U-Sonja Bettel
Uphando lubonakalisile ukuba ukwazisa ngendalo esingqongileyo kubaluleke kakhulu kwiipesenti ezilishumi kuphela zotshintsho kwindlela yokuziphatha enobuntu.
Ngehlobo eli, wonke umntu ebesenza isijwili malunga nobushushu kwaye abanye baye babandezeleka ngokwenene. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uninzi lwabantu luqonda ukuba amaqondo obushushu anyukayo ahambelana notshintsho lwemozulu. Nangona kunjalo, baqhuba basebenze yonke imihla kwaye babhabha kwinqwelomoya ngenqwelomoya iholide, Ngaba kungenxa yokunqongophala kolwazi, ukunqongophala kwezibonelelo okanye imigaqo yomthetho? Ngaba umntu unokutshintsha ukwazi okungqongileyo?
Indawo yesayikholoji yendalo esingqongileyo iye yanemibono eyahlukileyo malunga nokuba kuthatha ntoni abantu ukuba batshintshe indlela abaziphethe ngayo kunye nokwenza ukuba uluntu lube nokuziphatha okusingqongileyo kule minyaka i-45 idlulileyo, utsho. USebastian Bamberg, Ugqirha wengqondo kwiFachhochschule Bielefeld eJamani. Ube esenza uphando kwaye efundisa ngalo mbandela ukusukela kwiminyaka ye-1990 kwaye sele ehlangabezana nezigaba ezibini zesayikholoji yendalo esingqongileyo.
Inqanaba lokuqala, alihlalutya, liqala kakade kwiminyaka ye-1970. Okwelo xesha, iziphumo zongcoliseko lwendalo ngokuvela komonakalo wehlathi, ingxoxo yemvula eneasidi, ukugqabhuka kwamakhorali kunye nentshukumo yamandla okulwa nenyukliya ukwazi uluntu.
Guqula ulwazi lokusiNgqongileyo: Ingaphakathi kukuziphatha
Okwelo xesha, bekukholelwa ukuba imeko yezendalo ibangelwa kukungabikho kolwazi kunye nokusilela kokuqonda ngendalo. USebastian Bamberg: "Umbono yayikukuba, ukuba abantu bayazi ukuba yintoni ingxaki, baziphatha ngokwahlukileyo." Iphulo lemfundo lisaziwa kakhulu ngamangenelelo kwinkonzo zaseJamani, utshilo ugqirha wezengqondo. Uphando oluninzi kwiminyaka ye-1980 kunye ne-1990 lubonakalisile, nangona kunjalo, ukuba ulwazi ngendalo lubalulekile kwi-10% yokutshintsha kokuziphatha.
"Kwethu iingcali zengqondo, oku akumangalisi ngokwenene," utsho uSebastian Bamberg, kuba indlela yokuziphatha imiselwe sisiphumo ngqo esikuyo. Ubunzima ngokuziphatha okonakalisayo kwemozulu kukuba awuziboni iimpembelelo zezenzo zakho kwangoko kwaye hayi ngokuthe ngqo. Ukuba kududuma kwaye kukhanya ecaleni kwam, nje ukuba ndijonge imoto yam, iya kuba yenye into.
USebastian Bamberg ukutsho kuphando, nangona kunjalo, ukuba ulwazi oluphakamileyo lwendalo lungaba "ziiglasi ezifanelekileyo", apho umntu abona umhlaba: Kumntu onolwazi oluphezulu lokusingqongileyo iikhilomitha ezintlanu uhamba ngebhayisekile ukuya emsebenzini akukho mde, komnye kunye Ulwazi oluphantsi lokusingqongileyo.
Ukutshintsha ulwazi ngokwendalo - iindleko kunye nezibonelelo
Kodwa ukuba ulwazi alwanelanga ngenguqu yokuziphatha, ke yintoni? Kwiminyaka ye-1990, kwagqitywa kwelokuba abantu bafuna ukukhuthaza okungcono ukutshintsha indlela abaziphatha ngayo. Uhlobo lokusetyenziswa lufuduselwe embindini wentetho yomgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo kwaye ke umbuzo wokuba ngaba ukusetyenziswa kokungqongileyo kunobuhlobo kusekwe ngakumbi kuhlalutyo lweendleko zomntu ngamnye okanye kwizizathu zokuziphatha. USebastian Bamberg ukufundile oku kunye noogxa bakhe ukwazisa ngetikiti lesemesta (okt amaxabiso kwisituation) yesithuthi sikawonke-wonke eGiessen.
Ngenxa yoko, umyinge wabafundi abasebenzisa izithuthi zikawonke-wonke unyuke ukusuka kwi-15 ukuya kwiipesenti ze-36, ngelixa ukusetyenziswa kwemoto kwabagibeli kwehle ukusuka kwi-46 ukuya kwiipesenti ze-31. Kwisaveyi, abafundi bathi batshintshile kwizithuthi zikawonke-wonke kuba kushushu. Oko kuya kuthetha ngesigqibo seendleko. Ngapha koko, imeko yezentsebenzo nayo iyasebenza, okuthetha ukuba abafundi endikunye nabo balindele ukuba ndihambe ngebhasi endaweni yemoto.
Indlela yokuziphatha yeqela
Kuyathakazelisa, utshilo ugqirha wezengqondo uBamberg, ukuba abafundi babuzwa ngaphambi kokuziswa kwetikiti lesemester yi-AStA, ikomiti yabafundi, nokuba itikiti kufuneka laziswe. Kwakukho iingxoxo ezishushu malunga neeveki, kwaye phantse isibini kwisithathu sabafundi bavotela oko. "Umbono wam kukuba le mpikiswano ikhokelele ekuxhaseni okanye ukwala itikiti libe luphawu lwesazisi somfundi," uqukumbela njalo ugqirha wezengqondo. Ikhohlo, amaqela aqondayo okusingqongileyo ayekuthanda, ukugcina, ukukhululeka kwimarike ngokuchasene nayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba kuthi njengabantu ekuhlaleni ayibalulekanga kuphela into esiyizuzayo ngokuziphatha, kodwa kakhulu kakhulu izinto ezithethwa nezenziwa abanye.
Icandelo lokuziphatha
Ukutshintsha enye ithiyori malunga nokwazisa ngendalo esingqongileyo ithi indlela yokuziphatha kwindalo kukukhetha ngokuziphatha. Ewe, ndinesazela esibi xa ndiqhuba imoto, kwaye ndiziva ndilungile xa ndijikeleza, ndihamba okanye ndisebenzisa izithuthi zikawonkewonke.
Yintoni eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu, kukuthanda wena okanye isimilo? Izifundo ezahlukeneyo zibonisa ukuba bobabini banomsebenzi owahlukileyo: isimilo shukumisela utshintsho, ukuzithanda kuthintela ukuba kungenzeki. Isizathu sokwenyani kokuziphatha okusingqongileyo ayisiyiyo enye okanye enye, kodwa yinto eqhelekileyo kwesiqhelo, ke luhlobo lomntu endifuna ukuba lulo, ucacisa uBamberg.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, isayikholoji yendalo esingqongileyo ifikelele esiphelweni, isekwe kuzo zonke ezi zifundo, ukuba umxube weenjongo ubalulekile ekuziphatheni okusingqongileyo:
Abantu bafuna izibonelelo eziphezulu zabucala ngeendleko ezisezantsi, kodwa kananjalo asifuni ukuba yihagu.
Nangona kunjalo, iimodeli zangaphambili zingayihoyi enye into ebalulekileyo: kunzima kakhulu kuthi ukutshintsha indlela yokuziphatha, ehleliwe. Xa ndingena emotweni yonke imihla ekuseni ndisiya emsebenzini, andikhange ndicinge ngayo. Ukuba akukho ngxaki, umzekelo, ukuba andimi kwi-jam yemoto yonke imihla okanye iindleko ze ipetroli ziyenyuka kakhulu, andisiboni sizathu sokutshintsha indlela endiziphethe ngayo. Oko kukuthi, kuqala, ukutshintsha isimilo sam, Ndifuna isizathu soko, okwesibini, ndifuna icebo lokuba ndingayitshintsha njani indlela endiziphethe ngayo, okwesithathu, kufuneka ndithathe amanyathelo okuqala, kwaye okwesine, ndenze lo mkhwa mtsha mkhwa.
Incoko ngaphambi kwengcaciso
Sonke siyayazi loo nto, ukuba sifuna ukuyeka ukutshaya, ukunciphisa umzimba okanye ukwenza umthambo ngakumbi. Abacebisi badla ngokucebisa ukuzisa abanye ebhodini, ke ngoku ukuthandana nomhlobo okanye umhlobo kwezemidlalo. Izixhobo zolwazi, ezinje ngokutshintsha kwemozulu okanye ukunqandwa kweplasitiki, ngenxa yoko inefuthe lokuziphatha kokungqongileyo, ke iBamberg. Incoko yababini isebenza ngakumbi.
Omnye umxholo oqhele ukwenziwa yinto enokwenziwa ngumntu ngamnye kunye nendlela ekufuneka itshintshiwe ngayo izakhiwo. Isayikholoji yendalo esingqongileyo ichaphazeleka ngoku malunga nendlela inyathelo elidityanisiweyo elinokulwenza ngayo ubume bezoluntu kwimodeli ezinzileyo yokusetyenziswa kunye nokusetyenziswa. Oko kuthetha:
Kuya kufuneka sizitshintshe izinto zethu endaweni yokuba silinde ezopolitiko - kodwa hayi sodwa.
Umzekelo olungileyo woku zibizwa ngokuba ziidolophu zenguqu, apho abahlali ngokudibeneyo batshintsha indlela abaziphethe ngayo nabanentlalontle kumanqanaba amaninzi kwaye ngokwenza oko kwipolitiki yendawo.
Ukutshintsha ukubuyela kulwazi ngendalo kunye nendima yezothutho ekwenzeni oko. Ke ungabakhuthaza njani abantu ukuba batshintshe ukusuka emotweni ukuya ngebhayisekile kuhambo lwemihla ngemihla ukuya emsebenzini? U-Alec Hager kunye ne "radvokaten" yakhe uyayibonisa. Ukusukela ngonyaka i-2011 ekhokela iphulo "I-Austria ijikeleza ukusebenza", apho iinkampani ze3.241 ngoku namaqela e-6.258 kunye nabantu be-18.237 bathatha inxaxheba. Ngaphezu kwe-4,6 yeekhilomitha ezizigidi sele zigutyungelwe kulo nyaka, kugcinwa iikhilogrem ze-734.143 ze-CO2.
U-Alec Hager weza nombono weli phulo Denmark, IJamani neSwitzerland kwaye yaqhelana neOstriya. Umzekelo, iRadel Lotto yaziswa, apho ungaphumelela into yonke imihla ngoMeyi, xa usendleleni. Yintoni iresiphi yempumelelo ye "Radelt zum Arbeit"? U-Alec Hager: "Kukho izinto ezintathu: i-raffle, emva koko ukudlala, ozisa kunye iikhilomitha kunye neentsuku, kunye nabaphindaphindayo kwiinkampani eziphembelela oogxa babo ukuba babandakanyeke."
Photo / Ividiyo: Shutterstock.
