemvakalelo kuyindlela yakudala yokugqitha ingqwalaselo enengqondo kunye nengqondo yomntu egxekayo. Ukongeza, uvula umnyango wokungazi komntu.

7. Gcina ukungazi koluntu kunye nokulamla
Nantsi ulawulo loluntu kunye nokungakwazi kwabo ukuqonda ezi ndlela zokulawula, gcina. Ke ngoko, umgangatho wemfundo kumanqanaba asezantsi entlalontle kufuneka ube olulutho kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ngenxa yoko, umahluko wolwazi phakathi kwamacwecwe uhlala ungenakungxengxezeleka.

8. Ncedisa uluntu ukuba luzinzamele inkululeko
Ndiyakholelwa eluntwini ukuba kuyinto entle ukuba sisithukuthezi, ukungcola kunye nokungafundanga.

9. Ukomeleza ukungaqiniseki
Kholisa abantu ukuba babekek 'ityala ngobubi babo kwaye kungenxa yokuba bengekho krelekrele, ubuchule okanye umzamo. Endaweni yokuvukela ngenkqubo yezoqoqosho, bachukunyiswa kukungazithembi, ityala kunye nokudakumba.

10. Bazi ngakumbi abantu kunabo bazazi
Ngokuqonda okutsha kwi-biology, neurobiology, kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo, "inkqubo" ifumene ukuqonda okuphucukileyo kwengqondo yomntu kunye nengqondo. Ngenxa yoko, inokuba nakho ukulawula okukhulu kunye namandla kubantu abathile kunokuba bezenza bona.

Photo / Ividiyo: Shutterstock.