Kupatsanurwa kutsva kwemasimba: nguva yekugadziriswazve simba

Kubva pamakore 1970 - muAustria kubvira pakati pemakore 1980 - iyo credo yeiye hupfumi hwehupfumi hwave "kudzoreredzwa uye kusarudzika". Zvaiita sekunge panacea yekuwedzera kubereka kwemabhizimusi ehurumende. Munenge zvikamu zvese zvehupfumi, kubviswa kwemutemo wenyika kwakadikanwa.

Iyo (nyika) kutonga kwemisika yemari

Sekureva kwaStefan Schulmeister, nyanzvi yezvehupfumi paWifo, kudzokororwa kwemisika yemari pamwe yaive yakasimba kwazvo: "Kunyange zvakadaro basa rakazara mukati memakore e1950 ne1960, pakanga pasina kushomeka kwevechidiki kana nzira dzakashata dzebasa, nhasi mamirioni evadiki haana basa uye kunyangwe nevanhu. basa rakatsiga riri mukutsvaga pasina dzimba dzakakwanisika. "Anoti izvi zviitiko zvakanyanya kusvika pakusunungurwa kwebazi rezvemari uye, semhedzisiro, kufambiswa kwehunyanzvi hwemari. Mari inosanganisirwa yekushandirana kwemitengo, mitengo yezvinhu, mitengo yemasheya uye huremu huchivhura musuwo kune vanofungidzira zvemari-yehunyanzvi poker kutenderera. Ndiwo mabikirwo avakaita bato rayo revatambi vekudyara, iro rine hunyanzvi hwekufungidzira pamusoro pemari, masiteki kana nyika dzese, uye pakadzvanya mbeva inofambisa 67 fold yenyika yepasi rose. Zvinangwa zvemakambani zvemakambani zvakachinjika kubva kune chaicho kuenda kuhupfumi hwemari, uko chaihwo mari - kubva pakubhadhara mari shoma - yakadzikira pamwe nekugadzirwa kwemabasa.

"Tsika nesainzi zvinongokwanisa kuvandudza izvo zvavanogona kupa uye nekupa zvirinani zvirinani zvekusimudzira kana masimba avo ekutyaira asina kupihwa nekwavo zvekutengeserana zvehupfumi kana simba rinoshanduka rezvematongerwo enyika."
Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) maererano nekuparadzaniswa kwemasimba

Chirongwa chekufarira kupesana nekukumbira

Zvomenemene, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa pano kuti kududzira uye zvematongerwo enyika zviri zviviri zviri pamutemo uye zvinodikanwa munharaunda ine vanhu vazhinji. Ivo vane inodzikamisa maitiro nekuti vanogadzira chiyero zvido pakati pemapoka akasiyana munharaunda. Chekupedzisira asi chisiri chidiki, mutemo wekufarira unonyorwazve mumutemo uye unochengetedzwa zviri pamutemo, semuenzaniso, nerusununguko rwekuungana, kubatana uye kutaura. Vanotsigira maonero akasununguka enharaunda vanombofungidzira kuti iwo kukwikwidza kwezviyo zvevanhu izvo zvinogadzira izvo zvakajairika zvakanaka, uye kuti ramangwana rinoshanda regutsaruzhinji rinoyerwa nekusiyana uye pesvedzero yezvido zvavo zvakarongeka. Asi nepo masangano, makamuri nemubatanidzwa vachizvizivisa pachena, varidzi vemitemo vanowanzoita muchivande.
Vanotsoropodza, saizvozvo Corporate Europe Observatory, Sangano reDutch risiri remubhadharo richitsvaga dzimwe nzira dzekuisa masimba mumakambani, rinopomera varidzi vechikonzero chekuwedzera kusaenzana kwemagariro nekuparadza nharaunda. Vanodaidzira kuti nzvimbo dzehupfumi dzisimbe dzidzoserwa kumashure kugadzirisa matambudziko epasirese akaita sehurombo, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, kusarongeka munharaunda, nzara uye kushatiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.
MaAustria anokona kunge ari weboka rechipiri. Sekureva kweAustria yekunyengerera mushumo 2013 45 muzana yevagari vanobatana nekubatira pfumbamuromo, kupindira, kuwanda, kubatana uye kufurira vezvematongerwo enyika. Chirevo ichi chinoburitsa pachena kuti mabhizinesi madiki uye epakati, maNGO nemakirabhu zvakanyatsorasika mukurwisa kweanoshamwaridzana kuenda kumakambani, epasi rose rezvemari, asi vachipesana nehurumende yavo mumakore apfuura.
Asi uripiko muganho uri pakati penzira inomiririra uye isiri pamutemo yekumiririra zvido? Uyu muganho ungangodaro uri mushoma mukutsvaga munhu uye zvakakosha zvido zvavo pachezvavo nenzira izvo zvavanoitwa. Kuratidziro kwevamiririri vacho kunobva mumisangano yevezvenhau, mishandirapamwe yemashoko, kuratidzira kune kudyisa kwevamiriri uye nhengo dzehurumende, kubirira, kupamba uye huori. Vanodaidzwa kuti mapoka anofarira veruzhinji vanozivawo nzira yekuvanza zvido zveumwe neumwe sezvido zveveruzhinji.
Kupesana nezvakanyanya, zvisiri pamutemo nzira dzekupamba ikoko kune chirongwa chechirango. Dambudziko rekubiridzira - kunze kwekutongwa kwaro kwakaoma kutonga - iri pamusoro penzvimbo dzese dzepakati pakati pemutemo, asi zvisiri pamutemo, zvakavanzika maitiro.
Kazhinji, kuwonekera kuri pachena kunoonekwa senzira yekurwisa zvisiri pamutemo kufarira. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuburitswa kwezvavanofarira uye hukama hwehupfumi pakati pevashandi vehurumende nemakambani kana masangano, kuburitswa kwemabasa avo ekutsigira nemari, kana kumanikidzwa kupinda mune rejista yekubvakacha. Kazhinji, nguva yekumirira inodikanwa zvakare kune avo vanoshanda muhofisi dzezvematongerwo enyika kuti vakwanise kugovana nekugoverwa kwezvirongwa kune vezvematongerwo enyika vane simba.

Kupatsanurwa kwemasimba (kupatsanura masimba muSwitzerland neAustria) ndiko kugovera masimba ehurumende pamusoro penhengo dzenyika dzakawanda nechinangwa chekumisa simba uye kuchengetedza rusununguko nekuenzana. Zvinoenderana nemuenzaniso wenhoroondo wekuparadzaniswa kwemasimba, iwo masimba matatu ematare, masimba uye matavi ematare anowanzo kutaurwa.

Kujeka - ehe, asi

MuAustria iri pa1. PaJanuary 1, 2013 yakapinda mukumanikidza mutemo mutsva wekubvunza uyo unomanikidza makambani ekubisa uye makambani anoshandisa vashandi vekumba kunyoresa uye kuzviisa pasi pemutemo wekuita. Pamusoro pekambani uye yevashandi dhata, mutengi uye chiyero chakabvumiranwa che mutoro chinofanira kuve chakatsanangurwa kune yega yega yekubatira kuraira. Chikanganiso chega: Ichi chikamu cherejista yekunyoresa hachionekwe kune veruzhinji.
Parizvino, 64 masangano ane 150 akanyoreswa ma lobbyists uye 106 makambani ane 619'se-in-mumba lobbyists anoonekwa pane yeAustria lobbying rejista.
Iko kutsoropodzwa kweLobbyingregister nyowani kunouya pakati pezvimwe zvinhu kubva ku Austrian Public Affairs Association (ÖPAV) pachayo - ndiyo imba yekutandarira yevaenzi. Mutungamiri wesangano Feri Thierry anozvishora pamusoro peshoko risingazivikanwe remutemo pamwe nenyaya yekuti mutemo wakarasikirwa nechinangwa, kutarisa pamusoro pevashandisi vese nevamiriri vekufarira muAustria, vakapotsa zvakajeka: "Tinofungidzira kuti muAustria nezve 2.500 yakazara-nguva Vabatiri varipo. Vazhinji vavo havana kufukidzwa nechinodiwa kunyoresa ".

"Zvichida bhiza iri rinofanira kubvisiswa kubva kune rimwe divi. Veruzhinji maseru anofanirwa kuburitsa hushamwari hwavo nevateedzeri."
Marion Breitschopf, meineabgeordneten.at, maererano nekuparadzaniswa kwemasimba masimba chitsva.

Marion Breitschopf anobva pachikuva cheAustria meineabgeordneten.at, database inoonekera yevezvematongerwo enyika, inotaurawo kuti zvingave zvakakosha kuAustria kuti zvechokwadi vese vanoita zvekuratidzira, kusanganisira mapoka emafaro, magweta uye maNGOs, vanowoneka mukoreji. Iye anoona zvichinetsa kuburitsa akadaira kana vatengi kubva kudivi remubatiri: "Zvichida iri bhiza rinofanira kubhurwa kubva kune rimwe divi: Zviremera zveRuzhinji zvinofanirwa kuburitsa hushamwari hwadzo nevanogamuchira. "Chinhanho munzira ino chingave chinonzi" mutemo kutsika ", iri gwaro redziviriro pamutemo, umo zvinoratidzika kuti zvikamu zvipi zvemavara zvinobva kupi."

Kupatsanurwa kwemasimba: Iyo indasitiri yekumbirisa muBrussels

Padanho reEuropean, munhu anogara anonzwa nezvese yekubikira indasitiri yakazvisimbisa muBrussels. Muchokwadi, 2011 yakanyoresa masangano e6.500 ekubiridzira muXNUMX's - tisingatauri nezvekuzvidira - pachena pachena marejista eEuropean institution. Transparency International inofungidzira nhamba yavo pa12.000.
EU masangano ari chaizvo kugamuchirwa chinangwa chevaenzi. Uri wega muchikamu chekugadzirira cheData Rekuchengetedza Directive, European Commission yakagamuchira zvikumbiro zvekugadzirisa kuburikidza ne3.000. Mamwe ema 70's anogona kutaridzwa kuburikidza neEuropean platform lobbyplag.eu nemitambo chaiyo ine chekuita inogona kubvunzwa nekudzvanya kwegunduru. Kudzidzira kuratidza.
Mapoka eunyanzvi eEuropean Commission zvakare idambudziko.Chinyorwa chakaburitswa munaNovember 2013 chinopa kunzwisisa kwakadzama nezvebasa reEuropean Commission. Nekudaro, muBrussels, zvakajairika kuita kwevamiriri vebazi rezvemari kuraira Komisheni pamusoro pezvemutemo zviremera zvemakambani, mafoni ekutaurirana nezvekudzivirirwa kwedata, makambani ebhesi pane doro mutemo uye makambani eoyiri nezvekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze.
Chirevo chinoburitsa, semuenzaniso, kuti mapoka enyanzvi yeTaXUD anotarisira mutero anoumbwa ne80 muzana vamiriri vemakambani uye vatatu chete zvikamu zvishoma vamiririri vadiki nepakati uye vamiriri muzana vemubatanidzwa.
Pakati peEuropean Commission neEuropean Paramende kunopisa saka hondo yakanyarara pakati pekushoropodza vanoshora uye -befürwortern. MunaNovember, yakaoma MEPs inotungamira bhajeti ye2011 yemapoka ehunyanzvi aya, uye yakadaidzira iyo Commission kuti isimbise zvirevo zvina kana uchishandisa nyanzvi mapoka: hapana hutongi hwejekerere, hapana vamiririri sevapi vamazano vakazvimirira, kukoka pachena kuvhura chikamu uye kuzere pachena. Pepa rekuyera rakaburitswa mugore raitevera raive rakaipisisa.

Uori se fomu rakanyanyisa

Hurumende yeAustria yakagamuchira humbowo hwakakwana mushumo yekutanga pamusoro pehuori neEuropean Commission nekuda kwe "kuedza kwakajeka kurwisa huori". Semuenzaniso, rondedzero yacho inonyatsokoshesa shanduko yemutemo ichangoburwa (semuenzaniso, 2012 mutemo webato, 2012 mutemo wehuwori, 2013 lobby mutemo) uye basa reHurumende neEconomy Prosecutor's Office (WKStA) uye Federal Office for Combating Corruption (BAK). Saizvozvo, iyo Code yeZvibodzwa yevakuru vese veAustria, "Basa rakarara neni", pamwe nekuzvipira kweAustria kunhandare yepasi rose, vanopihwa kutaurwa kwakanaka, sekubatsira kwakasimba mukutanga International Corruption Academy IACA.
European Commission inoona panofanirwa kuitwa chiitiko nekuti ivo vanotsigira huwori veAustria veWKStA uye iyo BA vari pasi pemirairo yeGurukota rezvemitemo, vane mukana mudiki wekuwana ruzivo rwemari - chirevo chekuvanzika kwebhangi - pamwe nenyaya yekuti vanotaura nezvemari inowedzerwa yevashandi vehurumende nevashandi vakuru vehurumende. hapana kuongorora uye saka ruzivo rwenhema haruitwe mukutongwa.
Pasina kurerutsa kushoropodza uku, rondedzero yacho inomira mukupokana kwakajeka kune maonero eruzhinji munyika. Mushure mezvose, maererano neyekupedzisira kuongororwa kweEurobarometer kubva pagore 2013 66 muzana yeAustria vanofunga kuti huwori hwazara munyika yavo. Kunyangwe iyo yepakati yeEU yekuongorora iyi iri 76 muzana, mhedzisiro ichiri kunetsa. Ongororo imwe chete iyi yakawanawo kuti Austria ndiyo chete nyika muEU umo chikamu chakaverengeka chevanhu - vanoda kusvika chetatu - vanofunga kuti zviri pamutemo kuita zvakanaka kana kuita basa kumakurukota kuti adzorere vanhu basa. kupa chipo.

Kupatsanurwa kwemasimba: midhiya misiyano inopesana nekureruka kwemaonero

Zvichakadaro, vezvenhau vari kuteedzerawo mitemo yemusika uye, semhedzisiro, maitiro ezvehupfumi akasungwa maitiro. Nezve zvekunetseka nezvezvenhau, zvisinei, Austria imhosva yepasi rose. Hakuna imwe nyika yeEurope ndiko kusiyana kwemapepanhau ezuva nezuva kwakaderera senge muAustria. Ndichiri munyika ino huwandu hwemapepanhau emazuva ese e17 ari pamusika, iwo matanhatu matanhatu akakosha akavhara ruzhinji - kureva 93 muzana - yevaverengi. Chokwadi chekuti mapepanhau matanhatu aya ezuva nezuva anobva kune vatatu chete vanoburitsa dzimba - Mediaprint (Krone, Kurier), Styria (Kleine Zeitung, Die Presse, Wirtschaftsblatt) naFellner Medien GmbH (Austria) - zvimwe zvinonyadzisa maererano nesarudzo yesununguko.

"Kuti vagari vagadzire pfungwa yeruzhinji, pfungwa huru yakazvimirira yeruzhinji inodiwa."
Wolfgang Hasenhütl, Initiative Kuchengetedza Media uye Kuburitsa Kusiyana

Hapanogona kuve nemubvunzo wekusiyana kwemafungiro akapiwa aya mamiriro. Nekunetseka kwekusiyana-siyana kwenhau uye mafungiro muAustria, muparidzi Wolfgang Hasenhütl akagadzira danho rekuchengetedza midhiya nekuparadzira kusiyana muAustria mugore re2012. "Isu tine maonero ekuti Austria iri kuita runyararo-rwematongerwo enyika nekukuvara kwezvematongerwo enyika nekubatana uku kwemifungo." Kuitira kuti vagari vakwanise kuumba maonero evoruzhinji, mukana wakakura weruzhinji wakazvimiririra unodiwa, "akadaro Hasenhütl, mutauriri wechirongwa ichi.
Padanho reEuropean, maEuropean Alternatives, pani-European mubatanidzwa wevagari vanoshandira, uye Alliance Internationale de Journalistes vatora dingindira uye vanga vachishanda kubvira 2010 kuwana imwe European Initiative yeMedia Pluralism (EIMP). Zvinounza pamwe chete masangano, vezvenhau uye nyanzvi masangano kubva mhiri kweEurope nechinangwa chekusimudzira cheEuropean Citizens 'Initiative (ECI) inodaidzira kuiswa kwegwaro reEU musi we media media. Iyo nhanho ichiri kuda 860.000 masiginecha kuti ikwanise kuendesa chikumbiro cheEU kuendesa kuEuropean Commission, nekudaro kutanga chirongwa chekuita mutemo.

Rimwe dambudziko repakati reiyo media media ndeyekusimudzira kweupfumi kushambadzira kwevatengesi kushambadzira. Kubvira pakutengeswa kwenhau dzekudhinda, pamwe nemari yekutsikirira, chidimbu chidiki chemutengo chaiwo, kutsamira kwehupfumi pakutengesa kushambadzira kwakakura. Izvo zvisina kukodzera mhedzisiro zvinosanganisira zvakavanzika zvakavanzika kana chokwadi chekubika chinowanzowanzobva chete pazvinhu zvehupfumi uye kuderera. Nenzira iyi, mafungiro akaburitswa ari kuwedzera kutengeswa semaonero evoruzhinji. Panguva imwecheteyo, makambani nemasangano emabhizinesi ari kubata vatori venhau ne nzendo dzevatapi venhau, mota dzekuyedza kana yekushandira pamwe kwekupa. Rondedzero yekufarirwa ndeyakareba uye inosanganisira njodzi yakajeka yekukonana kwekufarira. Mutsetse pakati pePR nehunyori venhau kuri kuramba uchinyatso kusanzwisisika.
Kukosha kwenhepfenyuro mukushanda kwedemokrasi kwakaoma kusarerutsa. Kudzora pamusoro pemabasa emitumbi yenyika, semuenzaniso, rimwe rebasa ravo rakakosha. Nekudaro, ivo zvakare vanoita basa rakakosha mukuumba mafungiro ezvematongerwo enyika nekuita kuti nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemapoka akasiyana siyana dzive pachena uye kuratidza kutendeseka kwavo. Ivo vanogadzira ruzhinji uye ivo pachavo vatakuri vemaonero evoruzhinji.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, midhiya inonzwisa urombo nguva zhinji inotorwa nebumbiro. "Makurukota eAustria vanoshandisa mabhajeti ekushambadzira madhizaini avo musarudzo yekushambadza sarudzo, kushambadza mufananidzo wavo uye kuwana mukana pamusoro pemakwikwi ezvematongerwo enyika," akadaro mubatanidzwa wekusimudzira kweongororo yezvematongerwo enyika ne data. Iyo yekushambadzira bhajeti yemashumiro, nyika, makambani eruzhinji uye masisitimu anoshandiswa kune iyi mari kusvika kune 200 mamirioni euros pagore. Uye zvakare, iyo yakazara yekuburitswa kwevatori venhau 10,8 mamirioni, iyo yakagoverwa mu2013, ine mwero.
MuGerman, Federal Constitutional Court inoshevedza tsika iyi kuti "zvisinga bvumirane nekushambadzira mushandirapamwe", zvimwe nekuti kushambadzira mari mumakore esarudzo hunowedzera zvakanyanya, nekudaro kushandisa kwakasarudzika, kwakanaka uye kwehupfumi kwemari yeruzhinji hakubvumirwe.

Ukama hwekuvimba pakati pezvematongerwo enyika nevatori venhau hwakawedzera nenyaya yekuti muAustria mukuru wehurumende ane mutoro wekutanga wenhau. "Nzvimbo iyi yekupesvedzera kweanodaidzwa kuti Simba rechina haigone kuwanikwa mune chero imwe nzvimbo muEurope mune yakakwira zvakadaro." Kazhinji, dhipatimendi renhau rinowanikwa munzvimbo dzese dzese muhusungwa, "akadaro Wolfgang Hasenhütl, mutauriri wedanho rekuchengetedza vatori venhau uye kuburitsa kusiyana. Hazvifananidzi kuti kudiwa kukuru kwekutanga chirongwa chakawanda, chehupfumi chakazvimirira uye chisiri chakapindirana nenhau zvinobata nekuwirirana kwazvino kwevatapi venhau uye vezvematongerwo enyika uye vachishandira kuzvitonga kuzere.
Izvi zvese zviitiko zvinoda kuti kupatsanurane kutsva kwemasimba, kurongazve uye kusunungura hukama pakati pezvematongerwo enyika, bhizinesi nenhau. Kunetseka pamusoro pehukuru hwehupfumi pamusoro penzanga uye zvematongerwo enyika, zvisinei, iri rakanyanya, rakare kwazvo. Iyo yekutanga yehupfumi chiitiko chakaitika chakaita kuti vatungamiriri vemapunga vakaita seMontesquieu, Karl Marx, Karl Polanyi kana Carl Amery vachikura.

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