Inkqubo kwindawo yokujika

"Ngokukodwa emva kwe1989, ingcinga elula kakhulu, eqhutywa ngoqoqosho yeyomntu izinzile, ukuze thina silandele inkqubela phambili yethu kwezoqoqosho size ke senze igalelo kuluntu."
Umbhali uPankaj Mishra

Ngelixa imodeli yaseNtshona yedemokhrasi yayikhe yathatyathwa njengophumeleleyo kwimbali, le modeli yezentlalo nezoqoqosho ngoku ilahlekelwe sisibongozo sayo.
Ngenxa yemeko ekuyo ngoku, oku akumangalisi. Inkqubo yedemokhrasi yasentshona namhlanje iphawuleka ngokungalingani okugcweleyo ekuhlaleni, amandla aphantse abanjwa kunye noxinzelelo lweendaba, inkqubo yemali ethe-ethe, ingxaki yamatyala abucala nawoluntu kunye nokukhohlakala okukhohlakeleyo kwizikhundla zezopolitiko. Okokugqibela kodwa kungaphelelanga apho, amadabi ase-Damocles atshintsho lwemozulu, abantu abalupheleyo kunye nokufudukela kwabantu okuzayo bagxalaza ngaphezulu kwabo. Umaphiko ohleli ekunene kunye neziporho ezigunyazisayo zinika ithuba elikhethekileyo lokuphinda bathathe imiphefumlo elahlekileyo ngesithembiso sokubabuyisela isiqwenga nesidima.

Inyani yokuba intlupheko kunye neemfazwe yehlile kwihlabathi lonke kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlulileyo, ukuba bonke ubushiqela baseYurophu batshitshisiwe, kwaye okungazange ngaphambili abantu abaninzi bafikelele kwimfundo, amayeza, ipenshoni, ukhuseleko, inkqubo yezomthetho kunye nokuhlutha, badlala indima emangalisa ngokubona koluntu.

iifom inkampani

Isigama ukwakhiwa koluntu, ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo yentlalo okanye inkqubo yezentlalo kuyaqondwa kwisayensi yezentlalo, inzululwazi yezopolitiko kunye nembali njengesixhobo sembali kunye nombutho wentlalo woluntu. Uluvo lolwakhiwo lwasentlalweni, olwaqulunqwa ngaphezu kwayo nguKarl Marx, lubandakanya lonke ulwalamano olwahlula uhlobo oluthile loluntu kolunye. Imizekelo yeendlela zokuma koluntu loluntu olugcinwe ngamakhoboka, i-medieval-feudal jamii, i-capitalism yale mihla, i-fascism okanye ubukomanisi.
Ngokuka-Marx, zonke iintlobo zembali yoluntu zibunjwe kukulwa kodidi.

Indawo yokuguqula

Kukho ukuvumelana okungaqhelekanga phakathi kweentanda-bulumko, izazinzulu zezopolitiko kunye noqoqosho lokuba le nkqubo yentlalo nezoqoqosho zanamhlanje ziya kufikelela kwinqanaba lokutshintsha kwaye litshintshe kakhulu. Umbuzo usesikhala, ukuba loluphi utshintsho oluza kuza ngalo kwaye lunjani - kwaye ngakumbi apho aya kuthi asiguqule khona. Kwikamva elingcono? Kubi? Yenzelwe bani? Ngaba siza kujongana nemvukelo? Utshintsho olusisiseko, olufezekileyo olunesifundo esivulelekileyo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha esibuhlungu kunye nesiphumo? Okanye ngaba ezopolitiko ekugqibeleni ziya kujika isikrweqe ezimbalwa zize ke zidale iimeko zenkqubo-sikhokelo kuluntu olunobulungisa, olunokuphila nolunobuntu ngakumbi? Ngaba iyakwenziwa ngerhafu, ingeniso esisiseko, inkqubo yokuvota eninzi kunye nentando yesininzi ethe ngqo?

Ukwahlulahlula kunye noxinzelelo

Unjingalwazi wezopolitiko waseBulgaria kunye nomcebisi wezopolitiko u-Ivan Krastev ulungiselela ukwahlukana kunye nesiphithiphithi. Ukwabona ukuwa kolawulo lwentando yesininzi kwaye mhlawumbi izizwe zikwimeko yokuqhekeka okungaphaya kwe-EU, thelekisa unyaka u-2017 nonyaka we-1917, xa ubukhosi be-tsarist baseRussia, uBukhosi beHabsburg kunye ne-Ottoman Kingdom yaqala ukwahlukana.

Isimo se-Symbiosis-uluntu

Umlawuli weZiko loTshintsho lwezeNtlalontle kunye nozinzo (IGN), u-Ingolfur Blühdorn, uphinda afumane ukusilela okucacileyo kwenkqubo yethu yangoku yoqoqosho kunye noqoqosho kwaye ubona ixesha lokuba nengqondo eguqukayo. Ucacisa ngeengxoxo zenzululwazi eziphathelelene nokwehla kobungxowankulu (Streeck, Mason), utshintsho olusuka kubomi befossil, ukukhula- kunye noqoqosho oluqhutywa ziinkqubo (iPrince, Muraca), ukuya kumgangatho ojikelezayo, osekelezwe kwiimfuno kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemijikelezo yezoqoqosho yasekhaya (Petschow) okanye. uphawu olutsha ngokupheleleyo phakathi kwendalo kunye noluntu (Crutzen kunye Schwägerl, Arias, Maldonado). KuNjingalwazi uBlühdorn, "iimeko zenkcubeko zenkcubeko zotshintsho olukhulu olugqithisa kunobungxowankulu, ukukhula kunye nenkcubeko yabathengi zilungile kunangaphambili".

Ingozi enkulu

Kwisazi se-ethnologist kunye nomseki wentshukumo ye-Occupy Wall Street, uDavid Graeber, unjingalwazi kwiLondon School of Economics kunye neNzululwazi yezoPolitiko, umbuzo awubalulekanga kangako ukuba ngaba inkqubo yethu yezobupolitika-yezoqoqosho iya kwehla, kodwa endaweni yoko kuyakwenzeka. na. Ubona izigigaba ezininzi ezizayo, kodwa akanyanzelekanga ukuba zibe nobundlobongela. Xa bebuzwa ukuba yeyiphi indima ekufuneka yenziwe nguMsebenzi we-Occupy kwimeko apho inkqubo yethu yangoku iya kufakelwa khona, iphendula, "Kulungile, sifuna ukuba ngabo bazokuza nesicwangciso sokwakhiwa kwakhona."

Nangona uTomáš Sedlácek eshiya ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ukuba le nkqubo yangoku ayisasebenzi, ayinakuthenjwa ngokusisigxina kwaye iphantse yabhubha, ikholelwa ukuba inokuhlaziywa ngaphandle kokuqhushumba.

Ukuzalwa ngokutsha komntu

Umbhali wezoqoqosho kunye nophumelele ibhaso uTomáš Sedlácek ulumkisa ngengozi enkulu kunye nesiphithiphithi esiphumela, kuba "ukuba kunokuchaphazela umntu emva koko, iya kuba ngumntu onamandla [...] kwaye akukho ziingqondi okanye nabaphi na abanye abantu". Ngelixa eshiya ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ukuba le nkqubo yangoku ayisasebenzi, ayinakuthembeka ngokusisigxina kwaye iphantse yafa, kodwa unoluvo lokuba inokuguqulwa ngaphandle kokuqhushumba. Omnye wemisebenzi ephambili yongxowankulu wenguqu "kukunikezela ngomphefumlo" kumaziko akhoyo kunye nokudala indawo yezinto ezingenangqondo zoluntu. USedlácek ubona "uhlobo lokuzalwa ngokutsha kobuntu" esondela kuthi. "Siqhekeze into phaya, uqoqosho luphume ecaleni, ebeludenge kakhulu, njengoko ngoku sesibona ukuba sigqibele kudala," utshilo uqoqosho.

Ukusuka kwimbonakalo yempucuko, nayo, umfanekiso osekwe eluntwini wendoda enomdla, osekelezwe inzuzo ngunobangela wokubandezeleka kwethu. Ke ngoko, ngokombono wombhali-mbhali ongumIndiya nombhali uPankaj Mishra, sineengxaki zokuqonda iingxaki ezikhoyo kuba sinamathele kwimbono yomntu njengesiqhelo esenza into. "Ngokukodwa emva kwe1989, umbono olula kakhulu, oqoqosho oluqhutywa ngokuzinzileyo ngumntu uzenzele ngokwawo, ukuze thina kuphela silandele ukuzonwabisa kwethu kwezoqoqosho kwaye ke senze igalelo kuluntu," utshilo uMishra. Inyaniso yokuba lo mfanekiso awenzi bulungisa ebantwini kwaye umane ungayikhathaleli ukungahambisani nayo, iimfuno ezingenangqondo kunye nezizathu ezixhasayo ziyabulala kumyalelo wentlalo waseNtshona ngokokubona kwakhe. Ngokutsho kwakhe, kukwafuneka sijonge ibali "ukusuka kwinqanaba lokujonga elahlekileyo ukuze sibaqonde".

Idemokhrasi yexesha elizayo

Abacebisi ngemicimbi yoluntu e-Austrian Kovar kunye namaQabane abuza iingcali minyaka le malunga novavanyo lwabo ngekamva ledemokhrasi. NgoJanuwari bayipapasha njenge-Arena Analysis 2017 -ukuqala kwakhona idemokhrasi. Iingcebiso eziphambili:

elubalaEzona ndlela zisebenzayo zokungathembani kwezopolitiko ziyabonakala. Iingcali ziyavuma ukuba ukwenziwa kwezinto elubala kuya kudlala indima enkulu kwixesha elizayo. Ngokukodwa, bacela ukucaca okungakumbi komsebenzi wepalamente ukuze iinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo zilandelwe kwaye ziqondwe, kwaye ngaphezu kwako konke, iikomiti zingasasazwa ngokubanzi kwiTV.

Imigaqo emitsha yomdlalo ngothetha-thethwano ngezinto ezisisiseko zentlalo (iingxabano). Nokuba igalelo lazo kulingano lwasentlalweni, ubudlelwane bezoluntu e-Austrian abusengommeli wabemi base-Austrian. Umsebenzi wokumelwa ngokufanelekileyo kwamaqela aphambili kwezentlalo anokudluliselwa nakuluntu.

Gcina iYurophuIthemba lokumanyaniswa kweYurophu kunokuba krwada kwezi ntsuku. Nangona kunjalo, ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga imeko yezoqoqosho kunye nezoqoqosho, ukusinda kunye nokujula kwi-EU yeyona ndawo intle kakhulu e-Austria. Ke ngoko, iingcali zifuna ukuzibophelela okusebenzayo ekuvuseleleni ngombono waseYurophu, ngakumbi iinkampani nemibutho exhasa ngokukodwa imida evulekile.

Ukujonga kwakhona imfundo yezopolitiko: Kubantu abancinci, idemokhrasi ayiselilo ixabiso ngokuzenzekelayo ngenxa yoko ukufundiswa kweekhonsepthi zedemokhrasi ezisisiseko kwizikolo zase-Austrian kubalulekile. Oku kufanele ukwenziwa ngokufanelekileyo ngokubaluleka okusebenzayo nangaphantsi kokudluliselwa kolwazi oluyintsingiselo.

Yazisa ngentando yesininzi! Lilonke, le ngcebiso iya kubo bonke abantu, kuyo yonke imibutho, amaziko neenkampani: "Siya kufuna intengiso engakumbi 'yenkqubo yentando yesininzi'. Nabani na okholelwa ukuba inkqubo yethu yedemokhrasi iyinto ye-perpetuum mobile ayilunganga. Ukuphakamisa inkqubo yedemokrasi kuya kuba ngumcimbi onokuthi uqhagamshele yonke idemokhrasi. Kuselithuba lokuba silime imali ukuze sizame ukuphendula lo mbuzo: Yintoni edibanisa nathi e-Austria? Leyo, inokuba yinto entle kakhulu kuphuhliso lwentando yesininzi yethu ", bathi ababhali bophando.

Photo / Ividiyo: Shutterstock.