Mapulani a Lucas: ma turbine amphepo ndi mapampu otentha m'malo mopanga zida S4F PA

ndi Martin Auer

Pafupifupi zaka 50 zapitazo, ogwira ntchito ku British conglomerate Lucas Aerospace adalemba ndondomeko yatsatanetsatane yosinthira kuchoka pakupanga zankhondo kupita kuzinthu zokomera nyengo, zachilengedwe komanso zokomera anthu. Iwo ankafuna ufulu "ntchito zothandiza anthu". Chitsanzocho chikuwonetsa kuti kayendetsedwe ka nyengo kungathe kufikira ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale osagwirizana ndi nyengo.

Gulu lathu limapanga zinthu zambiri zomwe zimawononga chilengedwe komanso anthu. Zitsanzo zodziwika bwino ndi injini zoyaka, zinthu zambiri zamapulasitiki kapena mankhwala omwe ali muzinthu zambiri zoyeretsera ndi zodzikongoletsera. Zinthu zina zimapangidwa m'njira zowononga chilengedwe, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochokera kumafuta oyaka mafuta kuti zipangidwe, kapena potulutsa utsi wotulutsa utsi, zimbudzi kapena zinyalala zolimba m'chilengedwe. Zogulitsa zina zimangopangidwa mochulukira, tangoganizani zamafashoni othamanga ndi zinthu zina zotayira ndi zinthu zonse kuyambira pa laputopu mpaka masiketi omwe amatha kukhala nthawi yayitali ngati sanapangidwe kuyambira pachiyambi kuti zisagwire ntchito mwachangu kapena kusweka (izi ndi amatchedwa kutha kwadongosolo). Kapena lingalirani za zinthu zaulimi zimene zimawononga chilengedwe zikapangidwa ndi zovulaza thanzi zikadyedwa (mopambanitsa), monga ngati unyinji wa nyama zochokera m’mafakitale kapena zinthu za m’mafakitale a fodya.

Koma ntchito zimadalira zinthu zonsezi. Ndipo ndalama zimene anthu ambiri amapeza zimadalira ntchito zimenezi komanso ndalama zimenezi kuti akhale ndi moyo wabwino komanso wa mabanja awo.

Ogwira ntchito ambiri angafune kukhala ndi zonena zambiri kuti apangitse kampani yawo kukhala yokonda zachilengedwe komanso kucheza

Anthu ambiri amawona kuopsa kwa ngozi ya nyengo ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, ambiri amadziwanso kuti ntchito yawo siili yokhudzana ndi nyengo komanso zachilengedwe. Malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa wa antchito a 2.000 ku US komanso ambiri ku UK, magawo awiri mwa atatu mwa omwe adafunsidwa akuganiza kuti kampani yomwe amagwira ntchito "sikuchita khama lokwanira kuthana ndi zovuta zachilengedwe komanso zachikhalidwe". 45% (UK) ndi 39% (US) amakhulupirira kuti oyang'anira apamwamba alibe chidwi ndi nkhawazi ndipo amangofuna phindu lawo. Ambiri angakonde kugwira ntchito pakampani yomwe "imathandizira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi" ndipo pafupifupi theka lingaganize zosintha ntchito ngati zikhulupiriro za kampaniyo sizikugwirizana ndi zomwe amakonda. Mwa omwe ali ndi zaka zosakwana 40, pafupifupi theka lingapereke ndalama kuti achite izi, ndipo magawo awiri pa atatu aliwonse akufuna kukhala ndi mphamvu zambiri kuti awone mabizinesi awo "akusintha kukhala abwino"1.

Kodi mungasunge bwanji ntchito panthawi yamavuto?

"Lucas Plan" yodziwika bwino imapereka chitsanzo cha momwe antchito angayesere kuwonetsa mphamvu zawo m'njira yokhazikika.

M’zaka za m’ma 1970, makampani a ku Britain anali pavuto lalikulu. Pankhani ya zokolola ndipo motero kupikisana, idagwera kumbuyo kwa mayiko ena opanga mafakitale. Makampani adachitapo kanthu ndi njira zowongolera, kuphatikiza makampani ndi kuchotsedwa ntchito kwaunyinji.2 Ogwira ntchito pakampani yonyamula zida ya Lucas Aerospace adadziwonanso kuti ali pachiwopsezo ndi funde lalikulu la kuchotsedwa ntchito. Kumbali ina, izi zinali zokhudzana ndi vuto lalikulu la mafakitale ndipo, kumbali ina, kuti boma la Labor pa nthawiyo likukonzekera kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo. Lucas Aerospace adapanga zida zamakampani akuluakulu oyendetsa ndege ku UK. Kampaniyo inapanga pafupifupi theka la malonda ake m'gulu la asilikali. Kuyambira 1970 mpaka 1975, Lucas Aerospace adadula ntchito 5.000 mwa 18.000 yoyambirira, ndipo antchito ambiri adasowa ntchito pafupifupi usiku umodzi.3

Oyang'anira m'masitolo amagwirizana

Poyang'anizana ndi zovutazi, oyang'anira masitolo a malo 13 opanga zinthu adakhazikitsa Komiti Yophatikiza. Mawu oti "oyang'anira sitolo" angatanthauzidwe momveka bwino ngati "mabungwe a ntchito". Oyang'anira masitolo aku Britain analibe chitetezo pakuchotsedwa ntchito ndipo analibe ufulu wokhazikitsidwa kuti athe kunena pakampani. Iwo anasankhidwa mwachindunji ndi anzawo ndipo anali ndi udindo mwachindunji kwa iwo. Athanso kuvoteledwa nthawi iliyonse ndi anthu ambiri. Iwo adayimira anzawo ku ma manejala ndi mabungwe. Oyang'anira sitolo sanali omangidwa ndi malangizo a mabungwe, koma amawayimira kwa anzawo ndikutolera ndalama za umembala, mwachitsanzo.4

Chomwe chinali chachilendo pa Lucas Combine chinali chakuti adasonkhanitsa ogwira ntchito m'masitolo a ogwira ntchito aluso komanso osaphunzira, komanso oyang'anira masitolo a omanga ndi okonza mapulani, omwe adapangidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana.

M’ndondomeko yake yachisankho chisanafike chaka cha 1974, chipani cha Labor Party chinali ndi cholinga chochepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo. The Lucas Combine adalandira cholinga ichi, ngakhale zikutanthauza kuti mapulojekiti a Lucas Aerospace omwe akupitilira anali pachiwopsezo. Mapulani aboma adangolimbitsa chikhumbo cha ogwira ntchito ku Lucas chopanga zinthu za anthu wamba m'malo mwake. Pamene Labor idabwerera ku boma mu February 1974, a Combine adalimbikitsa kulimbikitsana kwawo ndipo adapeza msonkhano ndi Mlembi wa Makampani Tony Benn, yemwe adachita chidwi kwambiri ndi zotsutsana zawo. Komabe, chipani cha Labor chinkafuna kupititsa patsogolo makampani oyendetsa ndege. Ogwira ntchito a Lucas anali okayikira za izi. Boma siliyenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro pakupanga, koma ogwira ntchito okha.5

Kuwerengera kwa chidziwitso, luso ndi zida mu kampani

M'modzi mwa oyang'anira masitolo anali mainjiniya opangira Mike Cooley (1934-2020). M’buku lake lakuti Architect or Bee? The Human Price of Technology,” akutero, “tinalemba kalata yofotokoza mwatsatanetsatane kuchuluka kwa anthu ogwira ntchito potengera zaka komanso luso, zida zamakina, zida ndi ma laboratories omwe tinali nawo, limodzi ndi ogwira ntchito zasayansi ndi luso lawo lopanga. ” Kalatayo inatumizidwa kwa akuluakulu 180 otsogola, mabungwe, mayunivesite, mabungwe ndi mabungwe ena omwe anali atalankhulapo kale pankhani ya kugwiritsa ntchito bwino luso laukadaulo, akufunsa kuti: “Kodi ogwira ntchito okhala ndi luso ndi zida izi angachite chiyani, m’chifuniro cha anthu onse?” Ndi anayi okha amene anayankha.6

Tiyenera kufunsa ogwira ntchito

"Kenako tidachita zomwe tidayenera kuchita kuyambira pachiyambi: tidafunsa ogwira nawo ntchito zomwe akuganiza kuti akuyenera kupanga." Pochita izi, ofunsidwa sayenera kuganizira udindo wawo monga opanga komanso ogula. Lingaliro la pulojekitiyi linatengedwa kumalo opangira anthu omwe amagulitsa masitolo ndi kuperekedwa kwa ogwira ntchito mu "kuphunzitsa" ndi misonkhano yambiri.

Pasanathe milungu inayi, malingaliro a 150 adaperekedwa ndi ogwira ntchito ku Lucas. Malingaliro awa adawunikidwa ndipo ena adapanga mapulani omanga, kuwerengera mtengo ndi phindu komanso ma prototypes. Mu Januwale 1976, Pulogalamu ya Lucas Plan inaperekedwa kwa anthu. Nyuzipepala ya Financial Times inafotokoza kuti ndi imodzi mwa "ndondomeko zowonongeka kwambiri zomwe antchito adapangirapo kampani yawo."7

Dongosolo

Dongosololi linali ndi mavoliyumu asanu ndi limodzi, aliwonse pafupifupi masamba 200. The Lucas Combine ankafuna kusakaniza mankhwala: zinthu zomwe zingapangidwe mu nthawi yochepa kwambiri komanso zomwe zimafuna chitukuko cha nthawi yaitali. Zogulitsa zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Global North (ndiye: "metropolis") ndi zomwe zingasinthidwe ndi zosowa za Global South (ndiye: "dziko lachitatu"). Ndipo potsiriza, payenera kukhala kusakaniza kwa zinthu zomwe zingakhale zopindulitsa malinga ndi ndondomeko ya msika wa msika ndi zomwe sizingakhale zopindulitsa koma zingakhale zopindulitsa kwambiri kwa anthu.8

Zamankhwala

Ngakhale Lucas Plan isanachitike, antchito a Lucas adapanga "Hobcart" kwa ana omwe ali ndi vuto la msana, vuto lobadwa nalo la msana. Lingaliro linali lakuti njinga ya olumala ipangitsa ana kukhala osiyana ndi ena onse. Hobcart, yomwe inkawoneka ngati ngolo, imayenera kuwalola kuti azisewera molingana ndi anzawo. Australia Spina Bifida Association inkafuna kuyitanitsa 2.000 mwa izi, koma Lucas anakana kuti malondawo akwaniritsidwe. Kumanga kwa Hobcart kunali kophweka kotero kuti pambuyo pake kukhoza kupangidwa ndi achinyamata m'ndende ya ana, ndi phindu lowonjezera la kudziwitsa anthu za ntchito yopindulitsa pokhumudwitsa achinyamata.9

Malingaliro ena a konkriti pazamankhwala anali: njira yothandizira moyo kwa anthu omwe adwala matenda a mtima, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kulumikiza nthawi mpaka kukafika kuchipatala, kapena makina opangira dialysis kunyumba kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la impso, omwe. amalola kupita ku chipatala kangapo pa sabata. Panthawiyo, Great Britain inalibe makina opangira dialysis, malinga ndi Cooley, anthu 3.000 amamwalira chaka chilichonse chifukwa cha izi. M'dera la Birmingham, adalemba kuti, simungapeze malo ku chipatala cha dialysis ngati muli ndi zaka zosachepera 15 kapena kupitirira 45.10 Wothandizira wa Lucas adapanga makina a dialysis apachipatala omwe amawonedwa kuti ndi abwino kwambiri ku Britain.11 Lucas ankafuna kugulitsa kampaniyo ku kampani ya ku Switzerland, koma ogwira ntchito analetsa izi poopseza kuti ayambe kunyalanyazidwa ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo akuitana aphungu ena. Mapulani a Lucas adafuna kuti achuluke 40% pamakina opanga makina a dialysis. "Tikuganiza kuti ndizochititsa manyazi kuti anthu amwalira chifukwa alibe makina a dialysis omwe ali nawo, pomwe omwe amatha kupanga makinawa ali pachiwopsezo chosowa ntchito."12

Mphamvu zopangidwanso

Gulu lalikulu lazinthu zokhudzidwa ndi machitidwe a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa. Chidziwitso cha aerodynamic kuchokera kupanga ndege chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga ma turbine amphepo. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapanelo adzuwa yapangidwa ndikuyesedwa m'nyumba yopanda mphamvu ndi wopanga Clive Latimer. Nyumbayi inakonzedwa kuti imangidwe ndi eni ake enieni mothandizidwa ndi antchito aluso.13 Mu projekiti yogwirizana ndi Milton Keynes Council, mapampu otentha apangidwa ndipo ma prototypes adayikidwa m'nyumba zina za khonsoloyo. Mapampu otentha amayendetsedwa mwachindunji ndi gasi wachilengedwe m'malo mwa magetsi opangidwa ndi gasi, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mphamvu ziziyenda bwino.14

sayenda

M'dera la kuyenda, ogwira ntchito a Lucas adapanga injini yosakanizidwa yamafuta ndi magetsi. Mfundo (yomwe, mwa njira, idapangidwa ndi Ferdinand Porsche mmbuyo mu 1902): injini yaying'ono yoyaka yomwe ikuyenda pa liwiro labwino kwambiri imapereka injini yamagetsi ndi magetsi. Zotsatira zake, mafuta amayenera kuchepetsedwa pang'ono poyerekeza ndi injini yoyatsira ndipo mabatire ang'onoang'ono angafunike kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito galimoto yamagetsi yokha. Chojambula chinamangidwa ndikuyesedwa bwino ku Queen Mary College, London, kotala la zana Toyota isanayambitse Prius.15

Ntchito ina inali basi yomwe inkatha kugwiritsa ntchito njanji komanso misewu. Mawilo a rabala ankaithandiza kukwera mokwera kwambiri kusiyana ndi locomotive yokhala ndi mawilo achitsulo. Izi ziyenera kupangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kusintha njanji kuti zigwirizane ndi malo m'malo modutsa m'mapiri ndi kutsekereza zigwa zokhala ndi milatho. Zingapangitsenso kukhala zotsika mtengo kupanga njanji zatsopano ku Global South. Mawilo ang'onoang'ono okha omwe amawongolera zitsulo amasunga galimotoyo panjanji. Izi zitha kuchotsedwa galimoto ikachoka panjanji kupita kumsewu. Chitsanzo chinayesedwa bwino pa East Kent Railway.16

Anapeza Chidziwitso Chachete

Cholinga chinanso chinali zida za "telechiric", mwachitsanzo, zida zoyendetsedwa ndi kutali zomwe zimasamutsa kusuntha kwa dzanja la munthu kupita ku grippers. Mwachitsanzo, ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza pansi pa madzi kuti achepetse ngozi za ogwira ntchito. Kupanga loboti yogwira ntchito zambiri pa ntchitoyi kunali kosatheka. Kuzindikira mutu wopindika wa hexagonal, kusankha wrench yoyenera ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yoyenera kumafuna kupanga mapulogalamu ambiri. Koma wantchito waluso angachite ntchito imeneyi “popanda kuiganizira.” Cooley adachitcha kuti "chidziwitso chachinsinsi." Omwe adakhudzidwa ndi Lucas Plan analinso okhudzidwa ndi kusunga chidziwitso ichi kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito m'malo mochichotsa kudzera mu digito.17

Zogulitsa ku Global South

Pulojekiti yamakina amagetsi ozungulira kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ku Global South inali yofananira ndi momwe amaganizira antchito a Lucas. "Pakadali pano, malonda athu ndi mayikowa ndi a neo-koloni," adatero Cooley. "Timayesetsa kuyambitsa mitundu yaukadaulo yomwe imawapangitsa kuti azidalira ife." Makina ozungulira magetsi ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta osiyanasiyana, kuchokera kumitengo kupita ku gasi wa methane. Iyenera kukhala ndi bokosi la gear lapadera lomwe limalola kuthamanga kosiyanasiyana: pa liwiro lalikulu limatha kuyendetsa jenereta kuti liwunikire usiku, pa liwiro lotsika limatha kuyendetsa makina opangira ma pneumatic kapena zida zonyamulira, komanso pa liwiro lotsika kwambiri. yendetsa mpope wothirira . Zigawozo zidapangidwira moyo wautumiki wazaka 20, ndipo bukuli lidapangidwa kuti lithandizire ogwiritsa ntchito kudzikonza okha.18

Kodi zothandiza pazagulu ndi chiyani?

Ogwira ntchito a Lucas sanapereke tanthauzo lamaphunziro la "ntchito zothandiza anthu," koma malingaliro awo amasiyana kwambiri ndi oyang'anira. Oyang'anira adalemba kuti "singavomereze kuti ndege za [sic], zaboma ndi zankhondo, siziyenera kukhala zothandiza pagulu. Ndege zapachiweniweni zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita bizinesi ndi zosangalatsa, ndipo ndikofunikira kusamalira ndege zankhondo kuti ziteteze. (…) Tikulimbikira kuti [sic] zonse za Lucas Aerospace ndizothandiza pagulu. ”19

Mawu a antchito a Lucas, kumbali ina, anali: "Opanda bomba kapena sitampu, ingotembenuzani!"20

Zina mwazinthu zofunikira pagulu zidawonekera:

• Kapangidwe, magwiridwe antchito ndi zotsatira za zinthuzo ziyenera kumveka bwino momwe zingathere.
• Ayenera kukhala okonzeka, osavuta komanso olimba momwe angathere komanso opangidwa kuti azikhala nthawi yayitali.
• Kupanga, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukonza kuyenera kupulumutsa mphamvu, kupulumutsa chuma komanso kukhazikika kwachilengedwe.
• Kupangaku kuyenera kulimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa anthu monga opanga ndi ogula, komanso mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko ndi mayiko.
• Zogulitsa ziyenera kukhala zothandiza kwa anthu ochepa komanso ovutika.
• Zogulitsa za "Third World" (Global South) ziyenera kupangitsa maubwenzi ofanana.
• Zogulitsa ziyenera kuperekedwa pamtengo wogwiritsa ntchito m'malo mosinthanitsa ndi mtengo wake.
• Popanga, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukonza, chidwi sichiyenera kuperekedwa kokha ku luso lapamwamba kwambiri, komanso kusunga ndi kupititsa patsogolo luso ndi chidziwitso.

Utsogoleri ukukana

Kumbali imodzi, Mapulani a Lucas analephera chifukwa cha kukana kwa oyang'anira kampani komanso kukana kwawo kuzindikira Komiti Yophatikizana ngati ogwirizana nawo. Oyang'anira kampaniyo anakana kupanga mapampu otentha chifukwa sanali opindulitsa. Ndipamene ogwira ntchito ku Lucas adamva kuti kampaniyo idatumiza kampani yofunsira ku America kuti ipange lipoti, ndipo lipotilo linanena kuti msika wa mapampu otentha omwe panthawiyo anali European Union udzakhala £ 1980 biliyoni pofika kumapeto kwa XNUMXs. "Choncho Lucas anali wokonzeka kusiya msika woterewu kuti awonetsere kuti Lucas, ndi Lucas yekha, ayenera kusankha zomwe zinapangidwa, momwe zinapangidwira, komanso zomwe zinapangidwira."21

Thandizo la Union likusakanikirana

Thandizo la mgwirizano wa UK kwa Combine linali losakanikirana kwambiri. Bungwe la Transport Workers Union (TGWU) linathandizira ndondomekoyi. Poganizira za kuchepa kwa ndalama zomwe zikuyembekezeka, adalimbikitsa oyang'anira masitolo m'makampani ena kuti atenge malingaliro a pulani ya Lucas. Ngakhale chitaganya chachikulu kwambiri, Trade Union Congress (TUC), poyambirira idasainira thandizo, mabungwe ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono adawona kuti Combine idasiya ufulu wawo woyimira. Bungwe lokhala ndi malo ambiri, lamagulu osiyanasiyana monga Combine silinagwirizane ndi magawo ogawanika a mabungwe ndi magawo ndi malo. Cholepheretsa chachikulu chinali malingaliro a Confederation of Shipbuilding and Engineering Unions (CSEU), omwe adaumirira kuwongolera kulumikizana konse pakati pa ochita malonda ndi akuluakulu aboma. Bungwe la Confederation linkawona ntchito yake ngati kusunga ntchito, mosasamala kanthu za malonda.

Boma lili ndi zokonda zina

Boma la Labor palokha linkakonda kwambiri utsogoleri wa Britain pamakampani opanga zida zankhondo kuposa kupanga zina. Ntchito itagonjetsedwa ndipo Margaret Thatcher's Conservative Party adatenga mphamvu, chiyembekezo cha ndondomekoyi chinalibe.22

Cholowa cha Lucas Plan

Komabe, Mapulani a Lucas adasiya cholowa chomwe chikukambidwabe mumtendere, chilengedwe ndi kayendetsedwe ka ntchito masiku ano. Dongosololi linalimbikitsanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa Center for Alternative Industrial and Technological Systems (CAITS) ku Northeast London Polytechnic (tsopano University of North East London) ndi Unit for Development of Alternative Products (UDAP) ku Coventry Polytechnic. Mike Cooley, m'modzi mwa oyang'anira shopu oyendetsa galimoto, adalandira mphotho ya ".Mphoto yabwino ya moyo' (wotchedwanso 'Alternative Nobel Prize').23 M'chaka chomwecho adathetsedwa ndi Lucas Aerospace. Monga Director of Technology ku Greater London Enterprise Board, adatha kupititsa patsogolo ukadaulo wokhazikika pakati pa anthu.

Movie: Kodi palibe amene akufuna kudziwa?

Mu 1978 Open University, yunivesite yayikulu kwambiri ku Great Britain, idapereka zolembedwa zamakanema "Kodi palibe amene akufuna kudziwa?", momwe oyang'anira masitolo, mainjiniya, ogwira ntchito aluso ndi opanda luso amanena: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pgQqfpub-c

Zopanga zachilengedwe komanso zokomera anthu zitha kupangidwa pamodzi ndi antchito

Chitsanzo cha Lucas Plan chiyenera kulimbikitsa kayendetsedwe ka chilungamo kwa nyengo kuti alankhule ndi ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale "osakonda nyengo" makamaka m'mafakitale. Lipoti lapadera la APCC "Structures for a Climate-friendly life" limati: "Kusintha kwa ntchito zopezera ntchito kuti mukhale ndi moyo wokonda nyengo kungathe kuthandizidwa ndi kutenga nawo mbali mwakhama kwa ogwira ntchito mothandizidwa ndi ntchito ndi ndale komanso zogwirizana ndi nyengo. - moyo wochezeka".24

Zinali zoonekeratu kwa ogwira ntchito a Lucas kuyambira pachiyambi kuti dongosolo lawo silingasinthe dziko lonse la mafakitale ku Britain: "Zolinga zathu ndizowonjezereka kwambiri: tikufuna kutsutsa malingaliro oyambirira a gulu lathu pang'ono ndikuchitapo kanthu pang'ono pa izo. mwa kusonyeza kuti ogwira ntchito ali ofunitsitsa kumenyera ufulu wogwira ntchito pa zinthu zimene zimathetsadi mavuto a anthu, m’malo mozipanga okha.”25

Quellen

Cooley, Mike (1987): Womanga kapena Bee? Mtengo wa Umunthu wa Technology. London.

APCC (2023): Chidule cha ochita zisankho Mu: Lipoti Lapadera: Mapangidwe a moyo wogwirizana ndi nyengo. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Spectrum. Pa intaneti: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4225480

Löw-Beer, Peter (1981): Makampani ndi Chimwemwe: Ndondomeko ina ya Lucas Aerospace. Ndi chopereka cha Alfred Sohn-Rethel: malingaliro opanga motsutsana ndi ndale za kugawa. Berlin.

Mc Loughlin, Keith (2017): Kupanga kothandiza pagulu lachitetezo: komiti yophatikiza ya Lucas Aerospace ndi boma la Labor, 1974-1979. Mu: Contemporary British History 31 (4), tsamba 524-545. DOI: 10.1080/13619462.2017.1401470.

Mzere wa dole kapena ntchito zothandiza? Mu: New Scientist, vol 67, 3.7.1975:10-12.

Salesbury, Brian (oJ): Nkhani ya Lucas Plan. https://lucasplan.org.uk/story-of-the-lucas-plan/

Wainwright, Hilary / Elliot, Dave (2018 [1982]): Ndondomeko ya Lucas: Mgwirizano watsopano wamalonda pakupanga? nottingham

Malo: Christian Plas
Chithunzi chachikuto: Worcester Radical Films

Mawu a M'munsi

1 2023 Net Positive Employee Barometer: https://www.paulpolman.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/MC_Paul-Polman_Net-Positive-Employee-Barometer_Final_web.pdf

2 Löw-Beer 1981: 20-25

3 McLoughlin 2017: 4th

4 Löw-Beer 1981: 34

5 McLoughlin 2017: 6

6 Cooley 1987:118

7 Financial Times, January 23.1.1976, XNUMX, yogwidwa mawu kuchokera https://notesfrombelow.org/article/bringing-back-the-lucas-plan

8 Cooley 1987:119

9 New Scientist 1975, vol 67:11.

10 Cooley 1987: 127.

11 Wainwright/Elliot 2018:40.

12 Wainwright/Elliot 2018: 101.

13 Cooley 1987:121

14 Cooley 1982: 121-122

15 Cooley 1987: 122-124.

16 Cooley 1987: 126-127

17 Cooley 1987: 128-129

18 Cooley 1987: 126-127

19 Löw-Beer 1981: 120

20 McLoughlin 2017: 10th

21 Cooley 1987:140

22 McLoughlin 2017: 11-14

23 Salesbury ndi

24 ACCC 2023: 17.

25 Lucas Aerospace Combine Plan, yotengedwa kuchokera ku Löw-Beer (1982): 104