UVeronika Janyrova
Ngubani ongaziyo, ukungathembani okuvelayo xa abapolitiki bebonisa ubugcisa bokungathethi kwanto? Okanye ukuba izigqibo zopolitiko ziphinde zacaca ngokucacileyo kwinkonzo yemidla ethile? Nangona imbonakalo yethu yedemokhrasi ifuna ukuba isebenze, ekugqibeleni sanelisekile ngenxa yezixhobo ezinqongopheleyo kunye nokusilela kwamathuba wedemokhrasi ngqo ekutsaleni umxhasi wezopolitiko. Kodwa ngaba imelwe kukuba njalo? Ngaba lelo ligama lokugqibela lentando yesininzi? Ngokwengcinga yedemokhrasi yoTywala, impendulo icacile: hayi.
Ngo-2011 nango-2012 the Iqela lePirate Ijamani kunye nembono ye-furore kwaye ngela xesha wayenza kwiiparamente ezine zikarhulumente. Nangona impumelelo kunyulo lwezopolitiko zingaphumelelanga ukuzilungiselela ukusukela ngoko, babonisa umhlaba ukuba inkululeko yedemokhrasi ingasebenza njani njengomgaqo wangaphakathi wombutho.
Ukwenza oku, basebenzise i Vula isoftware yolwazi. Liqonga lokuthatha inxaxheba apho abantu abaninzi banokuthi bathathe inxaxheba emsebenzini weqela benze izimvo. I-3.650 izihloko kunye namanyathelo angama-6.650 ngoku kuxoxwa kwaye kulungelelaniswa lilonke lamalungu ayi-10.000 kweliqonga. Zonke iingcebiso ezakhayo, izimvo okanye iinkxalabo zinikezelwa ngokucacileyo kwaye ziphuhliswa ngokugqibeleleyo. Ngale ndlela, iPirate Party Austria, umzekelo, ngoku inamalungu angama-337, ikwazile ukudala inkqubo ebanzi yeqela eya ngaphaya ngaphaya kokuthatha inxaxheba kwabemi kunye nezopolitiko zenethiwekhi.
Kodwa idemokhrasi ye-Liquid ayisiyonkqubo yesoftware okanye ukuzilinga ngenkani. Emva kweNtando yesininzi ye-Liquid idemokhrasi-imodeli yezopolitiko-yezepolitiki. Ifuna ukudibanisa izibonelelo zenkqubo yepalamente kunye neendlela zedemokhrasi ethe ngqo, ngalo ndlela eyoyisa ukusilela kwezi nkqubo zimbini. Ngokukodwa, malunga nobuthathaka beenkqubo ezisisiseko zedemokhrasi ezichaziweyo ukuba intetho yezopolitiko kwimibhalo esemthethweni ukuba kuvunyelwene ngayo kuphela phakathi kwabaqalisi kunye nabameli abanoxanduva lwenzeka. Kwinkqubo yokumelwa, igcinelwe amaqela ezopolitiko, iikomiti kunye nabepalamente ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwintetho yezopolitiko. Kwipalamente esekwe ngqo, kwelinye icala, abemi ngokwabo bagqiba malunga nesihloko nokuba bangathanda ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiphi na intetho. Incoko yezopolitiko ibonwa njengemfuno ephambili yezigqibo ezisemthethweni.
Yile ndlela esebenza ngayo idemokhrasi yoTywala
Idemokhrasi yoTywala yi-hybrid phakathi kommeli wentando yesininzi kunye ngqo, apho abemi banokuthi babe negalelo kwintetho yezopolitiko kwi-intanethi nangaliphi na ixesha kwaye bathathe inxaxheba kuphuhliso lwezicatshulwa zomthetho-ukuba ukhetha. Ummi akagcini ngokunika ivoti yakhe qho emva kweminyaka emine ukuya kwemihlanu, kodwa uyigcina "isezantsi", ngokuthetha, ngokuthatha isigqibo malunga nemeko-engathi yimibuzo angathanda ukuba avote kuyo aze ayithumele emntwini (okanye kwezopolitiko). udlulise ithemba lakhe. Xa uqhelisela, oku kunokuba njalo, umzekelo, kwimiba yomthetho werhafu liqela uX ufuna ukumelwa, kwimicimbi yokusingqongileyo ngumbutho Y nakwimigaqo-nkqubo yosapho yomntu uZ. Malunga nenguqu yesikolo, kodwa ufuna ukuthatha isigqibo. Ukudluliselwa kweevoti kungathiwa, kunjalo, kubuyiselwe nangaliphi na ixesha, kuqinisekiswe ulawulo olululo lwenkqubo yezopolitiko.
Kubathunywa, olu luvo lubonelela ngendlela yokufumana ulwazi ngombono kunye nemeko yesiseko kunye nokukhuthaza ezabo iiprojekthi zenkxaso kunye neevoti. Kubemi, kuyenzeka ukuba negalelo kwezopolitiko kunye nokuncedisa ekubumbeni uluvo lwezopolitiko kunye nokwenza izigqibo okanye ukuliqonda nje.
Ukukhanya kwedemokhrasi yokukhanya
Imibutho yaseJamani Iqela lesoftware e. V., umphuhlisi weempendulo zoTywala, kunye ne-Interactive Demokratie eV, ekhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba nge-elektroniki kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi, bona indlela eyiyo yokuthatha inxaxheba enkulu ekuvuseleleni ngokusisiseko kweenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo phakathi kwamaqela. UAxel Kistner, ilungu lebhodi yombutho Inkululeko yedemokrasi esebenzayo Ugcizelela oku: "Umbono wokuqala yayikukusebenzisa ingxelo ngolwelo ngaphakathi kumaqela, kuba izakhiwo zombutho zangaphakathi zinika amalungu awo amancinci okanye akukho thuba lakuzibandakanya." Ayizange ijongelwe ukuba isetyenziswe njengesixhobo sedemokhrasi ngqo.
Umzekelo ophambili kunye nokuxoxwa kakhulu ngentando yesininzi sedemokhrasi nguRhulumente wase-Friesland. Uqalise iprojekthi yeLiquid Friesland kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo, esazisa ngeMbuyekezo yoTywala. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abemi be-76 kunye nolawulo lwesithili i-14 bapapashe amanyathelo kwiqonga. La manyathelo okuqala kwabemi abaphumelele ukuvota kwabo kwiLiquid Friesland, nangona kunjalo, basebenza kulawulo lwesithili kuphela njengeengcebiso kwaye ababophelelanga. Nangona kunjalo, iphepha lebhalansi yangoku iyabukeka kakhulu: amanyathelo abemi be-44, ababesele bephathwa kwibhunga lesithili, ipesenti ze-23 zamkelwa, zamkelwa ngeepesenti ze-20 ngendlela eguqulweyo kunye neepesenti ze-23. Ngaphezulu kweepesenti ze-20, sele iphunyeziwe, ngepesenti ye-14 ulawulo lwesithili lwalungenaxanduva.
Nangona kunjalo, iFriesland ayizukuhlala ingoyena gunya kuphela wengingqi yaseJamani onqwenela ukuthatha inyathelo lokuthatha inxaxheba kwabahlali kwidijithali: "Kungekudala ezinye izixeko ezibini - iWunstorf neSeelze - kunye nesinye isithili - iRotenburg / Wümme - iya kuqala ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwabemi kwaye isebenzise iLiquidFeedback", Kistner.
Ngaba siya kuvota ngentando yesininzi engamanzi kwixesha elizayo?
Ngaphandle kwamandla okhuthazo anokuthi asasazwe ngumbono wedemokhrasi weLiquid, ukusetyenziswa kwawo ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kuhlala kungumda wokuthatha inxaxheba kwabemi, kunye nokwenza izigqibo kunye nokuthatha izigqibo. Kwelinye icala, kusekho imibuzo emininzi engaphendulwanga yokusebenza komgaqo-nkqubo wedemokhrasi. kwelinye icala, uninzi lwabemi lukhangeleka ngathi alunamdla kwaphela malunga nombono wokuthatha inxaxheba kwezopolitiko okanye ukuvota kwi-intanethi.
Imicimbi engasonjululwanga ibandakanya ukubanjwa kolonyulo oluyimfihlo kunye nokhuseleko olukhoyo kunye nobungozi. Kwelinye icala, imfihlo ekhuselekileyo, eyimfihlo, kodwa iyaqondakala "ibhokisi yokuvota yedijithali" kuya kufuneka iphuhliswe eya kuthi iqinisekise ukuba bangobani abavoti kwaye baqinisekise ukufaneleka kwabo, ngelixa kwangaxeshanye besenza isigqibo sabo ukuba singaziwa kwaye emva koko benze le nkqubo iqondakale. Nangona oku ngamanye amaxesha kunokwenziwa ngobugcisa ngokuboniswa kwekhadi labemi kunye nenkqubo ngokusebenzisa ikhowudi yomthombo ovulekileyo, kuhlala kusekho umngcipheko ongenakuphikwa wokuphazamisa kwaye ukulandela umkhondo kusenokwenzeka kubekelwe iqela elincinci labasebenzisi be-IT. Ukongeza, ivoti eyimfihlo ikwaphikisana ngokucacileyo nokubekwa elubala kwe-Liquid Democracy ngokwayo.Baphuhlisi beempendulo zoTywala ngenxa yesi sizathu I-2012 nayo yazishiya esidlangalaleni ngokusetyenziswa kwesoftware yayo kwiPati yePirate.
Ubukhulu be-elektroniki
Enye ingxaki ngumbuzo wokuba ingaba iziphumo zokuvota zolwelo kufuneka zibophe okanye zingcebiso nje. Kwimeko yangaphambili, kufuneka babe banesizathu sokugxeka ukuba banokuthandeka kubantu abanobuchule obukhulu kwi-Intanethi kunye nobulungu kwinkqubo yokwenza izigqibo yezopolitiko, bephambanisa iziphumo zengxoxo kwi-intanethi njenge-avareji yeengcinga ezimele. Kwimeko yokugqibela, ukuba iziphumo zokuvota azibophelelanga, inkululeko yedemokhrasi ngqo yalo mqondo iyalahleka.
Okunye ukugxekwa okuqhelekileyo lizinga eliphantsi lokuthatha inxaxheba kwezixhobo zedemokhrasi ngokuthe ngqo ezifezekisiweyo. Kwimeko yeprojekthi ye-Liquid Friesland ephumeleleyo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kumalunga ne-0,4 yepesenti yabemi. Xa kuthelekiswa, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwisikhalazo ukucacisa isikrelemnqa sika-Hypo-Alpe Adria kunyaka ophelileyo yayiyipesenti eziyi-1,7 kwaye xa kusithiwa ku-referendum "Education Initiative" ngo-2011 yayiyi-4,5 pesenti. Nangona kunjalo, oku akumangalisi, kuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kwezopolitiko kwi-intanethi kukwindawo entsha yedemokhrasi yasentshona. Nangona kunjalo, inkululeko yedemokhrasi iyakhatywa sisininzi sabantu.
"Ukongezwa kobudlelwane babemi kurhulumente kwindawo yedijithali ayisiyantlukwano yokuchasana nokudideka kwezopolitiko."
UDaniel Roleff, isazinzulu kwezopolitiko
Ngokutsho kophando olwenziwe ngu IZiko leSORA loPhando lweNtlalo kunye nokuBonisana I-e-demokrasi kunye nokuthathwa kwenxaxheba ku-intanethi besebuntwaneni e-Austria. "Unyulo lwedijithali lujongwa ngokugxekayo: Zombini iingcali kunye nesininzi sabantu sibonisa ukungabikho elubala kunye nokhuseleko lokukhohlisa njengezona zinto zigxeka kakhulu," ngophando olwenziwe nguMag Paul Ringler. Ijamani, kwakhona, uvavanyo lwabemi alufani. Ngo-2013, iBertelsmann Foundation yacela abemi abangama-2.700 kunye nabathathi izigqibo abangama-680 koomasipala abachaphazelekayo ngomnxeba malunga neendlela zabo abazithandayo. Ngenxa yoko, iipesenti ezingama-43 zabahlali abaphononongiweyo benqabile ukuthatha inxaxheba kwi-intanethi, kwaye ngamaipesenti ezingama-33 kuphela abakwazi ukufumana okuthile kuyo. Ukuthelekisa: iipesenti ezingama-82 zabamba unyulo lwebhunga lendawo kwaye ngama-5 epesenti kuphela abalugcinileyo. Isiphelo seBertelsmann Foundation: "Nokuba isibonelelo esincinci sendlela esincinci ngcono apha, iindlela ezintsha zokuthatha inxaxheba kuthungelwano zinegama elithe kratya lokulinganisa kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku azikwazanga ukuzenzela njengesixhobo esaziwayo sokuthatha inxaxheba kwintando yesininzi."
Ukuququnjelwa kwesifundo se-SORA kwakhona: Utshintsho lwe-Intanethi alukhuthazi iimfuno zezopolitiko, kodwa lenza kube lula ukuba abantu abanomdla kwezopolitiko bafumane ulwazi kwaye babandakanyeke. "Olu vavanyo lukwabelwana ngusosayensi wezopolitiko waseJamani uDaniel Roleff, umzekelo: "Ukongezwa kobudlelwane babemi kurhulumente kwindawo yedijithali ayisiyantlukwano yokuchasana nokudideka kwezopolitiko."
Idemokhrasi yoTywala-Luya phi uhambo?
Ngokuchasene nale ndawo ingemva, uPeter Parycek, intloko yeqela le-E-Democracy projekti eDanube University Krems, ubona ezona zininzi zedemokhrasi yeLiquid ngendlela entsha yokusebenzisana phakathi kwabemi necandelo likarhulumente. Ubhekisa kwiprojekthi yokuthatha inxaxheba yedijithali ye-Ajenda yedolophu yaseVienna. Abemi bayamenywa ukuba bancede baphuhlise isicwangciso esilijithali saseVienna. Yintoni eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba kubekho iingxoxo kunye naphakathi phakathi kwabaphathi nabemi, utshilo uParycek. "Isoftware ye-Liquid Democracy inikezela ngamathuba athembisayo wokuqokelela izimvo nokulungiselela inkqubo evulekileyo yenkqubo," utshilo uParycek.
Ukwakha kwakhona ukuzithemba kwabemi kwipolitiki, ukholelwa ukuba into enye ngaphezulu kwayo yonke enye into iyafuneka: ukucaciswa okuphezulu kulawulo lukarhulumente nakwezopolitiko. "Ingcinezelo kumaqela ezopolitiko ukuba abonakale ngakumbi iyanda. Kungekudala okanye bazokuvula, ”utshilo uParycek. Ngapha koko, amaqela ezopolitiko akasayi kuphinda abenakho ukwala ukucaca okuphezulu kunye nentando yesininzi yangaphakathi ixesha elide, kuba isiseko samaqela amakhulu asele sele eyibonile kwaye ukubizelwa kokusebenzisana ngakumbi kuya kuqala. Idemokhrasi yoTywala ayinakho ukuguqula imodeli yethu yedemokhrasi, kodwa ikwabonisa indlela apho inxaxheba kunye nokusebenza elubala kungasebenza khona.
Photo / Ividiyo: option.
