USusanne Wolf
"Ukuba ezobupolitika zixoka okanye zilungisa iinyani ayisiyonto intsha, kodwa akukaze kwenzeke ngoku."
Elona rala lonwabisayo lobuxoki
"Ndiya kuhlala ndikuxelela inyani," uDonald Trump kumsitho eCharlotte, eMzantsi Carolina, nge-Agasti ka-2016
"Phambi kuka-Mongameli u-Obama, khange kubekho hlaselo lukhulu lwabanqolobi kumhlaba waseMelika." URudy Giuliani, umcebisi wezomthetho kaDonald Trump, wayenguSodolophu waseNew York ngexesha lohlaselo lwe-11 kaSeptemba ngo-2001.
"Amawaka amajoni anxibe iimpahla agxothiwe eCrimea ayingamajoni aseRussia," uVladimir Putin ngoMatshi ka-2014.
"Urhulumente wase-Iraq usenazo kwaye afihle ezinye zezona zikhali zakha zabulawa." Le ntetho kaGeorge W. Bush ukuzithethelela ngokuhlasela kwe-Iraq (Matshi 2003)
"Ukuba i-EU ishiya i-EU, iya kuba yi- $ 350m engaphezulu veki nganye kwingxowa mali yezempilo ye-inshurensi."
"Abantu abachaphazeli ubushushu behlabathi." U-Heinz-Christian Strache kudliwanondlebe no-standard kaDisemba ka-2018
NgoJanuwari ka-2019: U-Heinz Christian Strache wamangalela uRudolf Fußi, ojongana nonxibelelwano kubazisi abanamaphiko aphezulu kwi-Twitter post ngo-Strache. Ngelixa iStrache isabango ematyaleni ukuba le foto imbonisa ngezazisi inyani, kamva uyayirhoxisa le nto.
"Ubuxoki obuqokelelweyo beHeinz-Christian Strache" luluhlu lwezinto ezingenakuphikiswa ze-Deputy Chancellor ukusukela ngo-Agasti ka-2015 kwiwebhusayithi.com.com. Kubhengezwe ubuxoki be-165, kubandakanya nomgaqo wokufuduka okanye udlame olungakhange lwenzeke kwiidemos. Umlingane weqela lakhe uHerbert Kickl uyakwazi nokwazi ukugqwetha inyaniso. Ngethuba lesikhalazo se-BAT, umphathiswa wezangaphakathi uthe "ukukhangelwa kwezindlu kuhlala kuthotyelwa ngumthetho kwaye icandelo lamapolisa lenze ngokuchanekileyo." Endaweni yoko, inyani kukuba ukukhangelwa kwendlu kwakungekho semthethweni.
Ukurhoxa kukuzithandela
Akukho nto intsha ukuba abapolitiki baxoke okanye bagobe inyaniso, kodwa ayikaze yenzeke ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Kwaye abezobupolitika akakaze arhoxe emsebenzini emva kokuxoka kwisithuba seRiphabhliki yesibini. "Kwimithetho yomgaqo-siseko, akukho sinyanzelo sokuba abezobupolitika mabarhoxe kubuxoki obuqinisekisiweyo," ucacisa igqwetha lomgaqo-siseko uBernd Wieser, IBhodi yaBalawuli ye Iziko lezomthetho woluntu kunye nesayensi yezopolitiko kwiDyunivesithi yaseGrey. "Ukurhoxa okunokwenzeka kusekwe kuphela kwisenzo sokuzithandela. NgokukaWieser, kukho imizekelo eyaneleyo yokurhoxa ekubhengezweni engazange yenzeka kwimbali yase-Austria, ngaphezulu kwayo yonke iBruno Kreisky.
I-Chancellor uSebastian Kurz akayithathi inyani ngokuchanekileyo nangakumbi: Ngokunxulumene namakhadi e-e, uthetha "ngoxinzelelo olukhulu" kwi-inshurensi yezempilo kwaye unyanzelisa ukuba kwixa elizayo kuya kubakho ii-e-amakhadi aneefoto. Endaweni yokonga, nangona kunjalo, oku kukhokelela ekuphulukaneni nee-euro ezizigidi ezili-18 ngokwezibalo zombutho ophambili wamaziko einshurensi yoluntu. Umonakalo obangelwe nguKurz wezigidi ezingama-200 euros awubeki nakwi-15.000 yeeuros.
I-Chancellor ikwamele ngaphandle ithi cwaka nobuxoki kweminye imiba. Kubandakanya ibango lokuba ama-Austrian ayizoyiki ukulahleka kwezibonelelo xa kuziwa kumvuzo omncinci. Inyani yile, nangona kunjalo, ukuba iintsapho ezinkulu ngokukodwa zichaphazeleka kukuncitshiswa kwepenshini.
Iindaba eziyinyani kwaye disinformation
Iipolitiki zabaphiko be-pop -ists ezinje ngo-Heinz Christian Strache okanye uDonald Trump bathanda ukujika iitafile kwaye bachaze iintatheli njengamaxoki. NgoFebruwari ka-2019, iStrache iza kuposela umfanekiso we-AUF u-Armin Wolf enombhalo othi “Kukho indawo apho iindaba zibubuxoki. Ngu-ORF. ”UMongameli wase-US uTrump usemfazweni nosasazo lweendaba kwaye, ngeFox News, ngokulula unesiqhelo ecaleni kwakhe opapasha iindaba emoyeni wakhe.
Iindaba Ezingamampunge-uMongameli wase-US uDonald Trump uye waqamba eli gama ngokungathi alikho elinye. Uyayazi indlela yokuphambuka kwizinto zakhe ezingeyonyani ngezityholo ezichasene namajelo eendaba. Kwaye zininzi zazo, njengoko i-Washington Post yatshoyo ngomhla wokugubha kuka-700 kukaMongameli wase-United States ngoDisemba wama-2018: Ngokweli phephandaba, iingxelo zikaTrump ezingama-7.546 bezingalunganga okanye ubuncinci ukulahlekisa ngeloxesha.
Kufumana ubunzima ngakumbi ukuba ayingabo abapolitiki ngokwabo, kodwa ngabacebisi abasasaza iingxelo ezingeyonyani malunga neenkonzo ezinje nge-whatsapp okanye i-facebook. Kwinqanaba lokugqibela lephulo lonyulo lwase-US ngo-2016, iingxelo ezingama-20 ezibe yimpumelelo zabelwana ngazo, zathandwa zaze zavakaliswa kaninzi kuneengxelo ezingama-20 ezibe yimpumelelo ezivela kumajelo eendaba. Amajelo eendaba amaninzi axela kukrokrela ukuba iinkampani zaseBrazil ezazineempembelelo zisebenzise i-whatsapp ukusasaza iingxelo ezingeyonyani ngokuxhasa umongameli webandla lasekunene uJair Bolsonaro.
Ipolitiki ilala ngesiko
Kwingxoxo yomsitho wokuzalwa kukaNelson Mandela nge-100 kaJulayi ngo-2018, owayesakuba nguMongameli wase-US u-Barack Obama wathetha nengqondo yanamhlanje yezopolitiko: “Abezobupolitika babexoka qho emva kwexesha. Emva koko, babeneentloni zokubanjwa, utshilo u-Obama. "Ngoku baqhubeka nokuxoka."
Umbhali kunye nefilosofi Niccolò Machiavelli Ubuxoki, inkohliso nohanahaniso yayiyindlela esemthethweni yomzabalazo wezobupolitika, ilizwe elomeleleyo lathatha isigqibo ngokuchasene nebuthathaka eyayiyintoni kwaye yayingengobuxoki. Kwincoko yakhe "yeNyaniso kunye nePolitiki", uHana Arendt ubhala ukuba ezopolitiko azikwazi ukumisela into eyinyani. "Umsebenzi wezopolitiko asikokuchaza inyani, kodwa ukuyitshintsha. Ukufumana inyani ngumsebenzi weentanda-bulumko, izazinzulu, iijaji kunye neentatheli.
Kwaye enyanisweni, ukubhentsisa phakathi kwabasemagunyeni kunesiko: Kudala kumaXesha Aphakathi, inyaniso yayihlala inyanzeliswa ngohlobo lwamaxwebhu enziwe. Umzekelo, ubuqhetseba obenziwe ngu-Duke Rudolf IV ngenkulungwane ye-14 wenza isiseko sokunyuka kweHabsburgs: kwi-Privilegium maius deed, iiHabsburgs zathi zazinamalungelo ezazikhona kangangeenkulungwane. Iidiktiki ezinje ngezo ziphantsi kweSocialism yoRhulumente weSizwe okanye ubuKomanisi ngokusekwe kubuxoki babo. Nangona kunjalo, yayiku-intanethi kuphela kunye nokunyuka kweendaba zentlalo ukuba ubuxoki bezopolitiko baba banda. KwisiNgesi kukho igama elithi post-Inyaniso yezopolitiko. Umzekelo: kubavoti be-FPÖ (kwaye inyuka ngakumbi kwi-ÖVP) kuyinyani ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lunyukile ukusukela kwinto enkulu yokubaleka ngo-2015-nokuba amanani abeka umfanekiso owahlukileyo. Abezopolitiko basebenzisa eli thuba ukuba badlale kwi-keyboard yokoyika.
Okanye: Nangona iipesenti ezingama-99 zezifundo zibonisa ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu lubangelwe ngabantu, kusoloko kukho amathandabuzo ngalo. Oku kwenzeka rhoqo xa iinyani zisoyikisa umbono wakho wehlabathi. Ke ukuba bekungonwabisi ukujongana nezibakala, abaninzi banokuthatha indawo yokusabela kwiingcamango ezinceda ukubacinezela. Ngale ndlela, ayothusi into yokuba abezobupolitika abaxokayo bafumana imvume kubaxhasi babo. Inyaniso yokuba amaTrumps okanye ubuxoki beStrache butyhilwe rhoqo ayilimazi ukuthandwa kwabo - ngokuchaseneyo.
Udliwanondlebe nososayensi wezopolitiko UKathrin Stainer-Hämmerle
Kutheni kulungile ukuba ezopolitiko zixoke?
UKathrin Stainer-Hämmerle: Kuya kufuneka uqale ngenkululeko yokuthetha, esebenzayo kubo bonke abantu. Oku kuthetha ukuba abapolitiki banokwenza yonke into abavumelekileyo ukuba bayenze lo gama nje kungafanelekanga ukwenza oko.
Kwaye kutheni amaqela akhusela amalungu obuxoki?
IStainer-Hämmerle: Amaqela ayaphambuka, enza oko kulungele umxholo wawo kwaye aphumelela iivoti.
Iphi imilo?
IStainer-Hämmerle: Ewe, abapolitiki kufuneka babe nokuqonda okuqinisekileyo kokuziphatha kunye, ngelishwa oku akusoloko kunjalo.
Benza eyiphi indima abavoti?
IStainer-Hämmerle: Abaxhasi bezopolitiko bahlala bewela izithembiso zonyulo zokuba, xa unemibuzo encinci ebuhlungu, baya kuthathelwa ingqalelo njengongaphumeleliyo. Apha abavoti kufuneka bathathe uxanduva olungakumbi, babe ngabagxeki kakhulu, kwaye babeke uxinzelelo ngakumbi ekuziphatheni okungalunganga.
Ungabaqeqesha njani abavoti ukwenza le nto?
IStainer-Hämmerle: Ngokwenyani lowo ingangumsebenzi wemfundo yezopolitiko, kodwa ke, imfundo esisiseko ikwayimfuneko kwimibuzo ebalulekileyo.
Photo / Ividiyo: Shutterstock.
