Veronika Janyrova
Tikulemba chaka 2004: Pa 1. M'mwezi wa Meyi, European Union idzakulitsa kuphatikiza mayiko khumi a Central ndi Eastern Europe (CEECs), zilankhulo khumi ndi anthu mamiliyoni a 75. Pafupifupi theka la anthu omwe ali mamembala akale a EU ali mu nthawi yabwinoyi poyerekeza ndi kufalikira kwakummawa kwa EU, ena theka akuopa kusefukira kwa anthu osamukira, kusefukira kwa zinthu zotsika mtengo (zaulimi) komanso kuchuluka kwa umbanda.
Akuluakulu aku Europe akuyembekeza kuti kukulira chakum'mawa kukukhudza kwambiri chuma ku Europe. Kwaiwo ,ECEC iwonso akuwonjezera ndalama zomwe amapeza komanso moyo wawo, kutulutsa ndalama kuchokera ku Cohesion and Structural Funds, ndipo osakhala moyo waufulu, chitetezo ndi demokalase.
Wolfgang Schüssel, yemwe pa nthawiyo anali Chancellor wa ku Austria, adatsimikiza, mwachitsanzo, mwayi wakukulitsa kum'mawa kwa Austria ndi ntchito zomwe zidapangidwa kale potsegulidwa kwa East, zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi EU. A Romano Prodi, omwe anali Purezidenti wa European Commission, adaganizira zakuya kwachuma pamisika wamba yamkati. Adanenanso za kafukufuku, kutengera kuti kukulira kwakum'mawa kudzabweretsaECEC pakati pa asanu ndi asanu ndi atatu peresenti ndipo membala wakale wa EU ati za peresenti imodzi ya kukula kwa GDP. Mochenjera, adachenjezanso motsutsana ndi zovuta zomwe zikupanga chisankho cha ku Europe komanso kukwera kwa kupanda chuma.
Kukula kwakum'mawa & the Eastern Emperor Austria
Zotsatira zabwino za kukuza kwakum'mawa kwa Austria sizikudziwikanso masiku ano. Kupatula apo, 18 peresenti ya zotumiza ku Austria zimapita kumayiko mamembala a EU. Izi zikufanana ndi zopitilira 7 peresenti ya Austria's GDP (2013). Otsatsa aku Austria ali ndiudindo kudera lino. Lipoti laposachedwa ndi Vienna Institute for International Economic Study (wiiw) limafotokoza malo aku Austrian pakukulitsa chakum'mawa motere: Austria ndiye woyamba kugulitsa ndalama zakunja ku Slovenia ndi Croatia. Chiwerengerochi ndi ziwiri ku Bulgaria ndi Slovakia, nambala zitatu ku Czech Republic ndipo nambala 4 ku Hungary.
Ngakhale kulowa Austria ku EU kuli ndi zaka 2015 zokha, izi zafufuzidwa Austria Institute for Economic Research (wifo) kale mavuto azachuma: "Dziko la Austria lakhala dziko lamakono komanso ku Europe osati kuchokera pandale. Wapindula ndi gawo lililonse pakuphatikizidwa kwachuma, "akutero katswiri wazachuma wa wifo Fritz Breuss. Pakufufuza kwake pazotsatira za kupezeka kwa EU, akumaliza kuti kukulitsa chakummaŵa, umembala wa EU, kukhazikitsidwa kwa euro komanso kutenga nawo gawo pamsika wam'kati wa EU ku Austria chaka chilichonse kwabweretsa pakati pa 0,5 ndi kukula kwa GDP imodzi. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale Austria ndi imodzi yopindula kwambiri pakubwezeretsa kum'mawa ndikukulitsa kum'mawa kwa EU, anthuwo ndi amodzi mwa otsutsa ake akuluakulu. 2004 idalimbikitsa 34 peresenti yokha yakukulitsa chakummaŵa, 52 peresenti idakana. Pakadali pano, kuwunika kumeneku kwasintha. Kupatula apo, 53 peresenti ya aku Austrian amati kuwonjezereka kwakummawa ndi lingaliro labwino pambuyo pake.
“Mayiko akukhala bwino kwambiri. Ku Bulgaria ndi Romania, GDP ya munthu aliyense yawonjezeka kawiri. "
Malo akum'mawa
M'mayiko atsopano mamembala akukulitsa kummaŵa, mapepala onse azachuma amakhalanso ndi chiyembekezo. Kupatula chaka choyamba cha mavutowa, 2009, kukula kwachuma m'maiko khumi onse omwe anali mamembala apamwamba kunali kwakukulu kuposa "EU yakale". Kusiyanaku kwakukula kukutanthauza kuti afika ku EU mwachuma. Ku Baltic States, mwachitsanzo, mtengo wowonjezeredwa pakati pa 2004 ndi 2013 ukuwonjezeka pafupifupi wachitatu, ndipo ku Poland ngakhale ndi 40 peresenti. Miyezo yambiri yasinthanso kwambiri m'maiko ambiri. Ku Bulgaria ndi Romania, GDP pa capita iliyonse yachulukanso.
Ndalama zomwe zakhala zikuyembekezeredwa kwa nthawi yayitali kuchokera ku EU Structural and Cohesion Funds nazo zikuyenda. Ngakhale kuti mayiko sanali kuyembekezera, izi zinali chifukwa cha kunyamula kwawo. Madera okhala ndi mabungwe ofooka sakanatha kutenga bwino ndalama zomwe adawapatsa. Kuphatikiza apo, ndalama zothandizira mayiko amafunika kukhala chopinga chachikulu. Komabe, kukulitsa chakum'mawa ndi ndalama zomwe zikukhudzana nazo zathandizira mayiko kukonza zomangamanga, miyezo yachilengedwe, ntchito za anthu komanso mtundu wa oyang'anira maboma. Kugulitsa ndalama zakunja, komwe kunachokera kumayiko omwe anali mamembala a EU, kwapangitsa kuti mayiko awa akhale otetezeka ndikupangitsa kukonzanso kwaukadaulo kwazinthu zonse zopangidwa.
Msika wam'nyumba umabweretsa zochuluka?
Chiyembekezero chapakati cha akatswiri azachuma ku Europe chinali chakuti msika umodzi wawukulu - womwe tsopano uli ndi makasitomala a 500 mamiliyoni ambiri ndi makampani a 21 miliyoni - amabweretsa chidwi chachikulu ku Europe, atapereka ufulu wake wanayi (kuyenda kwaulere kwa katundu, ntchito, likulu ndi anthu) ndipo malamulo apikisano wamba. Zomwe ananenedweratu pachuma izi zalephera. Chuma cha EU chinakula m'zaka 2004 mpaka 2013 pafupifupi ndi 1,1 peresenti.
Zifukwa zake ndi zotsutsana. Ngakhale ena amawawona ali mu ufulu wosatsimikizika mokwanira (ntchito zitha kuperekedwa ku EU konsekonse kuyambira 2010), ena amawaika pazovuta zachuma zamayiko a EU. Mwachitsanzo, mfundo zosinthira ndalama za EU zimagwirizana ndi mayiko omwe ali ndi mpikisano wamphamvu. Simeon Djankov, wakale Nduna ya Zachuma ku Bulgaria ndi Wachiwiri kwa Prime Minister, akufotokoza izi moyenera mu chitsanzo cha Portugal: Kwa Portugal, yuro yolimba imatanthawuza "kuti sipangakhale mpikisano munthawi yosinthira mitengo yosinthira malingana ngati singasinthe msika wake wogwira ntchito komanso kayendetsedwe kazachuma. Popeza ndalama zake zatha, Portugal sangathe kugulitsa katundu ndi ntchito zake kumsika wadziko lonse pamtengo wampikisano. "
Mayankho a ku Europe pakukula kwachuma poyamba amatchedwa Agenda ya Lisbon. Ndondomeko yaukadaulo yazachuma yomwe ingapangitse Europe kukhala "yopikisana kwambiri komanso yazachuma champhamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi pakatha zaka khumi". Komabe, mutazindikira kuti zolinga izi ndizokwera kwambiri, yankho tsopano ndi "Europe 2020 Strategy".
Europe 2020 ndi pulogalamu yazachuma yazaka khumi yokhazikitsidwa ndi 2010 ndi European Council. Cholinga chake ndi "kukula mwanzeru, kwokhazikika komanso kophatikizira" ndikugwirizana bwino kwachuma ndi mayiko aku Europe. Cholinga chake ndikukulimbikitsa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko, maphunziro apamwamba ndi kuphunzira kwa moyo wonse. Nthawi yomweyo, chidwi chimayang'ana pa kuphatikiza bwino chikhalidwe cha anthu ndikulimbikitsa matekinoloje achilengedwe.
Zovuta
Ngakhale zili ndi zokhumba zapamwamba izi, mavuto azachuma omwe akupitiliza adawonetsera moperewera zolakwika zakapangidwe kazachuma ku Europe. Kukula kwachuma kwakwera kwambiri m'maiko onse a EU ndipo kwapangitsa kuti ku Europe kukhale nkhondo yayikulu kwambiri.
Pomwe ntchito yopanga ntchito inali ikuchepa ku Europe konse zisanachitike zovuta zachuma, idakwera kwambiri kuchokera ku 2008 ndikufikanso pamitundu iwiri. Tsoka ilo, maiko mamembala atsopano a EU komanso akumwera ali m'munsi mwa ligi. Kumapeto kwa 2013, Eurostat adayerekeza kuti mamiliyoni a amuna ndi akazi a 26,2 ku EU komanso achinyamata a 5,5 miliyoni alibe ntchito zaka 25. Kusowa ntchito konse komanso kusowa kwa achinyamata makamaka pakadali pano pali zovuta zazikulu ku EU, ngati m'badwo wonse wa achinyamata wopanda ntchito komanso malingaliro enieni okhalira ndi moyo wodziyang'ana pawokha amawonedwa ngati kulephera kwandale.
Vuto lina lomwe likuyang'anizana ndi EU ndikuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kusalingana. Zomwe zimachitika kuti 2004 idakulitsa EU ndi 20 peresenti molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, koma peresenti isanu yokha pazinthu zachuma, zapangitsa kuti pakuwonjezereka kwa kusiyana kwa ndalama mu EU pafupifupi 20. Chifukwa chachuma chochulukirapo panthawi ya ulamuliro wachikomyunizimu (mfundo: onse ali ndi zochepa), kusalingana kumabungwe mamembala atsopano kunachuluka kwambiri.
Komabe, ili ndi vuto kwa dziko lonse la Azungu: ndalama zomwe zimatayidwa zakhala zikugawidwa mosasiyananso m'maiko onse OECD m'zaka makumi atatu zapitazi. Kukula kwa kusalingana kwa ndalama kumayendetsedwa ndi kusintha kwa ndalama kutali ndi malipiro kumalipiro amakulu. Nthawi yomweyo, ndalama zapamwamba zikukwera kwambiri, pomwe msonkho wautali kwambiri uno wopeza ndalama zambiri mmaiko onse a OECD.
Kutali ndi chuma
Kupatula kutukuka kwachuma ndi zovuta, kufutukula chakummaŵa kulinso ndi mbiri yakale. Europe idalumikizananso pambuyo pa kugawanika kwa chaka cha 50 kukhala ma blocs awiri ndi Cold War. Cholinga chachikulu cha kuphatikiza ku Europe, ndiko kuti kukhazikitsa mtendere ndi chitetezo ku Europe, zakwaniritsidwa.
Masiku ano, mayiko akale ndi atsopano mamembala a EU akulimbana ndi mavuto azachuma, azandale komanso andale. Kujowina EU yokhayo sikuti chiwopsezo chazovuta za nthawi yathu ino. Komabe, ndizokayikira ngati maiko khumiwo akadachita bwino kudzipulumutsa okha ku maulamuliro awo opondereza, olamulidwa ndi Russia ndikusintha kukhala magwiridwe antchito osagwirizana ndi EU. Mawu osakira: Ukraine.
Photo / Video: Shutterstock.
