Mhuka, zvirimwa nefungi zvinokwanisa kuenderana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze?

naAnja Marie Westram

Mhuka dzinodya dzinozvidzivirira pazvikara nekushandisa mavara akajeka. Hove dzinogona kufamba nekukurumidza mumvura nekuda kwechimiro chadzo chakareba. Zvirimwa zvinoshandisa zvinonhuwira kukwezva zvipembenene zvinomera: kuchinjika kwezvisikwa zvipenyu kune zvakatipoteredza zviri kwese. Kuchinja kwakadaro kunotemerwa mumajini echipenyu uye kunomuka kuburikidza nekushanduka-shanduka kwezvizvarwa - kusiyana nemafambiro mazhinji, semuenzaniso, haangofurirwa nenharaunda mukati mehupenyu. Nzvimbo inokurumidza kuchinja saka inotungamirira ku "maladaptation". Physiology, ruvara kana chimiro chemuviri chinenge chisisagadziriswe kune zvakatipoteredza, kuitira kuti kubereka uye kurarama zvakanyanya kuoma, huwandu hwevanhu hunodzikira uye huwandu hwevanhu hunogona kutofa.

Kuwedzera kunoitwa nevanhu mumagasi egreenhouse ari muchadenga kuri kuchinja mhoteredzo munzira dzakawanda. Izvi zvinoreva here kuti vanhu vazhinji havachagadzirisiki uye vachatsakatika? Kana kuti zvipenyu zvinogonawo kujairana nekuchinja uku? Saka, nekufamba kwezvizvarwa zvishoma, mhuka, zvinomera uye howa zvichabuda izvo zviri nani kugona kurarama nazvo, semuenzaniso, kupisa, kusanaya kwemvura, acidization yegungwa kana kuderedzwa kweaizi yemvura yemvura uye saka vanogona kurarama nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze zvakanaka?

Zvisikwa zvinotevera mamiriro ekunze azvakatojaira uye zvinotsakatika munzvimbo iyi

Muchokwadi, kuyedza kwemurabhoritari kwakaratidza kuti huwandu hwemamwe marudzi hunogona kuenderana nekuchinja kwemamiriro ezvinhu: mukuyedza kuVetmeduni Vienna, semuenzaniso, nhunzi dzemichero dzakakandira mazai akawanda mushure meanopfuura zvizvarwa zve100 (kwete nguva refu, sezvo nhunzi dzemichero dzichiberekana. nekukurumidza) pasi pekudziya kwekudziya uye akange achinja metabolism yavo (Barghi et al., 2019). Mune kumwe kuyedza, mhashu dzakakwanisa kuchinjika kune yakawanda acidic mvura (Bitter et al., 2019). Uye chinoratidzika sei muzvisikwa? Ikoko, zvakare, vamwe vanhu vanoratidza humbowo hwekuenderana nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Chirevo cheBasa Boka II reIPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) inopfupisa mhedzisiro iyi uye inosimbisa kuti mapatani aya akawanikwa zvakanyanya muzvipembenene, izvo, semuenzaniso, zvinotanga "nguva yechando" yavo gare gare sechigadziriso chenguva refu yezhizha (Pörtner). nevamwe, 2022).

Nehurombo, zvidzidzo zvesainzi zvinowedzera kuratidza kuti (yakakwana) shanduko yekuchinja kune dambudziko remamiriro ekunze ingangove yakasarudzika pane mutemo. Nzvimbo dzekugovera dzemarudzi akawanda dziri kuchinjika kuenda kunzvimbo dzakakwirira kana kumatanda, sezvakapfupikiswa mushumo weIPCC (Pörtner et al., 2022). Mhuka dzacho naizvozvo “dzinotevera” mamiriro okunze adzinenge dzatojaira. Vanhu vemunharaunda vari pamucheto unodziya wehuwandu kazhinji havachinjike asi vanotama kana kufa. Chidzidzo chinoratidza, semuenzaniso, kuti 47% ye976 yemhuka nemhando yemiti yakaongororwa ine (ichangopfuura) vanhu vakatsakatika pamucheto unodziya weiyo tambo (Wiens, 2016). Zvisikwa izvo shanduko yakakwana munzvimbo yekugovera haigoneke - semuenzaniso nekuti kugovera kwavo kunogumira kumadziva ega kana zvitsuwa - inogona zvakare kufa zvachose. Imwe yemhando dzekutanga dzakaratidza kuti dzakatsakatika nekuda kwedambudziko remamiriro ekunze ndeye Bramble Cay mosaic-tailed rat: yakangowanikwa pachitsuwa chidiki muGreat Barrier Reef uye haina kukwanisa kudzivirira mafashama anodzokororwa uye shanduko yezvinomera zvine chekuita nemamiriro ekunze. (Waller et al., 2017).

Kune marudzi mazhinji, kugadzirisa kwakakwana hakugoneki

Mangani ezvipenyu achakwanisa kuenderana zvakakwana nekuwedzera kudziya kwepasi uye acidification yegungwa uye kuti ingani ichatsakatika (munzvimbo) haigone kufanotaurwa chaizvo. Kune rimwe divi, mamiriro ekunze emamiriro ekunze pachawo ari pasi pekusagadzikana uye kazhinji haagone kuitwa pachiyero chidiki chakaringana. Nekune rumwe rutivi, kuitira kufanotaura nezvehuwandu kana zvipenyu, munhu anofanirwa kuyera kusiyana kwayo kwemajini kunoenderana nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze - uye izvi zvakaoma kunyangwe nekudhura kweDNA kutevedzana kana kuedza kwakaoma. Nekudaro, isu tinoziva kubva kune evolutionary biology kuti kukwana kuchinjika hakugoneke kune vanhu vazhinji:

• Kukurumidza kugadzirisa kunoda genetic kusiyana. Nezvedambudziko remamiriro ekunze, kusiyana kwemajini kunoreva kuti vanhu vari muhuwandu hwepakutanga, semuenzaniso, vanorarama zvakasiyana nekupisa kwakanyanya nekuda kwekusiyana kwemajini. Chete kana kusiyana uku kuripo kunogona kuita kuti vanhu vanodziya-vakagadziridzwa vawedzere muhuwandu panguva yekudziya. Kusiyana kwemajini kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakawanda - semuenzaniso huwandu hwevanhu. Mhuka dzine humiro hwemusikirwo hunosanganisira nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzemamiriro ekunze dzine pundutso: misiyano yemajini kubva kune yagara inodziya-yakajairana nevanhu inogona "kutakurwa" kunzvimbo dzinodziya uye kubatsira vanhu vanotonhora vanorarama. Nekune rumwe rutivi, kana shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ichitungamira kune mamiriro ayo pasina huwandu hwemhando yezvipenyu husati hwachinjirwa, kazhinji kacho hapana kukwana kwakakosha genetic kusiyana - izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvinoitika mudambudziko remamiriro ekunze, kunyanya kumucheto kunodziya kwenzvimbo dzekugovera. Pörtner et al., 2022).
• Kugadzirisa nharaunda kwakaoma. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze pachayo kunowanzo kukonzeresa zvakawanda zvinodiwa (kuchinja kwetembiricha, kunaya kwemvura, kuwanda kwedutu, kuvharwa kwechando…). Kune zvakare mhedzisiro isina kunanga: mamiriro ekunze anokanganisawo mamwe marudzi eecosystem, semuenzaniso pakuwanikwa kwezvirimwa zvefodya kana huwandu hwezvikara. Semuenzaniso, miti yakawanda yemiti haisi kungotarisana nekusanaya kukuru, asiwo kune mamwe bark beetles, sezvo iyo yekupedzisira inobatsirwa nekudziya uye inobereka zvizvarwa zvakawanda pagore. Miti inenge yatopera simba inoiswa pasi pekuwedzera kuomerwa. MuAustria, semuenzaniso, izvi zvinobata spruce (Netherer et al., 2019). Kuwanda kwezvinetso zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoparirwa nedambudziko remamiriro ekunze, ndiko kusanyanya kubudirira kugadzirisa.
• Mamiriro ekunze ari kushanduka nekukasika nekuda kwesimba revanhu. Kugadziriswa kwakawanda kwatinoona muchisikirwo kwakaitika pamusoro pezviuru kana mamirioni ezvizvarwa - mamiriro ekunze, kune rumwe rutivi, ari kuchinja zvakanyanya mukati memakumi mashoma emakore. Muzvipenyu zvine nguva yechizvarwa chipfupi (kureva kuberekana nekukurumidza), shanduko inoitika nekukurumidza. Izvi zvinogona kutsanangura kuti sei kuchinjika kune anthropogenic mamiriro ekunze kwagara kuchiwanikwa muzvipembenene. Mukupesana, marudzi makuru, anokura zvishoma nezvishoma, akadai semiti, anowanzotora makore akawanda kuti abereke. Izvi zvinoita kuti zviome zvikuru kufambirana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.
• Kuchinjira hakurevi kupona. Vagari vanogona kunge vakajairana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kune imwe nhanho - semuenzaniso, vanogona kurarama mafungu ekupisa zvirinani nhasi pane kusati kwaitika shanduko yemaindasitiri - pasina izvi zvigadziriso zvakakwana kuti vararame mukudziya kwe1,5, 2 kana 3 ° C mukufamba kwenguva. Pamusoro pezvo, zvakakosha kuti kushanduka kwekushanduka-shanduka nguva dzose kunoreva kuti vanhu vasina kunyatsogadziriswa vane vana vashoma kana kufa vasina vana. Kana izvi zvikabata vanhu vakawandisa, vanopona vanogona kuchinjika zviri nani - asi huwandu hwevanhu hunogona kuramba huchidzikira zvekuti hunofa nekukurumidza.
• Dzimwe shanduko kwezvakatipoteredza hazvibvumiri kugadzirisa nekukurumidza. Kana nzvimbo yekugara ichichinja zvakanyanya, kuchinjika hazvigoneke. Hove dzakawanda hadzigoni kujairana noupenyu hwomudhamu rakaoma, uye mhuka dzomunyika hadzigoni kurarama kana nzvimbo yadzo ikazara nemvura.
• Dambudziko remamiriro ekunze inongova imwe yetyisidziro dzakawanda. Kugadzirisa kunowedzera kuoma kana vanhu vashoma, nzvimbo inoparadzana, uye kuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza kunoitika panguva imwe chete (ona pamusoro). Vanhu vari kuita kuti zvigadziriswe zvinyanye kuoma kuburikidza nekuvhima, kuparadza pekugara uye kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.

Chii chingaitwa pamusoro pokutsakatika?

Chii chinogona kuitwa kana pasina tariro yokuti marudzi mazhinji achachinja nenzira inobudirira? Kutsakatika kwevagari venzvimbo hakuzodzivirike - asi zvishoma matanho akasiyana anogona kurwisa kurasikirwa kwemarudzi ese uye kuderera kwenzvimbo dzekugovera (Pörtner et al., 2022). Nzvimbo dzakadzivirirwa dzakakosha kuchengetedza mhando kwadzinogadziridzwa zvakanaka uye kuchengetedza iripo genetic kusiyana. Izvo zvakakoshawo kubatanidza huwandu hwakasiyana hwemhando kuitira kuti inodziya-yakagadziridzwa genetic musiyano inogona kupararira nyore. Nechinangwa ichi, "makoridho" echisikigo ari kutangwa anobatanidza nzvimbo dzekugara dzakakodzera. Iri rinogona kunge riri ruzhowa runobatanidza nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemiti kana nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa munzvimbo yekurima. Nzira yekushingairira kutakura vanhu kubva munzvimbo dzinenge dzichityisidzirwa kuenda kunzvimbo (semuenzaniso kunzvimbo dzakakwirira kana dzakakwirira) uko vanogadziridzwa zviri nani inotoita nharo.

Zvisinei, migumisiro yezviyero izvi zvose haigoni kunyatsofungidzirwa. Kunyange zvazvo vachigona kubatsira kuchengetedza vanhu vega uye marudzi ose, mhuka imwe neimwe inopindura zvakasiyana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Mitsara inoshanduka nenzira dzakasiyana uye mhando dzinosangana mumisanganiswa mitsva. Kudyidzana kwakadai sengetani dzechikafu kunogona kuchinja zvakanyanya uye zvisingatarisirwi. Nzira yakanakisa yekuchengetedza zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana uye mabhenefiti ayo akakosha kune vanhu mukutarisana nedambudziko remamiriro ekunze ichiri kunyatso uye nekukurumidza kurwisa dambudziko remamiriro ekunze pacharo.

mabhuku

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