Veronika Janyrova
Mawu oti mphamvu sakukhala ndi nthawi yake pakadali pano. Monga lamulo, mphamvu yamphamvu imalumikizidwa ndi zonyansa, zopanda pake komanso zonyansa. Koma ndi theka lokha la nkhaniyi. Mphamvu ikhoza kumvekanso monga njira yopangira kapena kusokeretsa chinthu.
Kuyesera kwa Stanford
Kuyesa kwamalingaliro kuyambira chaka cha 1971, momwe maubwenzi amagetsi mndende adapangidwira, akuwonetsa chidwi chaumunthu chofuna kupatsa ena mphamvu. Ofufuzawo adasankha ndalamayo ngati munthu woyeserera ndi woteteza kapena wamndende. Masewerawa amasewera, ochita nawo masewerowa (omwe amayesedwa kuti akhale amisala ndi thanzi) adakhazikika pokhapokha kukhala alonda omwe amakhala ndi mphamvu zamagetsi komanso akaidi ogonjera. Pambuyo pozunzidwa pang'ono, kuyesako kunayimiranso. Pakadali pano, amajambulidwa kangapo.
Mukamayang'ana pafupi, mphamvu - kwa anthu amphamvu komanso zopanda mphamvu - zitha kumveka. Monga lamulo, anthu amadzipereka mwakufuna kwawo pokhapokha ngati alandiranso chilichonse chamtengo wapatali. Izi zitha kukhala zachitetezo, chitetezo, ndalama zokhazikika, komanso zowongolera. Nthawi yomweyo, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kungakhale chinthu chabwino. M'buku lake "The Psychology of Power", katswiri wazamisala ndi kasitomala Michael Schmitz amayesera kufikira pansi pomwe kasitomala amafuna mphamvu ndikuyamba kunena kuti: "Mphamvu imadzidyetsa yokha. Imalimbitsa kudziphatikiza ndi kudzidalira. Zimapereka ulemu, kuzindikira, otsatira ".
Ngakhale katswiri wodziwika wamaganizidwe Susan Fiske wa ku yunivesite ya Princeton atha kulimbikitsa kufunafuna ulamuliro moyenera: "Mphamvu zimawonjezera ufulu waumwini kuchitapo kanthu, kukakamiza komanso osachepera ulemu wokhala nawo pagulu." Pakadali pano, zabwino kwambiri.
Chowonadi china ndichakuti anthu omwe ali ndi maudindo amakonda kuchuluka kwambiri, amatenga zoopsa, komanso amanyalanyaza malingaliro ena ndi anthu ena. Mosiyana ndi njira zomwe akatswiri azamisala amagwiritsa ntchito, panthawi ina akuwoneka kuti akugwirizana: mphamvu zimasintha umunthu wamunthu.
"Ndikuganiza kuti olamulira ayenera kumva kuti alibe mphamvu, koma kuti adapatsidwa ndi ena (kudzera zisankho) ndipo atha kusiyidwa (pakuvota)."
Kudabwitsa kwamphamvu
Malinga ndi katswiri wodziwika bwino wamaganizoko Dacher Keltner wa University of Berkeley, kudziwa mphamvu kumatha kufotokozedwa ngati njira yomwe "wina atsegula chigaza ndikuchotsa gawo lomwe ndilofunikira makamaka pakumvera chisoni komanso kuchitira ena zabwino." M'buku lake "The Paradox yamphamvu "iye akutembenuzira Machiavellian wathu, chithunzi cholakwika champhamvu pamutu pake ndikufotokozera chodabwitsa chomwe chayamba kulowa psychology yachilendo monga" chida champhamvu ". Malinga ndi Keltner, munthu amapeza mphamvu makamaka kudzera munzeru komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu. Koma mphamvu zikamakula, munthu amataya zinthu zomwe wapeza mphamvu. Malinga ndi a Keltner, mphamvu si kukhoza kuchita mwankhanza komanso mwankhanza, koma kuchitira ena zabwino. Lingaliro losangalatsa.
Mulimonsemo, mphamvu ndi mphamvu yosadziwika yomwe ingachititse munthu kupenga misala kwambiri. Onjezani pazinthu zina, monga kufalikira kwa chisalungamo, manyazi ndi kutaya chiyembekezo, kuphatikiza gulu lonse. Mwachitsanzo, a Hitler kapena a Stalin, omwe ali ndi ena omwe adazunzidwa ndi 50 kapena 20 miliyoni, adationetsera motere.
M'malo mwake, dziko lathuli lakhala lakale ndipo lili ndi zida zambiri zandale. Ndipo osati ku Africa kokha, Middle East kapena Middle East. Mbiri yaku Europe ilinso ndi zambiri zomwe zingaperekedwe pano. Tonse tonse timayiwala mokondwa kuti mawonekedwe andale ku Europe mu gawo loyamba la 20. M'zaka za zana la 20, olamulira mwankhanza ankakhala osadzimana chifukwa chodzipulumutsa okha ndipo ankachotserana nkhanza zawo. Ganizirani za Romania (Ceausescu), Spain (Franco), Greece (Ioannidis), Italy (Mussolini), Estonia (Pats), Lithuania (Smetona) kapena Portugal (Salazar). Zakuti lero polumikizana ndi Purezidenti wa Belarussian Lukashenko amakonda kulankhula za "wolamulira mwankhanza wotsiriza ku Europe", ngakhale kudzutsa chiyembekezo chochepa pamaso pa izi.
Udindo kapena mwayi?
Koma kodi mphamvu zochulukirachulukira, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimalepheretsa anthu, zimathetsedwa bwanji? Ndi ziti zomwe zimapangitsa ngati mphamvu imawonedwa ngati udindo kapena mwayi wopindulitsa nokha?
Katswiri wa zamaganizidwe a Annika Scholl aku University of Tübingen akhala akufufuza funsoli kwakanthawi, atchulapo zinthu zitatu izi: "Kaya mphamvu zimamvedwa ngati udindo kapena mwayi zimatengera chikhalidwe, munthu komanso makamaka momwe zinthu ziliri." (onani bokosi lazidziwitso) Chidziwitso chosangalatsa ndichakuti "m'mitundu yachizungu, anthu amamvetsetsa mphamvu osati mwayi, osati udindo m'malo azikhalidwe zaku Far East," akutero Scholl.
Kukhazikitsa, kuwongolera & kuwonekera poyera
Kaya mphamvu zimapangitsa anthu kukhala abwino (ndizotheka!) Kapena asintha kukhala oyipitsitsa, koma zimangotengera umunthu wake. Zilinso zosafunika kwenikweni ndi mikhalidwe yomwe wolamulira amachita. Wotchuka komanso wotsimikiza wa lingaliro ili ndi Phil Zimbardo, pulofesa wodziwika bwino wama psychology ku American Stanford University. Ndi mayesero ake odziwika a kundende ya Stanford, adawonetsa mochititsa chidwi komanso mosalekeza kuti anthu sangalole kukana ziyeso zamphamvu. Kwa iye, njira yokhayo yothana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molakwika ndi malamulo omveka bwino, kuwonekera kwa mabungwe, kumasuka komanso kuyankha pafupipafupi pamagawo onse.
Katswiri wazama psychology Joris Lammers waku University of Cologne nawonso akuwona zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha anthu: "Ndikuganiza kuti olamulira ayenera kumverera kuti alibe mphamvu zawo, koma kuti adazipereka kwa ena (kudzera zisankho) komanso mosasamala. ) zitha kuchotsedwa ”. Mwanjira ina, mphamvu imayenera kukhala yovomerezeka ndikuwongolera kuti isachoke m'manja. "Kaya olamulira aziona izi kapena ayi, zimatengera zinthu zina, pakutsutsa, atolankhani ovuta, komanso kufunitsitsa kwa anthu kuwonetsa motsutsana ndi kupanda chilungamo," adatero a Lammers.
Njira zothandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molakwika zikuwoneka ngati demokalase yeniyeni. Kuvomerezeka (kudzera pazisankho), kuwongolera (kudzera pakudzigawanitsa mphamvu) ndi kuwonekera (kudzera pazankhani) kumazindikiridwa, makamaka. Ndipo ngati izi zikusowa, muyenera kuchitapo kanthu.
Mphamvu pa njanji
Udindo wa mphamvu ukhoza kumvedwa ngati udindo komanso / kapena mwayi. Udindo apa ukutanthauza kuzindikira kodzipereka kwamkati kwa ogwiritsira mphamvu. Mwayi ndi zokumana nazo za ufulu kapena mwayi. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimakhudza momwe anthu amamvetsetsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu:(1) Chikhalidwe: M'mitundu yachizungu, anthu amawona mphamvu ngati mwayi osati udindo m'malo azikhalidwe zaku Far East. Mwina, izi zimachitika chifukwa cha zomwe zimakhazikika mchikhalidwe.
(2) Zinthu zanu: Makhalidwe anu amathandizanso kwambiri. Anthu omwe ali ndi prosocial values - mwachitsanzo, omwe amakonda kwambiri kufunikira kwa ena - amamvetsetsa mphamvu osati udindo. Anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro amodzi - omwe, mwachitsanzo, amaika phindu pamatenda awo - amawoneka kuti amamvetsetsa mphamvu m'malo mwa mwayi.
(3) Zomwe zimachitika pakonkriti: Zinthu zomwe konkriti imakhala yofunika kwambiri kuposa umunthu. Mwachitsanzo, apa tidatha kuwonetsa kuti anthu amphamvu amamvetsetsa mphamvu zawo mgulu ngati ali ndi udindo ngati adziwonetsa okha ndi gulu ili. Mwachidule, ngati mungaganize za "ife" osati "ine".Dr. Annika Scholl, Wachiwiri kwa Mtsogoleri wa Working Group Social process, Leibniz Institute for Knowledge Media (IWM), Tübingen - Germany
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