Hondo: Takazvarwa tiri mhondi here?

Maonero ekuti hondo dzakatangira muhukasha hwevanhu - kana kuti varume - hwakapararira. Isu tinoti hondo "inoputika," sekutaura kwatinoita "gomo rinoputika" kana kuti "chirwere chinoputika." Saka hondo isimba remusikirwo here?

Sigmund Freud akati utsinye hwevanhu hwakakonzerwa nemasikirwo erufu. Akataura izvi, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, mutsamba yake yakakurumbira kuna Albert Einstein: "Sei hondo?“akatsanangura. Akanyora kuti: “Kusawirirana kwevanhu kunopedzwa nokushandisa simba. Ndizvo zvazvakaita mumhuka yose, iyo munhu asingafaniri kuzvibvisa pairi;’ mafungiro etsika uye kutya kwakarurama kwemigumisiro yehondo yomunguva yemberi, iyo ichagumisa hondo munguva yemberi inofanoona.

Akahwina Mubairo weNobel wekuAustria Konrad Lorenz akaisa dingindira rakafanana mu "Izvo Zvinonzi Zvakaipa"1, iye chete akazvimisira padzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka: Zvinoenderana ne "psychohydraulic energy model" yake, kana hukasha husina kugutsikana. inovaka yakawanda uye yakawanda, kusvikira kubuda kwechisimba kuchiitika. Mushure mekuputika uku, dhiraivha inogutsikana kwechinguva, asi inotanga kuvaka zvakare kusvikira kubuda kutsva kwaitika. Panguva imwecheteyo, vanhu vanewo chido chekuzvarwa nacho chekudzivirira nzvimbo yavo. Lorenz akakurudzira zviitiko zvemitambo yakawanda senzira yekunzvenga hondo. Izvi zvinogona kuderedza hasha nenzira ine mufungo munzanga.

Jane Goodall, uyo akapedza makore 15 achidzidza nezvechimpanzi munzvimbo yadzo yomusikirwo paRwizi Gombe muTanzania, akaona boka “rake” richikamukana pashure porufu rwomutungamiriri waro muma1970. Mukati mamakore mana, varume ve“Boka roKumaodzanyemba” vakauraya varume vose ve“Boka roKumaodzanyemba.” Jane Goodall akakatyamadzwa akadana hondo iyi.(2) Izvi zvakapa huni hutsva kukuona kwemuzvarirwo wemhondi uye nharaunda yomuzvarirwo.

Muna 1963, anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon akaburitsa mutengesi: "Yanomamö, vanhu vanotyisa"(3) nezve basa rake remumunda pakati pevanhu ava musango rinonaya mvura reAmazon. "Kutyisa" kunogona kushandurwa se "chisimba", "kurwa" kana "musango". Mhedziso yake huru yaive yekuti varume vakauraya vavengi vazhinji vaive nevakadzi vakawanda uye nekudaro vana vakawanda kupfuura vamwe, i.e. mukana wekushanduka-shanduka.

Tsananguro dzisina kukwana

Dzidziso dzose pamusoro pokuda kwomuzvarirwo kuhondo dzine mhosho. Havagoni kutsanangura kuti nei rimwe boka revanhu richirwisa rimwe boka pane imwe nguva uye nei risingaiti dzimwe nguva. Somuenzaniso, mazuva ano vanhu vakawanda vakakurira muAustria havasati vamborwa hondo.

Uyu ndiwo mubvunzo chaiwo uyo anthropologist inofanirwa kubata nawo Richard Brian Ferguson kubva kuRutgers University akapedza hupenyu hwake hwese hwedzidzo. Semudzidzi wepakoreji panguva yeHondo yeVietnam, akatanga kufarira midzi yehondo.

Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, akaongorora mushumo waChagnon une simba uye akaratidza, zvichibva pahuwandu hwaChagnon pachake, kuti varume vakanga vauraya vavengi vaiva, paavhareji, makore gumi okukura uye vakanga vangova nenguva yakawanda yokubereka vana. Nhoroondo, akakwanisa kuratidza kuti hondo dzeYanomamö dzaive nehukama nekuwana kwakasiyana kwemapoka akasiyana kune zvinhu zvekuMadokero, kunyanya machete senzira dzekugadzira uye pfuti sezvombo. Kune rimwe divi, izvi zvakakonzera kuvandudzwa kwekutengeserana mavari, asi zvakakonzerawo kurwiswa kwemapoka aive nemidziyo iyi yaitsvagwa. Mukuongorora kwenhoroondo yehondo chaidzo, Ferguson akawana kuti hondo, zvisinei nehunhu kana zvitendero zvaidzipembedza, dzakarwiwa apo vatongi vaitarisira kubatsirwa kwavari.

Kwemakore 20 apfuura, akaunganidza mashoko pamusoro penyaya dzose dzakashumwa dzoutsinye hunouraya hwechimpanzi. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, akaongororawo Jane Goodall's field notes. Iri rakava bhuku rakabudiswa gore rino: “Chimpanzees, War, and History: Are Men Born to Kill?” (5) Mariri anoratidza kuti nyaya dzokurwa kunouraya pakati pemapoka akasiyana dzine chokuita nokupindira kwevanhu. munzvimbo dzinogara machimpanzi, nepo kuuraya mumapoka kunokonzerwa nokusawirirana kwezvinzvimbo. 

Hondo chibereko chehurongwa hwakagadzirwa nevanhu, kwete hunhu hwevanhu

Muchitsauko chekupedzisira anotaura nezvechinyorwa chake chakaburitswa muna 2008 “.Zvibodzwa Gumi paHondo".(6) Izvi zvinopfupisa makore ake makumi maviri ekutsvakurudza pamusoro pehondo dzemarudzi evanhu, hondo dzenyika dzekutanga uye Hondo yeIraq. Heano maitiro akanyanya kukosha:

Rudzi rwedu haruna kugadzirirwa kurwa hondo

Zvisinei, vanhu vanokwanisa kudzidza uye kunyange kunakidzwa nokurwa.

Hondo haisi chikamu chisinganzvengeki chehupenyu hwedu hwemagariro

Hachisi chokwadi kuti vanhu vagara vachirwa hondo. Zvakawanikwa pakuchera matongo kubva kuzviuru zvemakore zvinoratidza kuti inguvai yehondo inooneka munzvimbo: misha yakakomberedzwa kana maguta, zvombo zvakagadzirirwa hondo, kuungana kwemaskeletal zvisaririra zvinoratidza kufa nechisimba, zvisaririra zvekupisa. Munzvimbo dzakawanda dzepasi pane data inoratidza mazana emakore kana mireniyamu pasina hondo. Zviratidzo zvehondo zvinoonekwa pamwe chete nemararamiro ekugara, nekuwedzera kuwanda kwevanhu (haugone kungodzivirira mumwe nemumwe), nekutengeserana kwezvinhu zvakakosha, nemapoka akapatsanurwa emagariro uye nekusagadzikana kwakanyanya kwezvipenyu. Siria, pakanga pane makore 15.000 apfuura, kusvika kumagumo ePaleolithic, "Natufians" yakagara pasi. Asi zviratidzo zvekutanga zvehondo zvakangoonekwa ikoko makore 5.000 XNUMX apfuura, mukutanga Bronze Age.

Sarudzo yekutanga hondo inoitwa kana vanoita sarudzo vachitarisira kubatsirwa kwairi

Hondo kuenderera mberi kwezvematongerwo enyika nedzimwe nzira. Kuti sarudzo yekuenda kuhondo inoitwa here kana kuti kwete zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro yemakakatanwa ezvematongerwo enyika emudzimba pakati pemapoka anobatsirwa nehondo - kana kuti vanotenda kuti vachabatsirikana nazvo - uye vamwe vanotarisira kuti hondo ichave isina kunaka. Iro rhetoric inoshandiswa kururamisa kukosha kwehondo inenge isingambofadzi zvido zvenyama asi kune tsika dzakakwirira: pfungwa pamusoro pezvinoumba vanhu, mabasa echitendero, kukumbira kwehugamba, nezvimwe zvakadaro. Zvishuvo zvinoshanda nezvinodikanwa nokudaro zvinochinjwa kuva maruramiro etsika nemitoro. Izvi zvinodikanwa kukurudzira varwi, masoja kana nhengo dzemauto kuuraya. Uye zvinodiwa kuti vanhu vagamuchire hondo. Asi kazhinji kudaidza hunhu hwepamusoro hakuna kukwana. Mauto masayendisiti akaratidza kuti kuwana varwi kuuraya kwakaoma kupfuura zvinowanzofungidzirwa (7). Ipapo varwi vanofanira kudzidziswa kupfurikidza nokurovedzwa kwoutsinye kuti vave michina yokurwa, kana zvikasadaro zvichaitika zvinodhaka yaiwanzoita kuti varwi vamhanye mupfuti dzemuchina ne "Hurrah".

Hondo inoumba nzanga

Hondo inochinja nzanga kuti ienderane nezvainoda. Hondo inotungamira mukuvandudzwa kwemauto akamira, inoumba masisitimu edzidzo - kubva kuSparta kuenda kuHitler Vechidiki -, inoumba tsika dzakakurumbira - mafirimu umo "vakanaka" vanoparadza "vakaipa", mitambo yemakomputa ine mazita akadai: " Call to Arms" , "Nyika yeMatangi" kana kungoti: "Hondo Yese" - hondo inosimbisa miganhu, inoshandura nzvimbo kuburikidza nedziviriro zvimiro, inosimudzira kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji nyowani, uye inopesvedzera bhajeti rehurumende uye hurongwa hwemitero. Kana nzanga yakajairana nezvinodiwa zvehondo, hondo inova nyore. Ehe, zvinova chinhu chinodiwa kana masangano aripo achizochengeta kupembedza kwavo. Chii chinonzi uto, shumiro yehondo, fekitori yematangi isina muvengi?

Mukukonana, vapikisi nevapikisi vanovakwa

Muhondo panofanira kuva nemutsetse wakajeka unopatsanura pakati pa“isu” na“ivo,” ukasadaro haungazive wokuuraya. Kashoma kuti hondo isanganise mapoka maviri agara aripo. Mibatanidzwa inoitwa, mibatanidzwa inogadzirwa. Iyo "isu" muHondo yeIraq yakanga isina kufanana ne "isu" muHondo yeAfghanistan. Mibatanidzwa inoparara uye itsva inoumba. Muvengi wanezuro anogona kuva mubatsiri wanhasi. Ferguson akagadzira izwi rekuti "Identerest" kutsanangura kupindirana kwekuzivikanwa uye zvaunofarira. Kuzivikanwa kworudzidziso, kwedzinza, kwourudzi kunoumbwa murwisano pamusoro pefariro: “Ani naani asiri pakati pedu anorwisana nesu!”

Vatungamiri vanofarira hondo nekuti hondo inoda vatungamiri

Hondo inoita kuti zvive nyore kuti vatungamiri vaunganidze "vanhu vavo" shure kwavo uye nokudaro vanokwanisa kuvadzora zviri nani. Izvi zvinoshandawo kumagandanga. Mapoka emagandanga anowanzo kurongeka zvakanyanya uye sarudzo dzinoitwa pamusoro. Vatungamiriri havazviputiki nokuzviuraya ivo pachavo, asi vanowana simba nezvakanaka zvinobva kune simba.

Rugare runopfuura kusavapo kwehondo

Saka isu takazvarwa tiri mhondi here? Aihwa. Nomuzvarirwo tinokwanisa chete kuva norugare sezvatinoita masimba masimba. Makore 300.000 XNUMX ayo Homo Sapiens akararama pasi pano pasina hondo anopupurira izvi. Humbowo hwekuchera matongo hunoratidza kuti hondo dzave chigarire kubva pakatanga nyika dzekutanga. Hunhu, pasina zvazvinoreva, vakagadzira masisitimu anoenderana nemakwikwi uye kusundira kuwedzera. Iyo kambani isingakure ichaenda pasi nekukurumidza kana gare gare. Simba guru risingawedzere misika yaro harigari simba guru kwenguva refu.

Rugare runopfuura kusavapo kwehondo. Runyararo rune masimba arwo. Runyararo runoda maitiro akasiyana emaitiro uye mamwe masangano emagariro nezvematongerwo enyika. Runyararo runoda hurongwa hunokurudzira kuenzana uye kuramba mhirizhonga senzira yekuguma. Runyararo runoda masisitimu pamatanho ese enzanga asina kuvakirwa pamakwikwi. Ipapo kuchavawo kunobvira kwatiri isu vanhu kurarama upenyu hwedu hworugare panzvimbo pouyo wedu wakada hondo. (Martin Auer, Mbudzi 10.11.2023, XNUMX)

Mashoko omuzasi

1 Lorenz, Konrad (1983): Izvo zvinonzi zvakaipa, Munich, German paperback muparidzi

2 Goodall, Jane (1986): The Chimpanzi of Gombe: Maitiro eKuzvibata. Boston, Belknap Press yeHarvard University Press.

3 Chagnon, Napoleon (1968): Yanomamö: The Fierce People (Case Studies in Culture anthropology). New York, : Holt.

4 Ferguson, Brian R. (1995): Yanomami Warfare: A Political History. Santa Fe, New Mexico: Chikoro cheAmerican Research Press,.

5 Ferguson, Brian R. (2023): Chimpanzi, Hondo uye Nhoroondo. Varume Vanoberekerwa Kuuraya? Oxford: Oxford University Press.

6 Ferguson, Brian R. (2008): Pfungwa Gumi paHondo. Mu: Social Analysis 52 (2). DOI: 10.3167/sa.2008.520203.

7 Fry, Douglas P, (2012): Hupenyu husina Hondo. Mu: Sainzi 336, 6083: 879-884.