Sonja
Kuti anthu ambiri ku Central Europe lero amatha kudya mkaka, tili ndi vuto lotembenuka. Chifukwa kuthekera kwa munthu kugawanitsa shuga mkaka (lactose), koyambirira adapangira mwachilengedwe kwa makanda okha. Enzyme lactase, yomwe ndiyofunikira, imayambika pakapita nthawi.
Ngakhale nyama monga ng'ombe, nkhosa ndi mbuzi zinali kubedwa ku Middle East ndi Anatolia kuzaka za 11.000 kuti zigaye mkaka, zimangoyenera kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zapadera monga tchizi kapena yoghurt. Alimi oyambirirawa atayamba ulendo wawo wopita ku Europe, anakumana ndi osaka komanso osema. Pafupifupi zaka 8.000 zapitazo, atatsala pang'ono kubereka, kusintha kwa majini kudachitika. Zinathandizanso kupanga enzyme lactase ya nthawi yayitali, yomwe patapita nthawi idalola anthu ambiri kuti azigaya mkaka. Asayansi ochokera ku Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz ndi University College London amaganiza kuti kuphatikiza mkaka komwe kukuchitika lero ku Hungary, Austria kapena Slovakia.
Milch
Mkaka ndi emulsion ya mapuloteni, mkaka shuga ndi mafuta amkaka m'madzi; mwanjira ina, chakudya, mapuloteni, mavitamini ndi zinthu zina zimasungunuka m'madzi. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimaphatikizidwa kumasiyana mitundu yanyama ndi mitundu ya nyama. Zakudya zamkaka zikuyenda ku Europe, China ndi India kukhala misika yakukula. Mu 2012, matani 754 miliyoni amkaka (Austria: matani 3,5 miliyoni, 2014) adapangidwa padziko lonse lapansi, 83% mwa iwo anali mkaka wa ng'ombe.
Mkaka & CO2
Ziweto zosaganizira za 65 mabiliyoni "zimapangidwa" pachaka padziko lonse lapansi. Amafuna kutafuna ndi kupukusa ndi kupanga matani a methane, mpweya wowononga chilengedwe. Kutengedwa palimodzi, zonsezi zimatanthawuza kuti kulemera pamlengalenga wapadziko lapansi wa nyama ndi nsomba kumagwirira ntchito kwambiri kuposa zomwe zimachitika padziko lonse lapansi. Ndizowona kuti kuwerengera kumasiyana kuchuluka kwa mpweya wotulutsa wobiriwira womwe umayambitsa nyama padziko lonse ndi mkaka. Kwa ena ndi 12,8, ena amabwera pa 18 kapena kuposa 40 peresenti.
Chifukwa chake titha kupindula lero ndi mkaka wachilengedwe wachilengedwe. "Ng'ombeyo imagwiritsa ntchito michere (udzu) kwa ife ndipo imapangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino. Izi zimapangitsa mkaka kukhala wofunikira mapuloteni komanso calcium wambiri, "atero a Michaela Knieli, katswiri wa zakudya za" die umweltberatung "ku Vienna. Mkaka watsopano ku Austra mulibe GM ndipo umangokhala wopanda tanthauzo komanso wopanda mphamvu. "Kwenikweni, ndizomwe zimatuluka ng'ombe. Simupereka chilichonse. "Malinga ndi njira yokhazikika, ndikofunikira kuti zisamalowetsedwe ndizodyetsa. Mwachitsanzo, bwanji za zinthu zachilengedwe, pomwe chakudya chimayenera kuchokera ku famu chifukwa cha kuzungulira kwachuma? Zimalimbikitsidwa makamaka ngati ng'ombe zili pabusa.
Msuzi wamkaka: kuchokera kuzungulira kwachilengedwe
Alimi ochulukirachulukira akutembenukira ku mkaka wa udzu, pomwe kudyetsa kumatsatira kwambiri chilengedwe choyambirira. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yotentha, ng'ombe za mkaka za msipu zimaloledwa kudya udzu ndi zitsamba zochokera ku mitengo, malo odyetserako ziweto ndi malo odyetserako mapiri ndipo kuwonjezera apo zimadyetsedwa ndi udzu ndi chakudya cha chimanga nthawi yachisanu. Palibe chakudya chovunda. Chamoyo cha mkaka wamaluwa cha “organ! Natural. " Malinga ndi kampaniyo, masiku a 365 pachaka amayendetsa ng'ombe zopanda pulogalamuyo, pomwe 120 imakhala masiku angapo pamalo odyetserako zakudya ndipo chaka chonse mu playpen imakhala yogulitsa kunja, ikuletsa. Alimi a Hummingbird ochokera ku "Back to the Source" amapereka ng'ombe zamkaka za 180 masiku amoyo kunja, kupatula masiku a 120 odyetsa.
Komabe, kuwonjezera pa malingaliro okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe, ng'ombe zonenepa zomwe zimasungidwa khola ndizovuta zachilengedwe, malinga ndi Knieli. Sizongokhudza vuto la manyowa (Infobox). "Ng'ombe zodzipereka kwambiri zimalemedwa ndi chakudya chama protein. Chimenecho chitha kukhala chakudya cha soya chochokera kunkhalango. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, amamaliza kwambiri m'mimba za nyama kuposa m'mimba zamasamba. "
Njira ina
Ponena za mkaka wa soya, ambiri amakhalanso oyamba kuganiza pazovuta zamvula komanso kupanga majini. Zowona kuti izi sizolamulira zakumwa za soya zomwe zikupezeka ku Austria zikuwonetsedwa ndikuwunika kwa magazini ya ogula: "Mwa zakumwa zisanu ndi ziwiri za soya zomwe ziyesedwa, soya amachokera ku Austria. Moona mtima sindikadaganiza kuti, "atero Nina Siegenthaler, wothandizira pa zakudya ku Verein für Konsumenteninfform (VKI). Zotsatira za majini osinthidwa ma genetic (GMOs) zinapezekanso mu zakumwa za soya zomwe sizinayesedwe.
Kupatula ogulitsa amodzi a soya ku Italiya, opanga enawo enawo samangokhala pomwepo akuchokera komwe zakumwa zawo zakumwa za soya zimachokera. Zakumwa za mpunga ndi amondi zoyesedwa ndi "Konsument" zinalibe chidziwitso pa mayiko omwe anali ndi zosakaniza zazikulu. Ndikofunika kuti muzitha kudziwa momwe zinthu zofunikira kupitilira mkaka zilili. Opanga okhaokha monga Joya, yemwe mkaka wa oat sunaphunzitsidwe, fotokozani monga chiyambi cha oat Austria. "Ngati soya, olembedwa kapena oats kuchokera ku Austria, ndiye kuti mkaka wa chomera umadula bwino kwambiri kuyerekeza ndi mkaka watsopano. Sindiyenera kudyetsa ndikusunga nyama zilizonse, zomwe zimabweretsa mpweya wabwino kwambiri wa CO2, ndipo ndilibe mayendedwe aliwonse, "atero Knieli wa" die umweltberatung ".
Mkaka Wampunga: zovuta zambiri
Ngati ndi chakumwa cha mpunga kapena cholowetsa mkaka cholowetsedwa mkaka, ndiye kuti mayendedwe owonjezera, ndipo mpunga, kulima kwambiri kwa CO2 kumawonjezeredwa. Zosadziwika bwino: mpunga wonyowa umatulutsa methane yambiri, yomwe imakonda kupezeka pomwe michere imawumba zinthu zampangidwe - osati pochita nyama zokha.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwambiri kwa arsenic kumapezeka kawiri m'mpunga, womwe mawonekedwe ake ndiwowopsa kwa anthu komanso carcinogenic. Ngakhale zakumwa zinayi mwa zisanu zomwe zimafunsidwa zinali zotsika mtengo wokhazikitsidwa ndi European Food Security Authority, magazini ya Consumer imalangiza kuchenjeza ndikuwona zakumwa za mpunga zosayenera kwa ana akhanda ndi ana akhanda. Njira yophimbira imapangitsa kuti mpunga uzikhala wokoma kwambiri. Awo adalandiridwa bwino. "Koma kusazindikira kwake ndi: Chifukwa cha kupanga, zakumwa za mpunga zimakhala ndi shuga wambiri kuposa zakumwa zina za soya, zomwe shuga adawonjezerapo!", Akutero Siegenthaler. "Kuchokera pamalingaliro azachilengedwe komanso zopatsa thanzi, mkaka wa mpunga ndi munga m'mbali. Kulima mpunga chonyowa kutulutsa michere yambiri yowononga nyengo, kuwonjezera apo, mpunga umayendetsedwa pafupifupi theka lonse lapansi, "atero Knieli. Mkaka wa mpunga uwu ungakhale ndi zabwino zambiri kwa omwe ali ndi vuto losowa. Chifukwa mosiyana ndi zakumwa zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera ku spelling, oats kapena mbewu zina, chakumwa cha mpunga sichimakhala chokha.
Mkaka wa almond: sizachilengedwe kwenikweni
Nanga mkaka wa amondi? Zodabwitsa ndizakuti zakhalapo kuyambira ku Middle Ages. Kodi ali ndi zochita zambiri ndi zakumwa zam'mawa za tetrapak zam'mabotolo zamakono? Mndandanda wa zosakaniza ndiwotalikirapo, ogula adapeza thickeners, emulsifiers ndi okhazikika mu theka la zakumwa zomwe adayesa. Kuphatikiza apo, onse adapangidwa shuga (ngakhale mkaka wa amondi osagwirizana ulipo). "Kodi tingalankhulenso zachilengedwe? Mkaka ndi wachilengedwe chochuluka, "atero Siegenthaler. Mkaka wa Almond ulinso wovuta kuchokera pamalingaliro azachilengedwe: "Maamondi amatha kuchita bwino pankhani ya CO2. Koma ambiri amachokera ku US ndipo amapangidwa ngati monocultures okhala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo kwambiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito madzi. Zakumwa za almond nazonso ziyenera kuthandizidwa mosamala! "Atero Knieli.
Mwa njira, zakumwa za amondi zomwe zimayesedwa ndi ogula zinali ndi ma almond awiri okha mpaka asanu ndi awiri peresenti. "Zakumwa izi zili ndimadzi ambiri. Muyenera kudziwa kuti madzi akungoyenda pano padziko lonse lapansi, "akutero katswiri wa" die umweltberatung ".
Ndiye chabwino ndi chiyani, mkaka kapena mkaka wa masamba? Chinthu chimodzi chotsimikizika: zopangidwa bwino sizipezeka. Onse ali ndi zabwino komanso zovuta. Knieli: "Ngati mumapanga mkaka kuchokera ku oats kapena spelling, umadula bwino kuposa mkaka watsopano. Komabe, mkaka wachomera umakhala ndi zovuta pakapangidwe kazachilengedwe. Mkaka wa mphesa wachilengedwe umalimbikitsidwanso. Koma sizikupweteketsani ngati simungathe kupirira. "
tsankho
Kusagwirizana kwa lactose kuli ponseponse mumtunda wathu. Ku Central Europe, ndi pafupifupi 60 peresenti yokha ya anthu masiku ano omwe amatha kudya shuga wamkaka, pomwe kumpoto kwa Europe, monga Scandinavia ndi Ireland, kuchuluka kwa 90. Kummwera kwa Europe, zimakhala za 20 peresenti yokha, ndipo ngakhale ku Asia, ndi anthu ochepa kwambiri omwe amavomereza zamkaka. Ngati enzyme lactase ikusowa, shuga mkaka sangathe kugawanika ndikungokhala m'matumbo. Pali kusinthidwa kwa mabakiteriya monga lactic acid ndi mpweya wa kaboni, zomwe zimatha kutsogolera anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la lactose kupweteka kwam'mimba, kukokana, kubala kapena kutsekula m'mimba.
Photo / Video: Shutterstock.
