Direct Democracy: Nguva yakakwira yekusunungurwa kwegutsaruzhinji

Zvakadiniko nezve kukudziridzwa kwerusununguko muAustria? Ndedzipi sarudzo murume kana mukadzi dzaanofanira kunzwiwa? Inoitwa ichipa vhoti makore mashoma ega ega here? Ndozvose zvinopihwa demokrasi? Inokodzera izwi rekuti demokrasi - ndiko kuti, "kutonga kwevanhu"?

Ndichiri mumakore kubva ku2011 kusvika ku2013 - chenjera iwe munguva dzesarudzo - Nyanzvi, vezvenhau, matanho evagari pamwe nevezvematongerwo enyika vakatungamira hurukuro isingawanzo kuwanikwa yezvibereko uye yakatanga zvakanaka pakusimudzira uye kuwedzera demokrasi yakananga, gakava pamusoro penyika yerusununguko munyika ino yaita runyararo munguva pfupi yapfuura. Nekudaro, muhurongwa hwehurumende huripo, chete tsamba yekuda pakutanga 2014 inounza komisheni inokwikwidza muNational Council. Kuti haisati iripo, haifanire kutishamisa ikozvino.

"Mushure mekutonga kwehurumende, vanhu vanovhota vanoudzwa kuti kukanganisa kwavo kwavakaita ndiko kuda kwavo, nekuti vapa mavhoti kune mamwe mapato."
Erwin Mayer, mutauri we "mehr demokratie".

Chii chiri kunetsana nenhaurwa yakanangana negutsaruzhinji muAustria? Isu tinogara mune inoshanda demokrasi - handiti? Kusiyana nezvematongerwo enyika, bumbiro reAustria rine mazwi akajeka kwazvo. Chinyorwa 1 cheFederal Constitution chinoti: "Austria inzvimbo yegutsaruzhinji. Kodzero yavo inouya kubva kuvanhu. "Paunenge uchiongorora ongororo, zvisinei, pane kusava nechokwadi kwepamutemo. Kwehupenyu hwematongerwo enyika hunowanzo tarisa zvishoma. Iyo inoumbwa neve bato rezvematongerwo enyika, mune iro bato renzvimbo rinopihwa pekutanga pane zvakajairika. Zuva rega rega tinocherekedza kumanikidzwa kwechikwata, munhu mumwe nemumwe uye zvakakosha, vezvematongerwo enyika vatengi uye vezvemitemo vanokunda pamusoro pesarudzo. Sarudzo dzisati dzaitwa, munhu anoratidzwa nemapurogiramu ese ebato, zvisina kujeka mune zvematongerwo enyika, uye zvirevo zvekuratidzira. Mapurojekiti ezvematongerwo enyika anogona kufungidzirwa zvakanyanya. Mune mashoma mashoma apfuura munhu anodzidza concretely, zvinzvimbo izvo mapato anotora mushure mesarudzo. Chirongwa chekupedzisira chehurumende chinosungirirwa pasuwo rakavharwa. "Mushure mekutonga kwehurongwa hwehurumende, vavhoti vanoudzwa kuti kukanganisa kwavo kwavakaita ndiko kuda kwavo, nekuti vapa mavhoti kune mamwe mapato," akadaro Erwin Mayer, mutauriri wa "demokrasi yakawanda".
Iyo ndiyo inopinda mukati uye isingaenderani maitiro ezvematongerwo enyika ayo anotungamira kuwedzera kusabatana kwezvematongerwo enyika muAustria. Kana kuti ndezvekuita zvematongerwo enyika kusaziva?

Direct democracy: chishuwo chekutora chikamu

Kunyange vanhu vanovhota nguva nenguva vanowa uye mapato ezvematongerwo enyika asingakwanisi kutora nhengo nyowani, kuita kwehurumende kuri kuwedzera. Kunyangwe iri rezvematongerwo enyika, mitambo, nyaya dzemagariro kana tsika - vanhu vazhinji vanobatanidzwa pachena uye mahara. Ongororo ichangopfuura yenyika yose yekuzvipira mu2008 yakaratidza kuti 44 inopa chikamu che 15 yekuzvipira basa. Around 1,9 mamirioni maAustria ari mumakirabhu kana masangano - mushure mezvose, izvo zvinopfuura chikamu chimwe pazvitatu zvevana vezera re15.
Paramende Citizens 'Initiatives - iyo inobvumira vagari vemapoka seyavanhu ve500 kuti vafunge kuNational Council yemitemo yemubatanidzwa kana kusevenzwa kwemitemo iripo - yakawedzera ne 2000 muzana kubva pagore 250. Yakanyanya kuwedzera kubvira 1980er makore uye nhamba yereferendamu uye mareferendamu kune nyika uye nharaunda nharaunda. Masayendisiti ezvematongerwo enyika veAustria Sieglinde Rosenberger naGilg Seeber vanoti: "KuAustria, kubatana kwenzvimbo pakati pekusagadzikana kwebato, kuramba kudzoka uye kushandiswa kuri kuita kwezvekushandisa zvakananga-demokrasi kunogona kutaurwa." Mumakore gumi apfuura chete, gadziriro dzevagari gumi dzauya kuzotaura nezve budiriro yerusununguko. avo vakanyora akawanda mazano ekuchinja kuti aenderere mberi kusimudzira democracy yeAustria.

With zvematongerwo enyika?

Tichifunga nezve nhamba idzi, munhu haakwanise kuramba vanhu vacho kufarira zvematongerwo enyika. Asi, kuvimba nevezvematongerwo enyika kuri kushomeka. Semuenzaniso, kuongororwa kwakaitwa neSocial Science Study Society kwakaratidza kuti kuvimba kwevanhu muzvivakwa zvehurumende zvakaita sevatongi, mapurisa kana mubatanidzwa 2012 wakakwira zvishoma. Kune rimwe divi, 46 muzana yevakabvunzwa vese ve1.100 vakati vezvematongerwo enyika vakatadza kubata vagari uye 38 muzana vakagutsikana kuti zvaingoitirwa ivo chete. Ongororo yakafanana yakaitwa neAustria Society for Marketing (OGM) mugore re2013. 78 muzana ye500 vakapindura vakati vanovimba zvishoma kana kusavimba mune zvematongerwo enyika.

Inotungamira demokrasi muAustria?

Netsananguro, demokrasi yakananga muitiro kana hurongwa hwematongerwo umo huwandu hwevhoti huvhota zvakananga pamatongerwo enyika. Gertraud Diendorfer, Maneja Director we Democracy Democracy Vienna, inonzwisisa iyo Democracy Democracy se "yekuwedzera, kugadzirisa kana kudzora chirevo chevamiriri vehurmende:" Zviridzwa zveDemocracy zvakananga, izvo zvakaiswa muBumbiro, zvinobvumidza vagari uye kutora chikamu musarudzo, kunyangwe mune zvimwe zvinhu zvinokonzeresa mutemo kutora ".

Iyo chete yekudzora: Mhedzisiro yezvinyorwa zviridzwa zvehutongi hwakananga - sereferendamu kana referendamu - haina nzira inosungirwa uye nekudaro kana zvakatonyanya kunzwira tsitsi kweavo vanoita zvematongerwo enyika muNational Council. Cheteferendamu chete inotungamira kusarudzo zviri pamutemo zvevanhu. Zvisinei, National Council chete ndiyo inogona kusarudza kuti ichaita referendamu here kana kuti kwete. Zvido zvevagari vemo kana zvikumbiro, sezvakapihwa muMirau yeDanho reNational Council, zvinongogona kushandiswa kupa zvikumbiro zvechokwadi zvekurapa kuNational Council.

Tikanyatsoongorora, zvishandiso zvedu zvegutsaruzhinji zvinobva zvazoita kunge zvisina meno zvachose. Kuna Gerhard Schuster, mutauriri we "Stop sham democracy!" Initiative, parizvino hapana nzira yekuti referendamu dziitwe kana zvikumbiro zvakaunzwa kuNational Council kuburikidza nereferendamu zvisina kupasiswa muparamende.

Tichifunga nezve mikana isina kusimukira uye isina hanya yekuita ruzhinji, izvo mune zvakanyanyisa nyaya zvinotibvumidza kutaura kwedu kuda kune vanoita zvematongerwo enyika, hazvishamise kuti vangangoita makumi mashanu neshanu muzana vevaAustria vanogutsikana nemaitiro edemokrasi. Zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zviri kufarira kuwedzera hutongi hwejekerere, sekuratidzwa kweOGM “Democracy Report 55”.

Direct Democracy: Zviridzwa muAustria

chichemo bvumidza mugari kuti atange maitiro emutemo muparamende, asi zvinosuwisa kuti haina kusungwa. Ndosaka zvisingashamisi, saka, kuti shanu chete dze37 kukumbira kunoitwa kusvika zvino muAustria dzakabudirira mupfungwa yekuti ivo vakatungamira kune mutemo.

nemareferenda ndivo vekupedzisira danho rakananga rehutongi muAustria. Ivo vanoshandira kanzuru yenyika kuwana mafungiro ehuwandu. Kwete zvekare, nekuti kunyangwe mhedzisiro yereferendamu yakazvipira pasina. Kunyangwe zvichicherechedzwa kuti National Council haina kubvira yapfuura yakawanda mhedzisiro yereferendamu.

Chekupedzisira asi chisiri chidiki nemareferenda zvakatemwa kubva kumusoro. Vanotendera huwandu hwevanhu kuvhota zvakananga pabumbiro remitemo uye yemubatanidzwa, uye pano sarudzo yavo inosunga. Nekudaro, referendamu rinogona chete kuitwa pane gwaro rekunyorwa rakanyorwa kare. Asi kana bhiri riri nyore rakatowana ruzhinji muNational Council, maererano neVienna Democracy Center hazvitarisirwa kuti mavhoti akakwana anowanikwa angangodiwa kutanga referendamu.

Uye zvakare, iyo Mitemo yePasirose yeNational Council ichiri kuratidza Zvichemo uye zvirongwa zvevagari pamusoro. Nekubatsira kwezviridzwa izvi, maparamende (vanyori) uye vagari (zvirongwa zvevagari) vanogona kuendesa zvikumbiro zvakananga zvekurapwa.

More Direct democracy, asi sei?

Mubvunzo unosara, demokarasi yakananga ingashande nani? Austria ingararama sei zvinoenderana nenhaurwa yayo yebumbiro kuti mutemo unobva muvanhu zvechokwadi?
Nhamba zhinji dzevagari dzenyika dzakatozvipira kumubvunzo uyu, kunyora zvirevo zvekugadzirisa uye kuita zvakajeka nezvematongerwo enyika. Chaizvoizvo, pfungwa dzekufambisa mberi demokrasi dzinoisa pfungwa pazvinhu zviviri zvakakosha: Chekutanga, mareferendamu anofanirwa kuperekedzwa nereferendamu inosunga zviri pamutemo. Uye chechipiri, vagari vanofanirwa kubatsira mukuvandudza nekuumba mitemo.

Imwe nzira iyo Direct Democracy inogona kutaridzika sedanho "Mitemo yevanhu izvozvi!". Pamusoro pematanho matatu-nhanho maitiro, anosanganisira akakurumbira chirongwa, kuravidza uye referendamu.
Kusiyana neiyo iripo nzira yemutemo, vagari vane chaizvo sarudzo yekutora mutemo kana rairo yezvematongerwo enyika.
Pari kutariswa kwechinangwa chakakurumbira chiri pane iko kuiswa kwepfungwa, huwandu hwevanhu huri muchimiro chekuteedzera referendamu pane kukosha kwenzanga yechirongwa ichi.
Izvo zvipinganidzo zvinowanda zvakapihwa muchiitiko ichi zvinozadzisa chakakosha kusefa sheni: Matanho asiri mazhinji-anogonesa - ndiko kuti, tevera chete munhu mumwe kana zvinyaradzo zvido kana ari akanyanya tekinoroji, dambudziko re 300.000 siginecha harigadzi uye nekudaro "rinosvibiswa" ,

Vezvenhau vanoitawo basa rapakati muchikumbiro ichi, sezvo vachizofanira kuona kuburikidza nedare renhau kuti mumwedzi mitatu inotungamira kureferendamu hurukuro yemahara uye yakaenzana pane zvakanaka nezviitiko inoitika munhau.

Schuster anoona mukana wakakura weiyi inowirirana system mune mbiru mbiri dzemirairo, iyo, kunyangwe vachishanda pamwe, havana zvakadaro yakazvimirira yega yega. Kuda kwevanhu hakukwikwidzi neparamende, asi vanowedzera pamwe chete nechinhu chisipo pano chisina hanya: vanhu.

Kufunga kwemitemo yematanho matatu muAustria kubva ku "Mitemo yevanhu zvino!" Initiative

mukurumbira chirongwa (1 Chikamu) 30.000 Citizens (inopesana 100.000, iyo parizvino inoda referendamu) inopa gwaro rekunyorwa kana mutemo kuNational Council. National Council inopa zano pachirongwa ichi uye inofanirwa kutora vanhu vatatu vakatenderwa nevatsigiri vechirongwa ichi. Kana rikarambwa neNational Council, referendamu inogona kutangwa.

chichemo (2 nhanho) Pamberi pesvondo rekunyoresa, imba yega yega ichaziviswa neshoko rekukumbira. Kubva pa300.000 inotsigira referendamu iri kubudirira uye inotungamira kureferendamu. Anenge mwedzi mitatu pamberi pereferendamu, yakaenzana uye yakazara ruzivo uye kukurukura nezve zvakanaka uye zvakaipa zvinoitika munhau.

referendamu (3 danho) Ruzhinji runosarudza.

Direct Democracy - Mhedziso

Direct demokrasi haisi chete inopisa musoro muAustria. Semuenzaniso, mune iyo inonzi yaVenice Commission yeChunga reEurope, inotaurawo kuti huwandu hwepamusoro hwekutora chikamu nemaitiro zvinongoburitsa maitiro ekutaurirana chete zvinofanirwa kudzivirirwa musimboti. Zvakafanana nemafambisirwo esarudzo, vanhu vanovhota vanofanirwa zvakare kuona, mumavhoti echokwadi, kubatana kwakajeka pakati pekutora chikamu nemhedzisiro.

Nenzira iyi, izvo zvinofanirwa kuitika kuti huwandu hwevanhu huve hwakawanda kutaura uye nekushinga chimiro uye vabatane neramangwana ravo. Direct demokrasi nokudaro inotungamira kuve kwakanyanya kuve kwemhedzisiro yemhedzisiro yezvematongerwo enyika maitiro uye inowedzera kana kugadzira kuda kwekutsigira sarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika.

Photo / Video: Gernot Singer, nun, Option media.