U-Sonja Bettel
"I-Buen vivir imalunga nokwenyama, ukwaneliseka ngokomoya kunye nangokomoya kuwo onke amalungu oluntu angenako ukuchitha abanye kwaye kungabi ngenxa yokufumana indalo."
Kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo, imeko yemali yangcungcuthekisa umhlaba. Ukuwa kwemarike yemali mboleko e-US kubangele ilahleko ezibhiliyoni kwiibhanki ezinkulu, kulandele ukwehla kweqoqosho lwehlabathi kunye nemali yoluntu kumazwe amaninzi. I-euro kunye neManyano yezeMali yaseYurophu yawela kwingxaki enzulu yokuzithemba.
Uninzi luye lwaqonda kwi2008 kutshanje ukuba inkqubo yethu yezemali nezoqoqosho ikwindlela engalunganga ngokupheleleyo. Abo babangela uxinzelelo olukhulu "bagcinwa," babekwa phantsi "kokhuseleko" kwaye banikwa iibhonasi. Abo baziva iimpembelelo zabo ezimbi "bohlwaywa" ngokunqunyulwa kwizibonelelo zentlalo, ukuphulukana nomsebenzi, ukuphulukana nezindlu kunye nezithintelo zempilo.
IBuen Vivir-intsebenziswano endaweni yokhuphiswano
"Kubudlelwane bethu kunye nobudlelwane bemihla ngemihla, silungile xa siphila ngokuziphatha kwabantu: ukwakha ukuzithemba, ukuthembeka, ukumamela, uvelwano, umbulelo, ukusebenzisana, ukuncedisana kunye nokwabelana. Uqoqosho lweentengiso "zasimahla", kwelinye icala, lusekwe kwiinqobo ezisisiseko zokwenza inzuzo kunye nokhuphiswano, "ubhala watsho uChristian Felber kwincwadi yakhe ye-2010" uGemeinwohlökonomie. Imodeli yoqoqosho yexesha elizayo. "Oku kungqubana ayisiyonto eqhelekileyo kwilizwe elintsonkothileyo okanye elinabantu abaninzi, kodwa yintlekele yenkcubeko. Uzahlula-hlula njengabantu kunye noluntu.
Uqoqosho oluqhelekileyo oluqhelekileyo lubhekisa kwinkqubo yoqoqosho ekhuthaza ukulunga okuqhelekileyo, endaweni yokwenza inzuzo, ukhuphiswano, ukubawa kunye nomona. Unokutsho ukuba ulwela ubomi obulungileyo kubo bonke, endaweni yokufumana ubunewunewu kwabambalwa.
"Ubomi obulungileyo kubo bonke" sele ikukwiminyaka yakutshanje igama elisetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngelixa ezinye zithetha ukuba kufuneka uthathe ixesha elingakumbi kwaye wonwabe ebomini bakho, mhlawumbi wahlukanise inkunkuma engakumbi kwaye uthathe ikhephu le-Café ukuya kwikomityi enokuphinda yenziwe, abanye bayaluqonda utshintsho olukhulu. Ngokuqinisekileyo eli libali elibangela umdla ngakumbi, kuba libuyela emva kwiLatin America yemveli kwaye ukongeza kubaluleko babo kwezopolitiko nakwezentlalo nakozoqoqosho.
"Imalunga nokwakha uluntu oluzinzileyo noluzinzileyo kwisakhelo seziko eliqinisekisa ubomi."
Ubomi obulungileyo kumntu wonke okanye uBuen Vivir?
I-Latin America ibunjwe bubukoloniyali nengcinezelo, ibekwa "kuphuhliso" kunye neoliberalism kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo. I-1992, 500 iminyaka emva kokuba uChristopher Columbus efumene iMelika, intshukumo yombulelo omtsha wabantu bomthonyama yaqala, utshilo unjingalwazi wezopolitiko kunye nengcali yeLatin American u-Ulrich Brand. Njengoko i-2005 eBolivia i-Evo Morales kunye ne-2006 e-Ecuador kunye noRafael Correa baphumelela unyulo lukamongameli kwaye benza umanyano olutsha oluqhubayo, abantu bomthonyama bayabandakanyeka. Imithetho emitsha kufuneka yenze isiqalo esitsha emva koorhulumente abagunyazisiweyo kunye nokuxhaphazwa kwezoqoqosho kucacile. Omabini la mazwe aquka kwimigaqo-siseko yawo umxholo "wobomi obulungileyo" kwaye ubone kwindalo isifundo esingaba namalungelo.
IBolivia kunye ne-Ecuador zibhekisa apha kumnatha woluntu, ke inkcubeko ye-Andes engeyoyokoloniyali. Ngokukodwa, babhekisa kwigama lamaQuechua "Sumak Kawsay" (elithethiweyo: sumak kausai), eliguqulelwa kwiSpanish njenge "buen vivir" okanye "vivir bien". Imalunga nokwenyama, ukwaneliseka ngokomoya nangokomoya kuwo onke amalungu oluntu olungenakubangela iindleko zabanye kwaye kungabi nakwimveliso yendalo. Intshayelelo kumgaqo-siseko we-Ecuadorian uthetha ngokuhlala kunye iyantlukwano kunye nemvisiswano nendalo. Kwincwadi yakhe uBuen Vivir, uAlberto Acosta, uMongameli wendibano yengingqi ye-Ecuador, ucacisa ukuba kwenzeka njani kwaye kuthetha ntoni. Umbono "wobomi obulungileyo" awufanelanga ukuba udideke kunye "nokuphila ngcono," uyacacisa, "kuba le yokugqibela isekwe kwinkqubela phambili yezinto ezingapheliyo." Ngokuchasene noko, imalunga nokwakha uluntu oluzinzileyo noluzinzileyo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yeziko. elindisa ubomi.
Ngokuchasene neAlberto Acosta, uMongameli Rafael Correa wayezazi kakuhle izinto ezazisenzeka kwintshona, inkululeko yezoqoqosho, ezazibangela ukuba bahlukane phakathi, utshilo uJohannes Waldmüller. I-Austrian ihlala kwiLatin America iminyaka elishumi kwaye iphanda ngezopolitiko kunye nobudlelwane bamazwe aphesheya kwi-Universidad de Las Americaas kwikomkhulu lase-Ecuadorian Quito. Apha ngaphandle eCorrea kuqhubekeke ukuthanda "i-buen vivir" kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo, kwangaxeshanye kwavela ingcinezelo ngokuchasene nabemi bomthonyama (ababekwi-Ecuador kuphela i-20 yepesenti yabemi), ukuqhubekeka kwe "extractivism", okt ukuxhaphaza Izixhobo zendalo, ukutshatyalaliswa kweepaki zezinto ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi yokulima soya okanye iiprojekthi zeziseko zophuhliso, kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi emingxunya kwiifama ze-shrimp.
Kwimestizos, inzala yabaseYurophu kunye nabemi bomthonyama, "buen vivir" kuthetha ukuba nobomi obuhle njengabantu basentshona, oko kukuthi kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho, utsho u-Ulrich Brand. Nditsho namaIndiya aselula ayokuhlala esixekweni ngeempelaveki, esenza imisebenzi, enxibe i-jean kwaye esebenzisa iifowuni eziphathwayo. Ngeempelaveki babuyela kwiindawo abahlala kuzo bagcine amasiko alapho.
Kwi-Brand kaUlrich inomdla kakhulu indlela ubunyani beli xesha lethu elingene ngayo kwiseti yoxinzelelo olunemveliso yokucinga kwabantu bomthonyama, apho kusoloko kungekho magama athi "ndim". Ukuziqonda kwabo malunga nobuninzi, obuqonda amava obomi obahlukeneyo, uqoqosho, kunye nenkqubo yezomthetho ngendlela engagunyaziswanga, yinto esinokuyifunda eLatin America eYurophu, ngakumbi malunga nokufuduka kwangoku.
"Kuya kubaluleka kakhulu ukuqhubeka nokuhlola 'i-buen vivir' kunye namalungelo endalo," utshilo uJohannes Waldmüller. Nangona i- "buen vivir" ethe yasasazwa ngurhulumente e-Ecuador ngoku ijongwa njengabantu abarhanelwa njengabarhanela, ivakalise iingxoxo ezinomdla kwaye yakhokelela ekubuyeleni kwe "Sumak Kawsay". I-Latin America inokuthi - ngokudibeneyo kunye nemibono yoqoqosho oluqhelekileyo oluhle, ubumdaka, uguquko kunye noqoqosho lokukhula kwangoko-isebenze njengendawo yetropian yethemba.
IBuen Vivir: ISumak Kawsay kunye nePachamama
"I-Sumak kawsay" eguqulwe ngokoqobo isuka kwiQuechua ithetha "ubomi obuhle" kwaye ingumbandela ophambili kwindawo yokuhlala yabantu bomthonyama baseAndes. Eli gama laqala ukubhalwa kwincwadi yesidlangalala ye-anthropological kwi-1960 / 1970 iminyaka, utshilo ugqirha wezopolitiko uJohannes Waldmüller, ohlala e-Ecuador. Ngonyaka wonke u-2000 waba yigama lezopolitiko.
Ngokwemveli, "sumak kawsay" inxulunyaniswa ngokungalinganiyo nezolimo. Kuthetha, umzekelo, ukuba usapho ngalunye kufuneka luncede abanye ukuba bahlwayele, bavune, bakhe indlu, njl., Ukusebenzisa iinkqubo zonkcenkceshelo kunye, kunye nokutya kunye emva komsebenzi. "I-Sumak kawsay" inezinto ezifanayo ezinamaxabiso kwezinye iindawo zomthonyama, ezinje ngeMaori eNew Zealand okanye Ubuntu eMzantsi Afrika. Ubuntu ngokoqobo buthetha ukuthi "Ndinguye ngenxa yokuba sinjalo," ucacisa uJohannes Waldmüller. Kodwa nase-Austria, umzekelo, bekuqhelekile ukuba izalamane nabamelwane bancedane kwaye babelane ngeziqhamo zomsebenzi okanye baxhasane xa umntu eswele. Uncedo olungummangaliso oluvela kuluntu ngexesha lokuhamba okukhulu lokubaleka i-2015 / 2016 okanye amaqonga amatsha okunceda abumelwane anje nge "Frag next door" abonisa ukuba umbono woluntu usekhona nanamhlanje kwaye okwangoku uye waphuliswa umntu ngamnye.
Kwindlela yezopolitiko yaseBolivia, ikota yesibini inika umdla: "Pachamama". Ubukhulu becala iguqulelwa ngokuthi "nguMhlaba woMama". Urhulumente weBolivia sele ephumelele oko kwe-22. U-Epreli wabhengezwa ukuba "ngumhla wePachamama" liZizwe eziManyeneyo. "Pacha" akuthethi "umhlaba" ngakwintshona, kodwa "lixesha nendawo". "Pa" kuthetha ezimbini, "cha" amandla, wongeza uJohannes Waldmüller. I "Pachamama" iyenza icace ukuba kutheni "ubomi obulungileyo" ngokwendlela yabantu bomthonyama baseAndes bungafanele bujongwe ngaphandle kwento yabo yokomoya. I- "Pacha" ligama elinobunkunkqele elijolise kwitotali ukuba, ayilulayini kodwa ibhayisekili.
Photo / Ividiyo: Shutterstock.
