Veronika Janyrova
"Tiri kutarisana nekushomeka kwemweya kuzere kubva kumakore e1930 uye tinofanira kurwisa izvi."
Christoph Hofinger, SORA
Iyo yekusarudzika kune iyo yakaoma uye - kune vese vatori vechikamu uye vanocherekedza - kazhinji inonetesa uye inoshungurudza kurwira kusimuka ndeyehutongi hwehutongi, hudzvanyiriri maratidziro emagariro akasarudzika (ezvematongerwo enyika nehutsika) kusiyana kwemafungiro uye (hwemagariro uye hwega) chiyero. Zvichangobva kuitika mune zvematongerwo enyika zvinoratidza kuti vanhu muEurope vese vanoita sekunge vanoshuvira vatungamiriri vakasimba vezvamatongerwo enyika vanogona kusimbisa kutenda kwavo kwezvematongerwo enyika vasingatenderi sezvinobvira. Chero zvazvingaitika, kusimuka kweruoko-bapiro populist uye mapato akanyanya anotaurira icho zvakajeka. Nyanzvi dzinobvumirana zvakanyanya kuti mapapiro anoruboshwe-rwakatambanuka uye mafungu ezvematongerwo enyika akaomarara anoteedzera kusimbisa masimba ehutungamiriri uye maitiro ezveutungamiri.
Policy tradeoffs
Kubvumirana ndiko mhinduro yemakakatanwa nekubatanidza nzvimbo dzekutanga dzinopesana. Rutivi rumwe nerumwe runodzikisa chikamu chezvavanoreva mukufarira chinzvimbo chitsva icho chinogona kumiririra. Kubvumirana pane imwe chete hakuna kunaka kana kuti kwakaipa. Mhedzisiro yacho inogona kuve yekushomekera kweusimbe umo mubato rimwe rinonyatsorasikirwa, asi zvakare kukunda-kuhwina mamiriro ezvinhu apo mapato ese maviri anobuda mumamiriro ekukakavadzana aine kukosha kwakawedzerwa pamusoro pechinzvimbo chavo chekutanga. Iyo yekupedzisira ingangove iri chikamu chehunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwematongerwo enyika. Chero zvazvingaitika, iko kusarudzika kunorarama nekuremekedza chinzvimbo chakapikiswa uye chiri chikamu chechisimba chesununguko.
Aya maitiro anoita sekusimbiswa neongororo yakaitwa neSORA Institute for Social Research uye Kubvunza, iyo yakaitwa munaGunyana pa2016. Iyo yakaratidza kuti 48 muzana yevagari veAustria havatendi mukudzvinyirira senge fomu rakanakisa rehurumende. Uye zvakare, chete 36 muzana yevakabvunzwa havana kubvumirana nezvaitaurwa, "Tinoda mutungamiri akasimba haafanire kunetseka nezveparamende uye nesarudzo." Mushure mezvose, mu2007, 71 muzana yakaita izvozvo. Iye anonzi polotster uye sainzi director wesangano iri, Christoph Hofinger, mukubvunzurudza kwa Falter: "Tiri kutarisana nedhimoni rakasimba kwazvo kubva kumakore e1930 uye tinofanira kurwisa izvi."
Mwaka wekusimuka
Asi iyo imwe nzira here yekusimukira yehutongi hwematongerwo enyika hurongwa ndiyo yakazara kuzadzikiswa, sezvatinozvionera munyika ino? Iko kudzikira uko kunoenderana pamwe negwaro rebumbiro remutemo rinosvika padanho nyowani nyowani gore rimwe gore? Pano, zvakare, nhamba dzinotaura mutauro wakajeka: Semuenzaniso, mune yeongororo yakaitwa neOGM gore rino, 82 muzana yevakabvunzwa vakati havana kuvimba kana nezvematongerwo enyika uye kuti 89 muzana yakangofanana nekushomeka mune vezvematongerwo enyika.
Chikonzero chakakosha chekurasikirwa uku kwekutenda ndeyokuita sarudzo huru, kuita uye kugadzirisa kusakwanisa kweyematongerwo enyika system. Kuwedzera kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda dzezvematongerwo enyika, hapana chero chinhu zvachinja pano maererano nedemokrasi yegore rapfuura. Zvemapurojekiti anonzwika zvakanaka ehurumende Federal - "Simbisai demokrasi yakananga", "Shongedza vanhu zvakakwana", "Rusununguko rweruzivo pachinzvimbo chekuvanzika kwepamutemo" - harisati raitwa Hatidi kutaura nezve shanduko yemubatanidzwa yave ichikurukurwa kwemakumi emakore. Kupesana neiyi kumashure, iyo yakawanda yekuvhota uye yedemocratization kugadzirisa chirongwa (IMWD) yakazivisa gore 2016 gore rekunyongana kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Sarudzo: hurumende diki
Sekutaura kuri kuenda, haugone kuzviita zvakanaka. Asi pamwe zvingangoita kuti vamwe vevavhoti vanogona kugutsikana? Izvo hazvitombodi shanduko huru kumutemo, uye izvo zvatoitika. Bato risina ruzhinji mushure mesarudzo rinoumba hurumende - isina mubatanidzwa. Mukana wacho: chirongwa chehurumende chinogona kuitwa chakananga uye chinogona kukwezva kune chikamu chevagari. Izvo zvakashata: Ruzhinji muparamende haingavipo, nekuti purojekiti yega yega yaizofanirwa kuwana vakavimbika vakatsvakwa. Izvi zvinoita kuti vashoma hurumende irege kusasimba. Uye iyo nhanho inoda "mazai", ayo sezviri pachena akatsvakwa pasina epamhepo zvematongerwo enyika. Asi mushure maizvozvo, yakajeka sarudzo sarudzo inogona zvakare kukudzirwazve.
Sarudzo: vakunda sarudzo dzakasimba
Iyo IMWD inoenda munzira yakafanana. Kwemakore, yave ichiratidzira kumutsiridza rusununguko rweAustria nekusimbisa kuvimba kwezvematongerwo enyika. Nechikonzero ichi, danho iri rinoda kuti, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, shanduko mbiri dzakakomba dzeAustria: "Isu tiri kutsvaga mutemo wesarudzo-zhinji wesarudzo, uyo unopa bato rakasimba kusangana nemubatanidzwa," akadaro Prof. Herwig Hösele, Secretary-General wechirongwa ichi. Muchiitiko ichi, bato repamusoro-soro - rakayerwa nemhedzisiro yesarudzo - richava nemumiriri wakakura kwazvo muparamende uye raizonyanya kufarira kuumbwa kwehurumende yemubatanidzwa inokwanisa kushanda nekutonga. Mukana wakakura weiyo yakawanda yevhoti system ndeyekuti inosimudzira masimba akajeka eparamende - uyezve nemabasa - uye inounza kukurumidza kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Kusunungurwa kubva pakumanikidzwa kwebato
Chechipiri chepakati chinodiwa cheIMWD hunhu hwakasimba hwekutarisawo kukwana. Uku "kuzadzisa chishuwo chehuwandu hwekusarudza vanhu uye kwete zvinyorwa zvebato zvisingazivikanwe," akadaro Hoesele. Chinangwa chesarudzo idzi ndechekudzora kuvimba kwevamiriri vebato ravo uye nekuvasunungura kubva mukutapwa kwemabato avo. Izvi zvaizobvumidza MEPs kuvhota vachipesana nekwavo sezvo ivo vachizonyanya kuzvipira kumatunhu avo. Chikanganiso chegadziriro iyi, zvakadaro, ndechekuti mafomu akawanda muParamende akawandisa.
Vashoma neruzhinji
Mukuda kwayo mutemo wegutsaruzhinji, danho iri rakafemerwa nasainzi wezvematongerwo enyika weGraz, Klaus Poier, akagadzira muenzaniso we "vashoma-vane hushamwari huwandu hwevhoti". Izvi zvinopa kuti yepamusoro-soro bato rinogashira ruzhinji zvigaro muparamende. Izvi zvichagadzira hukama hwakajeka hwematongerwo enyika muParamende asi ichisimbisa hunyanzvi hwematongerwo enyika. Iyi mhando yakurukurwa muAustria kubva mumakore 1990.
Yakanakira vs. nzwisisa
Makore mashoma apfuura, muzivi weIsrael Avishai Margalit akaita kukanganisika kwezvematongerwo enyika kwasviba, kona yakasarudzika yezvematongerwo enyika yekuita uye akaikwidziridza kumhando yepamusoro yezvido zvekuyanana uye kuunza zvinzvimbo zvinopesana. Mubhuku rake "Nezvekukanganisa - uye ane usimbe kukanganisa" (suhrkamp, 2011) anotsanangura kuenderana sechinhu chisingaverengeki chishandiso chezvematongerwo enyika uye sechinhu chakanaka uye chakakodzera chinhu, kunyanya kana zvasvika pahondo nerunyararo.
Maererano naye, isu tinofanirwa kutongwa zvakanyanya nekukanganisa kwedu pane zvatinofunga nezvatinokoshesa: "Pfungwa dzinogona kutiudza chimwe chinhu chakakosha nezvezvatingade kuva. Vanowirirana nesu vanotiudza kuti tiri ani, ”anodaro Avishai Margalit.
Pfungwa pamusoro pevanyori
"Kunyangwe mapato mazhinji ane mapapiro anoruboshwe pakutanga aomerera kumitemo yedemokrasi (sarudzo), zvakadaro vanoedza - sekufunga kwavo - kudzikisira masangano ezvematongerwo enyika uye nekuzvisarudzira kwavo kutsanangudza vanotsanangura" vanhu "," vanhu vechokwadi "veAustria, maHungarians kana maAmerican, etc. Sezvo ivo vachimiririra - mumaonero avo - ivo "vanhu" uye nekudaro iro rakananga zano, vanofanira - saka nharo yavo - zvakare vakunde. Uye kana zvisiri, saka kurangana kuri kuitika. Europe inoratidza zvinoitika kana mapato akadaro ari musimba, sezvakaita kuHungary kana kuPoland. Rusununguko rwevatori venhau pamwe nematare edzimhosva anosunungurwa pakarepo uye vanopikisa vanobviswa zvishoma nezvishoma. "
o. Univ. - Prof. Dr. med. Ruth Wodak, Dhipatimendi reLinguistics, Yunivhesiti yeVienna"Utongi hwezvitendero, hwakasanganiswa nemutungamiri anopa simba, chinhu chakakosha chebapurism yeruoko rworudyi. Kubva pane izvi maonero, zvine musoro chete kuti kurudyi-mapapiro mapuropu ekufamba anogara achienda kune yekudzvinyirira uye mhinduro dziri nyore kumatambudziko akaomarara nemibvunzo. Democracy inotungamirwa pakukurukurirana, kukanganisa, muripo. Izvi ndizvo, sekuziva kwedu, zvinonakidza uye zvinonakidza - uye kazhinji zvinoshungurudza mumhedzisiro. Mune masisitirititi masisitimu, izvi zvinoita "zviri nyore kwazvo ..."
Dr. Werner T. Bauer, Austrian Association yeParazano Zano uye Dzinosimudzira (ÖGPP)"Masimba ehutongi ndiwo musimboti weboporodzi-nemapapiro orudyi anoruboshwe - nevanovhota. Naizvozvo, mapato aya anoteedzawo masimba ezvematongerwo enyika ane masimba. Kunzwisisa kwavo kwezvematongerwo enyika kwenzvimbo kunosanganisira kuverengeka kwevanhu, kurambwa kwevanobva kune imwe nyika, uye kukamurwa kwenharaunda muzvikwata-zvekunze-mapoka, iwo ekupedzisira ari kuoneswa sengozi. Hunhu hwehutongi hunobatanidzawo kuda kuendesa kuzviremera zvinozivikanwa, izvo zvinotarisirwawo kuchengetedza kana kudzoreredza runyararo rwevanhu, kusanganisira kurangwa kwekupokana mazano kana vanhu. "
Mag. Martina Zandonella, Institute for Social Research uye Kubvunza (SORA)
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