Kujeka: Pasi pechirevo chekuvanzika kwepamutemo

Austria inofarira kuzviona sesununguko yazvino. Asi paruzivo rwevoruzhinji rwune basa, iri ruva rekupedzisira. Pamwe chete neLuxembourg, ndiyo chete nyika iri muEU yekare iyo isati yawana rusununguko rwemazuva ano mutemo wezveruzivo uye ndiyo yega muEU umo chakavanzika chepamutemo chichiri mubumbiro.

Wakambofunga here nezve kuti sarudzo dzematongerwo enyika dzinoitwe muAustria ndekwei? Ndeapi makambani muAustria anopihwa mari kana mune ayo nyika makambani eAustria anotumira zvombo zvipi? Sei kanzuru yemunharaunda ichinge yatofunga kuwedzera kart track? Zviremera zvinopedza zvibvumirano kuna ani uye zvakagadziridzwa sei? Ndezvipi zvidzidzo zvakapihwa vatungamiriri vevanhu uye zvii zvavakawana zvavanoratidza? Nehurombo, iyi mibvunzo yese kuti ndeupi - angangoita munyika ino - asingawane mhinduro.

Nekudaro, sevanhu vari kuwedzera kana kushoma kuteerera nyika, isu tinofara kugara munyika umo iwe unowana muhoro wako unobhadharwa nenguva, mvura yakanaka mabhuru kubva kumutsara uye iwe pakupedzisira unowana nzvimbo yekupaka zvakare uye zvakare. Nezvese zvakanakira izvo zvinounzwa nehupenyu pano - zvirinani kune vazhinji - hatizive kuti isu tinogara mukati mekudzvinyirira. Nekuti isu tinongowana mhinduro kana dzichikosha mune zvematongerwo enyika kana kuti kwete dzisina hanya.

Overview Kujeka - Mirairo yakajeka haisi chinhu chitsva, funga iwe. Sweden ndiyo yaive nyika yekutanga kuve yakambotambidza rusununguko rwemutemo wezveruzivo ku1766, asi izvi zvakakurudzirwa nenyaya yekuti Paramende yaida kubuda pachena kubva kuna mambo. Izvi zvakateverwa neFinland mu1951, 1966 iyo United States uye 1970 Norway. Mushure mekudonha kweIron Curtain uye yakasimba veruzhinji emancipation kufamba, maitiro aya akawana kukurudzira kutsva. Nekunyomba kusati kwamboitika kwekunyomba uye nekukurumidza kuongororwazve kwezvemakomunist avo apfuura, vagari vakadaidzira pachena kubva kuhurumende dzavo. Pakati peyekupedzisira 1990er uye yekutanga 2000er makore, dzimwe nyika dze25 dziri pakati uye kumabvazuva kweEurope dzakapfuura mitemo yekujekesa iyo, kubva mumaonero emutemo wehurumende, vane vatevedzeri vemamwe marudzi nhasi. Aya mafambiro ari kuita epasirese kune akanyanya kuwoneka mukutonga anogona kuoneka: Huwandu hwemitemo pachena pachena yakapetwa zvakapetwa kubva pagore 2002 uye ikozvino inosanganisira zvikamu zvitatu zvehuwandu hwepasi rose.

Iyo yakavanzika kuvanzika

Kunyangwe Austria ine bumbiro remutemo rinosungirwa mutemo, zvinoenderana nere masangano ese eruzhinji ane "ruzivo nezvenyaya dzesimba ravo rekupesvedzera", izvi panguva imwechete zvakaderedzwa kusvika kuhupenzi nehunhu hunokosha hwekuvanzika kwepamutemo.

Maererano navo, vashandi vehurumende "vanosungirwa kuvanzika pamusoro pezvinhu zvese zvinozivikanwa kwavari kubva kumisangano yavo yepamutemo", kana kuvanzika kwavo kuri mukuda kwehurongwa hweveruzhinji, chengetedzo yenyika, hukama hwokunze, mune hupfumi hwesangano revanhu, mukugadzirira sarudzo kana Kufarira kwepati. Kunze kwekunge zvapihwa neimwe mutemo, zvinofamba pasina kutaura. Kuvanzika kwepamutemo kunoumbwa senheyo inotungamira yemahara emunharaunda uye inoumba rusvingo rusingapinze hwevagari vanofarira uye nhoo yekuvanzika kune vanoita zvezvematongerwo enyika. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvinokwanisika muAustria "kuviga pachena pachena" ruzivo rwezvinhu zvisina tsarukano, kutadza kubhengi nyika uye mhosva yeveruzhinji mukati memakore, uye zvakadaro kuendesa vagari mabhirioni. Sekureva kwaJosef Barth, muvambi weAustria Foramu Yerusununguko Ruzivo (FOI), "hutsotsi hwehuori hwakave pachena kuruzhinji mumakore achangopfuura hwakaratidza kuti vaingoitika chete pamwero mukuru nekuti zviitiko zvehutongi hazviratidze pachena uye nekudaro vanotorerwa ruzhinji rusununguko vakanga ".

"Huori hutsotsi hwave pachena mumakore apfuura hwakaratidza kuti zvainge zvichikwanisika chete nekuti zviitiko zvehutongi zvaive zvisiri pachena uye nekudaro zvaive pamusoro peveruzhinji."
Josef Barth, Austrian Foramu Yeruzivo (FOI)

Kujeka: sununguko yeruzivo!

Nekutarisana nekuwanda kwehurombo hwepasi rose, kushomedzerwa kwemitero uye kusatarisira zvachose zvematongerwo enyika nehurongwa hwekuita mabasa ezvematongerwo enyika, hutongi hwejekerere hunoda kurongeka. Pari zvino, mukurumbira uyu wapindurwa neanenge hafu yenyika dzose pasi rose uye rusununguko rwemitemo yeruzivo rwakapihwa, izvo zvinobvumidza vagari vemo kuwona zvinyorwa uye mafaira ehutongi hweveruzhinji.
Sangano risiri rehurumende rinorwira kodzero dzevanhu reReporters Bila Border, iro rinonakidzwa nekuona nzvimbo paChunga reEuropean neUNESCO, rinonyora kuti: "Ruzivo ndiro danho rekutanga rekuchinja, saka haisiri hurumende dzakazvipira chete dzinotya kuburitsa pachena uye dzakazvimirira. "Kana vezvenhau vasingakwanise kutaura pamusoro pokusarongeka, kushandisa simba zvisizvo kana huwori, hakuzovi nekutarisirwa neveruzhinji, hapana maonero emahara uye kusagadzikana kwezvinhu zvine rugare."
Rusununguko rweruzivo ikodzero yevagari yekuongorora zvinyorwa uye mafaira ehutongi hweveruzhinji. Zvinounza zvematongerwo enyika nehurombo zviito kubva zvakavanzika uye zvinoregedza zvematongerwo enyika uye hutongi kuzvidavirira kuvagari vazvo. Kodzero yeruzivo irwo yakanyoreswa muEuropean Convention on Human Rights uye inozivikanwa seyi neEuropean Court of Justice neUN Human Rights Committee. Kwete zvishoma nekuti inobvumira kuchengetedzwa kwedzimwe kodzero dzakakosha, sekusununguka kwemaonero uye rusununguko rwemapepanhau kana kutora chikamu mune zvematongerwo enyika.

Pamwe chete neSpanish yakavakirwa pasi pesangano rekodzero dzevanhu Access Info Europe (AIE), iyo Canadian Center yeMutemo neDemocracy inogara ichisumudza nyika yepasirese chinzvimbo (Right To Information Chinzvimbo). Inotarisisa nekuongorora maitiro emutemo wekubata neruzhinji ruzivo. Mune ichi chinzvimbo, Austria iri pasi peiyo rondedzero ye95 nyika dzinodzidziswa pasi rese.

Transparency: Austria yakasiyana

MuAustria, mamiriro ezvinhu akati siyanei .. Kunze kweEstonia, Luxembourg neCyprus, isu tega nyika muEU iyo isati yapasisa yazvino Rusununguko rweRuzivo Mutemo uye ndiyo chete umo kuvanzika kwepamutemo kuchiripo muchibumbiro. Pamwe chete neSpanish sangano rekodzero dzevanhu Access Info Europe (AIE), iyo Canadian Center yeMutemo neDemocracy inogara ichisumudza nyika yepasirese chinzvimbo (Right To Information Chinzvimbo). Inotarisisa nekuongorora maitiro emutemo wekubata neruzhinji ruzivo. Mune ichi chinzvimbo, Austria iri pasi peiyo rondedzero ye95 nyika dzinodzidziswa pasi rese.
Toby Mendel, director weCentre for Law and Democracy, munyori wezvidzidzo zvakawanda uye vaparidzi venzvimbo iyi, anoti panguva imwechete iyi: "Kune nyika dzine mitemo yekujekesa zvakanaka, asi musingaite, uye vamwe vane mitemo yepakati, kutonga kwavo. asi uchiri kuita basa rakanaka. Semuenzaniso, iyo US ine mutemo wepakati wekujeka, asi inofarira rusununguko rwakawanda rweruzivo. Itiyopiya, kune rumwe rutivi, ine mutemo wakanaka wekuvhenekera, asi hauitwe. Austria nyaya yemutsetse. "Zvinoita kunge neimwe nzira ibva pamutemo weruzivo."

"Kune nyika dzine mitemo yakajeka yekuvhenekera asi isingadzite, nevamwe vane mitemo yepakati asi vachiri kuita basa ravo nemazvo. Austria nyaya yemutsetse. "Zvinoita kunge neimwe nzira ibva pamutemo weruzivo."
Toby Mendel, Center for Law uye Democracy

Kusarongeka kwakakodzera kweChunga reEuropean Convention pamusoro pekuwanikwa kweRugwaro Rugwaro rwakatorwa ne2008 hakuna kukwanisa kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu. Mariri, 47 makurukota ekunze eEuropean uye vamiriri veParamende yeEuropean vakabvumirana "kusimbisa kutendeseka, kushanda zvakanaka, kushanda zvakanaka, kuzvidavirira uye kusimbisa hutongi hwehurumende" nekupa vagari vavo kodzero yekuwana magwaro ari pamutemo.

Kuchema kwevanoda kuziva

Achibudirira kuregeredza zviratidzo zvenguva, hurumende yeAustria yakagadzira kunyange munaJune wegore rino nekuzivisa kwechirambidzo chekushandiswa kuainongedza sevanhu vanoratidzwa zvinyorwa zveveruzhinji vanogara kumusoro. Inofanira kuranga vatori venhau kubiridzira zvakavanzika zveveruzhinji, kunyangwe vakapihwa media vasingazivikanwe. Kuratidzira kupesana neprojekiti iyi kwanga kusiri kure uye zvakashamisa. Masangano ese evatapi venhau veAustria vakapindura nokuburitswa kwakajairika uye nezvakawanda kutaura uye vakadaidzira kubviswa kwechakavanzika chehurumende yeAustria uye mutemo wezveruzivo panzwisiso wekuti "ruzivo runofanirwa kuve mutemo nekutora chirevo kunze". Kutsoropodzwa kwakarumbidzawo kune yaimbove Mutungamiriri Dare Franz Fiedler ("nhanho inomiririra nhanho inodzokera shure muzana re19"), negweta rezvemitemo, Heinz Mayer ("Kudziviswa kwePanhau Rakasununguka"), iyo Association of Paramende ") Uye kwete zvishoma pane chikamu chevanopikisa.
Musoro wakapihwa yakasimba media inokurudzirwa neForum Freedom Ruzivo (FOI), iyo yakaumbwa ichitenderedza aimbova mupepeti wenyaya Josef Barth. Iyo FOI inozviona se "watchdog yerusununguko yeruzivo" muAustria uye inoshanda yekuzivisa pamwe nekuzivisa mishandirapamwe pachenanzgesetz.at uye mubvunzodenstaat.at. Wekutanga wakapihwa 2013 iyo Concordia Mubairo wePanhau rorusununguko. Kubva pane maonero eFOI, rusununguko rwemazuva ano rwemutemo wezveruzivo rwunokosha kune zvikonzero zvishanu kunyanya: zvinoita kuti huwori huome zvakanyanya, inodzivisa kupera mutero, inosimbisa kuvimba nekuita zvematongerwo enyika, inorerutsa uye inomhanyisa maitiro ehutongi uye inobatsira kutora mukana.
Mishandirapamwe yacho yakaratidza zvinoshamisa zvinoitika. Mushure mevhiki, kurambidzwa kwekushandiswazve kuri patafura. Mukuru weboka, VaAndreas Schieder (SPÖ) akazivisa kusiya basa uye mutauriri wegavhu webhuki Reinhold Lopatka (ÖVP) akati nyaya iyi ndeye "kusanzwisisana" kwave.

Iyo Quasi-rusununguko rwemutemo ruzivo

Pakutanga kwegore, vezvenhau nedzvinyiriro yeruzhinji yakavakwa gore rapfuura yakakurudzira hurumende kuendesa mutemo wekunyora kuti ubvise kuvanzika kwepamutemo. Izvi zvinofanirwawo kurongedza ruzivo rwunopihwa nevatungamiriri vevanhu. Inopa chisungo kushambadza ruzivo rwezvakawanda kufarira uye nekodzero yebumbiro remutemo yekuwana ruzivo rweveruzhinji. Ruzivo rwekufarira kwakawanda kunosanganisira, kunyanya, kutungamira kwehuwandu, nhamba, maonero uye zvidzidzo zvakagadzirirwa kana kutumwa nevatungamiriri vehurumende, zviitiko zvezviitiko, kufambiswa kwebhizinesi, mitemo yemaitiro, kunyoresa, nezvimwe .. Ruzivo urwu ruchapihwa nenzira inowanikwa kune vese. - pasina chikumbiro chakananga - chibudiswe. Kubva ku "Holschuld" yevagari kunofanirwa kunge kuri "chisungo" chehutongi. Chekupedzisira asi chisiri chidiki, chirongwa ichi chinobatanidza kwete chete matunhu ehurumende, asiwo makambani ari pasi pekutonga kweDare reVanoongorora.
Nekudaro, pane zvakadzama zvakadzama mune iri bumbiro: ruzivo, kuvanzika kwaro nekubatanidza zvibvumirano zvemitemo, mukufarira kuchengetedzwa kwenyika, ruzhinji kurongeka, kugadzirira kwesarudzo, mukunakirwa kwehupfumi kwechiremera chemuno, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekudzivirira, uye ruzivo "nekuda kwevamwe zvakanakawo zvido zveveruzhinji zvakarongeka zvinoratidzwa nemubatanidzwa kana mutemo wedunhu ", vachasunungurwa pachisungo chekuzivisa. Chero zvazvinoreva.

"Kwatiri, kunetseka kwakanyanya kuti, panzvimbo pekuzivisa pachena kwechinangwa, kune kuwedzerwa kwekuvanzika kwepamutemo. "Chokwadi mutemo haushaye kunze kwekung ...
Gerald Grünberger, Sangano reAustria Newspaper VÖZ, pane bhiri

Izvo zvese 61 zvinotaurwa kubva kune dzakasiyana hurumende dzehurumende, mashumiro, masangano ehurumende pamwe nemakambani, mapoka anofarira uye zviremera zvemunharaunda zvinoratidza kuti mutemo uyu haugamuchirwe munguva pfupi. Kunyangwe iyo ine nheyo yakasimba yekukwira kurusununguko rwunoda rwemashoko, kutsoropodza kwakasiyana nenzvimbo dzezvinetso dzakaratidzwa.
Kunyange iyo Dare Rinodzora richiona kuchengetedzwa kwekuenderera mberi kwenyaya, vanhu vanobatanidzwa nebasa rekutonga vakatyisidzirwa, ORF yekugadziridza bhodhi inoona pamusoro pese pakavanzika chechirongwa mungozi uye iyo yedziviriro yedhairekitori yedziviriro inongodzivirira. ÖBB Kubata kwakaenzana nemutemo wekunyorwa "Kubviswa kwekudzivirirwa kwedatha kumakambani anotarisana nekuburitswa", nepo iyo Federal Competition Authority ichishora kuti hapana kukosha kwakawanda kwerusununguko rwemashoko kunogona kunzwisiswa. Kazhinji, makambani ehurumende anotya kusawirirana kwakakura kana achienzaniswa nemabhizinesi asiri ehurumende uye zviremera zvevatongi, vashandi vanowanzowedzerwa uye mari yemari.
Kunyanya kutsoropodza kwakanyanya kwakauya kubva kuMubatanidzwa weAustrian Newspaper (VÖZ): "Kwatiri, kune kushushikana kwakanyanya kuti panzvimbo pekuzivisa pachena kwechinangwa kusvika pakuwedzerwa kwekuvanzika kwepamutemo kunouya. Mushure mezvose, mutemo zvirokwazvo hauna kuperevedza kwekusiyana ... Zvinoramba zvisiri pachena kuti kujekesa kana kutarisisa zvakanyanya kunogona kutarisirwa mukupedzisira, "anodaro VÖZ Maneja Director Gerald Grünberger.

"Yakwana nguva yakakwana yekuti Austria ibatane nedzimwe nyika dzeEurope!"
Helen Darbishire, Funga Tanks Kupinda Info Europe

Nyika dzese ndeimwewo nzvimbo

Ndichiri kuGermany, mutemo weTransparent unoratidzika kunge unofanirwa kudzoreredzwa, zviyero zvakajeka zvepasi rese zvakatogadzirwa nezvekuumbwa kwavo uye nekuitwa kwavo. Izvi zvakavakirwa, semuenzaniso, paMusangano weEuropean Convention pamusoro pekuwanikwa kweZvinyorwa Zvemutemo, iyo UN Human Rights Committee, sarudzo dzeEuropean Court of Human Rights (EUCI), pfungwa dzeSangano Rinochengetedzeka uye Kubatana muEurope (OSCE) uye yekupedzisira asi isingasviki zviitiko zvevakangoita. zana anoti rakagadziriswa nenzira yakarongeka nematangi epasi rese ekufunga. Iyi hunyanzvi hwakadzama hahuite kunge husina basa nemumiriri weAustria. Helen Darbishire, CEO weMadrid-based Access Info Europe vanofunga tangi, vanoona zvakakosha zvemitemo pachena sezvo zvese ruzivo rwekutonga kweruzhinji rwune ruzhinji pachena, uye panguva imwecheteyo hurumende inoumba huwandu husingabvumirwe hwevasina chikonzero. Uye zvakare, mukuru akasimba uye akashongedzerwa ruzivo ruzivo anofanirwa kutarisa mashandisiro emutemo uye kubata zvichemo zveveruzhinji nekukurumidza uye mahara. "Yakwana nguva yakakwana yekuti Austria ibatane nedzimwe nyika dzeEurope!" Akadaro Darbishire.

"Vanhu vari muhutongi vakaona nyaya yacho yakaoma kwazvo uye vakatya kuti Hamburg haichakwanisi kutongwa." Asi zvinoshamisa ndezvekuti vazhinji vakafara kupedzisira vabata chigaro chakajeka, kuti vasazovanda zvakare, kuti pakupedzisira hurukuro dzakazaruka dzingaitika uye zvakava pachena kuti vari kunyatsoitei. "
Daniel Lentfer, Initiative "More Democracy Hamburg" pane Model Act Hamburg

Model Hamburg

Iyo Hamburg Transparency Act, inowanzoshandiswa senge sisitimu yeAustria, inosanganisira zvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha: basa rekushambadzira kwevakuru vezvibvumirano zvakavharwa, mazano ehungwaru akatengwa nezvimwe zvakadaro. kusikwa kwegwaro reruzivo rwepakati, iro rinoburitsa mishumo uye magwaro ekushandira veruzhinji, uye, chechitatu, kugadzirwa kwemutungamiriri weruzivo mumwe anotarisira rusununguko rweruzivo nekudzivirirwa kwedata uye ari iye nzvimbo yekusangana yevagari ruzivo ruzivo. Mutemo weHamburg Transparency Act unosanganisira magwaro akawanda eruzhinji ayo akatariswa mune ino nyika. Daniel Lentfer ndiye anoshanda pamwe kutanga kwevagari "Mehr Demokratie Hamburg", iyo yakatanga nekubatsira kuumba Hamburg Transparency Act. Maonero ake, zvakakosha "kuti ruzivo rwacho ruratidzwe zvisinei nekuti zvine chekuita nezvematongerwo enyika kana kuti kwete. Iyi ndiyo chete nzira iyo hurumende ingavake kuvimba zvakare. "Paakabvunzwa kuti chirongwa cheHamburg chakabata sei nekugadziriswa kwekutonga, Lentfer anoti:" Vanhu vari muhutongi vakaona zvinhu sezvakaoma zvikuru uye vakatya kuti Hamburg haichazokweneke kudzora. Asi zvinoshamisa ndezvekuti vazhinji vakafara kupedzisira vaita chigaro chakajeka, kuti vasazovanda zvakare, kuti pakupedzisira hurukuro dzakavhurika dzingaitika ndokuonekwa, izvo chaizvo. "Pakupedzisira asi kwete kushoma hutongi hwakatevera chinangwa," kuvimba kwevagari "Uye vanhu vanonzwisisa mashandiro anoita mashandiro."

Kana bureaucracy inobuda paruoko

Zvinokanganisa sei zvinogona kuita kana veruzhinji vakachengetedzwa zvakarongeka kubva mune zvematongerwo enyika uye zvehurongwa hwekuita hurongwa hwiratidzwa munhaurirano dzeEuropean Commission neCanada uye US kuTransatlantic Free Trade Agrections CETA neTTIP. Mukuita uku, isu tiri kuratidzwa seiko kuvharwa kwemusuwo kusasununguka, ecology uye kodzero dzemagariro zvinopihwa kune zvido zvemakambani uye nezvematongerwo enyika zvingaitwe sei nedziviriro dzemuchengeti wematare, matare edzimhosva nematare ekanzuru. Uye izvi kunyangwe kupikiswa kunotyisa kwekubatana kusati kwamboitika kwevamwe vanhu ve250 vasiri vehurumende (Stop-ttip.org), mapato mazhinji anopikisa uye zvikamu zvakakura zvehuwandu.
Zvese izvi zvinongoitika nekuti veruzhinji havana mukana wekutaurirana magwaro. Kana ruzivo runobata "zvemari, mari kana hupfumi hurongwa hweMunharaunda kana nhengo yeNyika" zvisina kuregererwa kubva parusununguko rweruzivo, tinogona kutevedzera nhaurirano dziripo uye kupindura nenzira yakakodzera. Uye kwete chete apo nyika nhengo dzeEU dzakatosaina chibvumirano chekudyara kwenyika mbiri pamwe nenyika dzechitatu ku1200 uye Germany iri kutomhan'arwa mhosva yayo yenyukireya. Sekureva kwaAlexandra Strickner, mukuru we Attac Austria, TTIP inotyisidzira zvikuru kurusununguko. Inotarisira kuwanda kwekunyunyuta kubva kumakambani eU.S. neEuropean, ayo achafanirwa kubata nematare edzimhosva nepfuma. "Kana zvirevo izvi zvikaenderana nekanzuru yakatemerwa mari, mari yeruzhinji inofanira kushandiswa pundufiti inogona kurasikirwa." Strickner anoona imwe njodzi mu "Council for Regulatory Cooperation". Mitemo yenguva yemberi inofanirwa kubvunzwa mudare iri rinotenderera, maererano negwaro rinoburitswa rekutaurirana, vasati vatombosvika kumatare emunyika. "Saka makambani anowana mukana wakakwana kuwana mutemo uye dzimwe nguva anogona kudzivirira mitemo. Democracy inobva yaderedzwa kusvika pakuita upenzi. "Maitiro edanho revagari veEU anga akavambwa ane chekuita nezvibvumirano zvinoramba zvichionekwa.