Malingaliro achiwembu: kuchokera kuzopanda pake mpaka kutsimikiziridwa

Momwe ziphunzitso zachiwembu zopanda nzeru zimabwerera ndipo bwanji sizili zopanda pake. Ziwembu zambiri zitha kuwululidwa - koma zambiri sizinakhale ndi zotulukapo zenizeni.

Chisangalalo mu Unduna wa Zachilungamo ku Austria mkatikati mwa Seputembala: Minister Alma Zadić ndi nthumwi zina zaboma zikuwopsezedwa kuti aphedwa. Pambuyo pake, maunyolowo amadina pazaka 68. Pasanapite nthawi zinawonekeratu kuti mwamunayo, wosankhidwa ndi katswiri wazamisala monga wamisala komanso wamisala, ndiwopanga chiwembu. Zochitika zikuchitikanso pakulankhula zachidani, chifukwa chatsamba lazotsutsana lomwe lakhala likukopa chidwi kwanthawi yayitali ndizosankhana komanso zodana nawo. Kulengeza kwa mwamunayo: "Kusintha kwadongosolo" kuli pafupi.

Malingaliro achiwembu: Maphunziro & Kupatula Zinthu

Kukhulupirira malingaliro achiwembu kuli ponseponse - ndipo ochepa akuwoneka kuti ali pachiwopsezo. Akatswiri a zamaganizo amanena kuti Jan Willem van Prooijen ochokera ku University of Amsterdam mu kafukufuku. "Ochepa ambiri pamavuto amakumana ndi zovuta zenizeni monga kusankhana, kusalidwa kapena mavuto azachuma", zimatsimikizira zama psychologist. "Komabe, mavutowa akuwoneka kuti akupangitsa kukhulupirira ziphunzitso zosagwirizana ndi chiwembu." Mfundo yayikulu ya kafukufukuyu: Anthu omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba samakhulupirira nthawi zambiri kuposa anthu omwe ali ndi maphunziro ochepa m'malingaliro okonza chiwembu. Ndipo pali zinthu zitatu makamaka: kukhulupirira mayankho osavuta pamavuto ovuta, kumverera kopanda mphamvu komanso gulu logonjera. Prooijen akumaliza kuti "ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa maphunziro ndi zikhulupiriro za chiwembu sungachepetsedwe kukhala njira imodzi, koma ndi zotsatira za kulumikizana kovuta kwamalingaliro angapo okhudzana ndi maphunziro."

Kuganiza Kwama TV: Chifukwa Chachiwembu?

Kafukufuku wina wopatsa chidwi wa akatswiri amisala kuzungulira Sebastian Dieguez a University of Freiburg adasanthula chodabwitsa cha "nkhani zabodza". Kodi nchifukwa ninji awa amakhulupirira ngakhale? Yankho la ofufuzawo ndi "kulingalira zamaganizidwe". Malinga ndi a Dieguez, anthu omwe amakonda malingaliro achiwembu amaganiza kuti chilichonse chimachitika pazifukwa ndipo chimakhala ndi cholinga chapamwamba. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale maziko ofanana pakulenga zinthu, kukhulupirira kuti dziko lidapangidwa ndi Mulungu.

Wotsiriza, mwa njira, afalikira, makamaka ku USA. Pakafukufuku wa Elaine Howard Ecklund kuchokera ku Rice University ku Texas, pafupifupi 90% mwa anthu opitilira 10.000 adati, m'malingaliro awo, Mulungu kapena mphamvu ina yayikulu ndiyomwe idayambitsa chilengedwe, dziko lapansi ndi munthu. Pafupifupi 9,5% ya aku America ndiomwe amatsimikiza kuti malo ndi munthu adakhalapo popanda mulungu kapena mphamvu ina iliyonse. Ndipo ngakhale pakati pa asayansi pafupifupi 600 mwa omwe anafunsidwawo, ndi mmodzi yekha mwa asanu amene amakayikira zoti zinthu zinachita kulengedwa.

Ma social network syndrome (SNS) & malingaliro achiwembu

Zomwe gulu lathu likuwopseza kulowa mchisokonezo ndipo ngakhale mademokalase padziko lonse lapansi akuwopsezedwa, chikalatacho "vutoli"- ndiyofunika kuwona ndipo pakadali pano pa Netflix - mpaka pansi. Ndipo ili ndi chipembedzo chofanana: malo ochezera a pa intaneti ngati Facebook ndi "thovu" lawo lomwe limapangidwa ndi ma algorithms. Kumapeto kwake, onse ogwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa intaneti komanso makina osakira omwe atukuka kwambiri atha kupezeka: Mumapatsidwa zolemba zomwe zingakhale zanuzanu. Zilibe kanthu kuti zomwe akunenazi ndi zowona kapena kuti ndi "zabodza". Zowopsa apa ndi izi: ngati mumakonda malingaliro achiwembu, mwachitsanzo, mudzadzazidwa nawo chifukwa chazomwe mumakonda. Zosintha zazing'ono pamakhalidwe zimawonedwa tsiku lililonse.

Zodabwitsazi zidalibe dzina, timazitcha "social network syndrome" (SNS). Chifukwa, ndipo izi zimawerengedwa kuti zatsimikizika: Kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa intaneti kuli ndi zovuta zina zomwe zidagwirizana ndi chithunzi chachipatala: machitidwe osokoneza bongo, kusintha kwamakhalidwe, kudzidalira, kudzimvera chisoni, ndi ena ambiri. Kuwonjezeka kwa kudzipha kumayambanso chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti.

Ogwiritsa ntchito ali ndi mlandu pang'ono, chifukwa amangofuna kutionetsa otsatsa ambiri momwe angathere ndikupeza ndalama. Ngakhale zili choncho, vuto lamawebusayiti awo ndi mabiliyoniyoni ngati Mark Zuckerberg mozindikira kwambiri. Koma ngati mungafune, ndichifukwa cha mtundu wamabizinesi awa. Mulimonsemo, chowonadi nchakuti anthu ambiri sakuchita bwino.

Ndipo apa tafika mbali ina yofunikira, malamulo, omwe kulibe. Apa pamafunika kubwezera kuti opanga malamulo padziko lonse lapansi amachita makamaka ndi ndale zatsiku ndi tsiku komanso malamulo azokambirana makamaka chifukwa cha ukalamba samvetsetsa konse dziko latsopanoli. Intaneti yonse komanso kuchuluka komwe sikungathe kusamutsidwa kwa ochezera a pa Intaneti sikulembedwa konse. Ngakhale mankhwala omwe amachititsa mavuto omwewo amakhala ataletsedwa kale. Kuyang'ana dala pakukonda kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kuti azibwerera ndikudya zotsatsa, komabe, zagwera kale m'malo ophwanya malamulo.

Ziwembu zenizeni

Kupatula pa funso loti ndani amakonda kukhulupirira zomwe sanatsimikizire - zopanda pake kapena zenizeni - funso lofunika kwambiri limadza chifukwa chake zilipo, malingaliro achiwembu. Yankho lomveka bwino la izi mwina ndi ili: Chifukwa ziwembu zimakhalapodi - ndipo zilipobe mpaka pano. Izi ndi mbiri yakale.
Malinga ndi malingaliro aku Austrian, a Nkhani ya Ibiza ya FPÖ Monga chitsanzo chaposachedwa, maudindo osankhidwa mwa demokalase adapereka mwayi wopereka mapangano a mamiliyoni osinthana ndi zopereka kuchokera kumaphwando pamsonkhano wachinsinsi. Inde, kuyerekezera kuti ndi wosalakwa kumagwiranso ntchito.

Chiwembu chankhondo yaku Iraq

Anzathu akunja ali osiyana kwambiri. USA itha kufotokozedwa ngati malo achitetezo achiwembu enieni. Choyambirira komanso chofunikira kwambiri mwamabungwe akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi, kuzungulira nkhondo yaku Iraq kuyambira 2003 komanso zida zankhondo zakupha. Chifukwa cha whistleblower waku Britain Katharine Gun, zikalata zimatsimikizira kuti achitetezo achinsinsi ku US NSA adatolera zidziwitso pogwiritsa ntchito ma waya osaloledwa kuti aphe mamembala asanu ndi limodzi ovota a United Nations kuti avomereze nkhondo yankhondo yosaloledwa ya US yolimbana ndi Iraq. Ndipo: Chifukwa chenicheni cha nkhondoyi, zida zoganiza kuti ziwononga anthu ambiri, kulibe. Zotsatira zachiwembu chovumbulutsidwa ichi: palibe. Omwe adazunzidwa ku Iraq, akuwerengedwa kuti mpaka 600.000 adamwalira kumapeto kwa ntchitoyi ku 2011.

Chiwembu ndi chiyani?

Koma pali zina zambiri. Mawu osakira: kukakamiza. Poganizira zobisika zaboma, kusoweka poyera komanso kukhala chete, kodi "misonkhano mwamwayi" pakati pazandale ndi bizinesi ndiyonso yovomerezeka? Kwina konse, Option amafotokoza zakayesedwe kake ndi makampani ena motsutsana ndi ndale zomwe zimayikidwa m'mabotolo apulasitiki ogulitsa ku Austria. Kodi chimenecho ndiye chiwembu kale?

Malingaliro achiwembu & "Anti-Mafia Paragraph"

Chiwembu ndi mgwirizano wachinsinsi wa anthu angapo kuti uwononge ena, malinga ndi tanthauzo lonse. Mawu akuti chiwembu sapezeka m'makhothi achi Austria. Koma pali zomwe zimatchedwa "anti-mafia ndime" § 278 StGB yokhudza mabungwe amilandu, yomwe yakhala ikudzudzulidwa kangapo: "Aliyense amene amphwanya malamulo kapena kutenga nawo mbali pazochita zawo ngati gawo la zomwe akuchita popereka chidziwitso kapena katundu kapena zina zokhudzana ndi chidziwitso chomwe potero amalimbikitsa bungweli kapena zachiwawa zake. "

Zochita za mabungwe "okangalika" okhudzana ndi ufulu wa nyama ndi omwe amachititsa kuti pakhale lamuloli. Titha kunena monyodola kuti "gawo lotsutsa-mafia" limakhudzanso chipani chilichonse chandale. Koma ngakhale gulu lolimbana ndi zida za nyukiliya lomwe limagwira ndi Hainburger Au kumapeto kwa ma 70 likadakhala ndi mavuto azamalamulo lero. Osanenapo zomwe zachitika mgululikupanduka kotheratu“Ndi mademo a mipando omwe sanatchulidwe komanso kusokoneza mwadala magalimoto. Chomwe tikudziwa ndichakuti: "anti-mafia ndima" ndi njira yolepheretsa zoyeserera zaboma. Chiwembu chandale, ngati mungafune.

Zotsimikizika zakale
Pakhala pali ziwembu nthawi zonse; amawerengedwa kuti ndi anthropological. Tasonkhanitsa ziwembu zofunika kwambiri zolembedwa m'mbiri:

kufa Chiwembu cha Catilinarian San Senator Lucius Sergius Catilina adalephera mu 63 BC. BC, yomwe amafuna kuti alande mphamvu ku Republic of Roma. Chiwembucho chimadziwika bwino pazolankhula za Cicero motsutsana ndi mbiri yakale ya Catilina ndi Sallust "De coniuratione Catilinae".

Julius Caesar adabadwa pa Marichi 15, 44 BC. Anaphedwa ndi gulu la maseneta ozungulira Marcus Iunius Brutus ndi Gaius Cassius Longinus okhala ndi ziboda 23 panthawi yamsonkhano wa senate pabwalo la Pompeius. Pafupifupi anthu 60 adachita izi.

kufa Chiwembu cha Pazzi Sizinali zokhazokha pakati pa Florentine patriciate kugwetsa banja lolamulira la a Medici ngati olamulira a Tuscany kudzera pakuphedwa kwa mutu wawo Lorenzo il Magnifico ndi mchimwene wake komanso Giuliano di Piero de 'Medici. Kuyesera kuphedwa kunachitika pa Epulo 26, 1478, koma Giuliano de 'Medici yekha ndiye adakumana nawo.

Das Kuyesera kupha Abraham Lincoln madzulo a Epulo 14, 1865 anali mbali ya chiwembu chotsutsana ndi mamembala angapo aboma la US komanso kuyesa koyamba kupha purezidenti wa US. Woyipayo anali wochita seweroli John Wilkes Booth, wotsatira wachipembedzo wa Confederation. Anawombera Purezidenti pamutu ndi mfuti pamasewera ku Ford's Theatre ku Washington, DC. Booth anaphedwa patatha masiku angapo atakana kukamangidwa. Omwe adamupangira chiwembu pambuyo pake adaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe ndikuphedwa mu Julayi 1865.

pamene Kuyesera kupha ku Sarajevo Pa Juni 28, 1914, wolowa m'malo pampando wachifumu ku Austria-Hungary Archduke Franz Ferdinand ndi mkazi wake a Sophie Chotek, a Duchess aku Hohenberg, adaphedwa ndi a Gavrilo Princip, membala wa gulu ladziko laku Serbia Mlada Bosna (Young Bosnia), paulendo wawo ku Sarajevo. Kuyesera kupha anthu mumzinda wa Bosnia komwe bungwe lachinsinsi la Serbia "Black Hand" linayambitsa mavuto a July, omwe pamapeto pake adayambitsa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse.

kuposa Chisokonezo chachikulu cha tram yaku America Ndilo dzina lomwe lidaperekedwa pakuwonongeka kwadongosolo la mayendedwe apamtunda m'mizinda 45 ku United States motsogozedwa ndiopanga wamkulu wamagalimoto ku United States, General Motors (GM), kuyambira ma 1930 mpaka 1960. Makampani onyamula katundu adagulidwa kuti akwaniritse njira za tram mokomera magalimoto kuti magalimoto ndi zinthu zomwe amapanga zitha kugulitsidwa.

kuposa Nkhani yam'madzi m'modzi akufotokozera, malinga ndi tanthauzo la Congress of the United States, mwachidule mndandanda wonse wazinthu "zoyipitsitsa zaulamuliro waboma" zomwe zidachitika panthawi ya Purezidenti wa Republican Richard Nixon pakati pa 1969 ndi 1974. Kuwululidwa kwa nkhanza izi ku USA kudakulitsanso mavuto azachuma pa andale omwe adayambitsidwa ndi Nkhondo ya Vietnam ndipo pamapeto pake zidadzetsa mavuto azamalamulo. Pachimake pazomwe nthawi zina zinali zochititsa chidwi ndi kusiya ntchito kwa Nixon pa Ogasiti 9, 1974.

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