Kulekanitsidwa kwatsopano kwa mphamvu: nthawi yakukonzanso mphamvu

Chiyambire zaka za 1970 - ku Austria kuyambira pakati pa zaka za 1980 - chikhazikitso cha mfundo zachuma chakhala "kuletsa komanso kusinthitsa". Zinkawoneka ngati vuto lakukweza zipatso zamabizinesi aboma. Pafupifupi magawo onse azachuma, kuchotsetsa boma kudafunidwa.

Ulamuliro (wadziko) wamisika yazachuma

Malinga ndi Stefan Schulmeister, katswiri wazachuma ku wifo, kuchepa kwa misika yachuma mwina kunali kolimba kwambiri: "Ngakhale kuti pafupifupi ntchito zonse zakhala zikuchuluka m'zaka za 1950 ndi 1960, kunalibe ntchito yakusowa kwa achinyamata kapena mitundu yovuta, lero mamiliyoni a achinyamata alibe ntchito komanso ngakhale ndi anthu ntchito yokhazikika ikufunafuna nyumba zotsika mtengo. "Amati izi zikuchitika kwakukulukulu pakufala kwazachuma ndipo, chifukwa chake, kukweza ndalama zaboma. Mitengo yosinthika yosinthika, mitengo yamtengo wapatali, mitengo yamtengo wapatali ndi chiwongola dzanja zimatsegulira chitseko kwa omwe amangoganiza zandalama. Umu ndi momwe adapangira gulu lake la osunga ndalama, omwe ali ndi kuthekera kopambana polimbana ndi ndalama, zinthu zina kapena zigawo zonse, ndipo ndikamadina mbewa imayendetsa gawo la 67 la GDP yapadziko lonse. Zolinga zamakampani zimasinthidwa kuchoka pa zenizeni kupita ku zachuma, pomwe ndalama zenizeni - popeza zopindulitsa pang'ono - zinatsika ndikupanga ntchito.

"Chikhalidwe ndi sayansi zitha kungotukula zomwe zingathe kuchita ndikuwapatsa zofunikira pakuyendetsa ngati mphamvu zawo siziyendetsedwa ndi malonda azachuma kapena kusintha mphamvu pazandale."
Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) pankhani yolekanitsa mphamvu

Mfundo za chidwi motsutsana ndi kukopa anthu

Mwachidziwikire, ziyenera kudziwidwa pano kuti kulengeza komanso ndale ndizovomerezeka komanso zofunika mu gulu lokhala ndi anthu ambiri. Amakhala ndi zokhazikika chifukwa amapanga zokambirana pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana pagulu. Pomaliza, malingaliro, chiwongoladzanja chimakhazikitsidwanso kumalamulo ndipo chimatetezedwa movomerezeka, mwachitsanzo, mwa ufulu wa msonkhano, mayanjano ndi mawu. Othandizira malingaliro owolowa manja amtundu wina amaganiza kuti ndi mpikisano wazokonda zomwe zimapanga zabwino zodziwikiratu, ndikuti tsogolo la gulu lademokalase limayesedwa ndi kusiyanasiyana komanso kukopa kwa mabungwe ake. Koma ngakhale mayanjano, zipinda ndi mabungwe akudzilankhulira pagulu, olimbikitsa chitetezo nthawi zambiri amachita zinthu mwachinsinsi.
Otsutsa, monga choncho Corporate Europe Observatory, bungwe lopanda phindu ku Dutch lomwe likufuna njira zina zamagetsi m'makampani, likuwopseza olimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo kupanda chilungamo pakati pa anthu ndikuwononga chilengedwe. Akufuna kuti mabungwe azachuma abwezeretsedwere kuthana ndi mavuto apadziko lonse monga umphawi, kusintha kwa nyengo, chisalungamo cha anthu, njala ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
Anthu aku Austrian akuyenera kukhala mgulu lachiwiri. Malinga ndi lipoti yaku Austria yopanga 2013 45 peresenti ya anthuwa amagwirizana kuti achite ziphuphu, kulowererapo, kuphatikizana, ubale komanso mgwirizano wandale. Ripotilo limveketsa kuti mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono komanso apakatikati, mabungwe omwe siaboma komanso ma NGO ambiri atayika kwambiri pakumenya nkhondo kwa mabungwe, mabungwe azachuma akunja, komanso motsutsana ndi boma lawo masiku ano.
Koma malire ali kuti pakati pa oimira zofuna zovomerezeka ndi zovomerezeka? Malire amenewa mwina ndi ocheperako pongofuna zofuna za iwo eni komanso zapadera kuposa zomwe amachita. Zoyipa za okopa alendo zimachokera pamisonkhano yamanyuzipepala, makina azofalitsa nkhani, ziwonetsero zakudyetsa kwa nduna ndi mamembala a boma, othandizira, olanda komanso achinyengo. Omwe amatchedwa magulu achidwi amakudziwanso momwe angabisalire zofuna za aliyense monga zofuna zake.
Ku njira zowombera mokakamiza, komwe ndi kosaloledwa kuli njira yolangira. Vuto lobisa - kupatula kuthekera kovuta kwa chiweruziro - lili pamwamba pa malo onse amitundumitundu, koma osadziwika, obisika.
Mwambiri, kuwonekera kwambiri kumawoneka ngati njira yotsutsana ndi malingaliro apabizinesi osaloledwa. Izi zikuphatikiza kufotokozerana za zokonda ndi ubale wachuma pakati pa ogwira ntchito m'boma ndi makampani kapena mabungwe, kuwulula ntchito zawo zowonjezera ndi ndalama, kapena kukakamizidwa kulowa nawo malo ogulitsa alendo. Nthawi zambiri, kudikirira kumafunikanso kwa omwe ali ndi maudindo andale otuluka kuti athane ndi magawidwe otumizidwa kwa andale otchuka.

Kulekanitsidwa kwa mphamvu (kulekanitsa mphamvu ku Switzerland ndi Austria) ndiko kugawa mphamvu za boma pamaubungwe angapo aboma pofuna kuchepetsa mphamvu ndi kupulumutsa ufulu ndi kufanana. Malinga ndi mbiri yakale yogawa maulamuliro, mphamvu zitatu za mabungwe opanga malamulo, akuluakulu ndi oweruza nthawi zambiri amatanthauza.

Ulesi - inde, koma

Ku Austria kuli pa 1. Pa Januware 1, 2013 idalowa m'chikumbumtima chatsopano chogwira ntchito chomwe chimaletsa makampani omwe akukakamiza anthu kuti azichita nawo ntchito kuti alembetse ndikugonjera malamulo. Kuphatikiza pa kampani ndi zambiri zomwe ogwira ntchito akufuna, kasitomala ndi gawo lomwe angavomerezane nalo liyenera kufotokozedwa pa dongosolo lililonse lokakamiza. Cholakwika chokha: Gawo ili lolembetsera anthu opezeka kunyumba yanyumba silikuwoneka pagulu.
Pakadali pano, mabungwe a 64 omwe ali ndi ma 150 oletsa ma lobbymit ndi makampani a 106 omwe ali ndi 619 omwe ali mnyumba yolimbikitsa alendo akuwonekera pa rejista yaku Austria.
Kutsutsa kwa Lobbyingregister yatsopano kumadza pakati pa zinthu zina kuchokera Austrian Public Affairs Association (ÖPAV) yokha - kumeneko ndi nyumba yolowera alendo. Purezidenti wa mgwirizano Feri Thierry amadzudzula pamawu onse osamveka bwino a lamuloli komanso kuti lamuloli laphonya cholinga chake, kuwunikira mwachidule onse omwe akukakamiza komanso oyimira chidwi ku Austria, adaphonya momveka bwino: "Timalingalira kuti ku Austria za 2.500 nthawi zonse Omwe alipo. Ochuluka aiwo saphunzitsidwa ndi kufunikira ".

"Mwina kavalo uyu akuyenera kusekedwera kuchokera mbali ina: Mabungwe aboma afotokoze momwe amalumikizirana ndi otsatsa."
Marion Breitschopf, meineabgeordneten.at, ponena za kupatuka kwatsopano kwa mphamvu.

Marion Breitschopf wochokera ku nsanja ya Austria meineabgeordneten.at, database yowonekera kwa andale, imatinso ndikofunikira ku Austria kuti kwenikweni onse olimbikitsa, kuphatikizapo magulu achidwi, maloya ndi ma NGOs, awonekere m'kaundula. Amaona kuti zikuvuta kufotokozera madongosolo kapena kasitomala wina kuchokera kumbali yopereka chithandizo: "Mwina kavaloyu ayenera kumanidwa kuchokera kumbali ina: Akuluakulu aboma afotokoze momwe amalumikizirana ndi otsatsa. Gawo lina loti athandizire pamalowo ndi loti "malamulo oyendetsedwa ndi boma", omwe ndi mtundu wa zolemba pamalamulo, momwe zimawonekeramo kuti magawo a malembawo amachokera kuti. "

Kugawikana kwa mphamvu: Makampani opanga ma Brussels

Pa mulingo waku Europe, nthawi zambiri munthu amamva za makampani ogulitsa omwe adadzikhazikitsa ku Brussels. M'malo mwake, 2011 yalembetsa mabungwe olimbikitsa ma 6.500 m'ma XNUMX's - osatchulapo mwa kufuna kwawo - maulere olembetsedwa a mabungwe aku Europe. Transparency International akuwerengera kuchuluka kwawo pa 12.000.
Mabungwe a EU alandiradi mwayi wolandila alendo. Yokha pagawo lokonzekera la Data retention Directive, European Commission idalandira malingaliro osintha kudzera mwa 3.000. Zina mwa 70 zitha kuwonedwa kudzera pa nsanja ya European lobbyplag.eu ndipo machesi enieni omwe ali ndi malangizo akhoza kufunsidwa ndikudina kwa mbewa. Masewera olimbitsa thupi.
Magulu akatswiri a European Commission nawonso ali ndi vuto linalake.Ripoti lofalitsidwa mu Novembala 2013 limapereka chidziwitso chakuya pantchito ya European Commission. Chifukwa chake, ku Brussels, ndizofala kwambiri kwa oyimira mabungwe azachuma kuti azilangiza Commission pazakukhazikitsidwa kwa kayendetsedwe ka ndalama, makampani olankhulana pa nkhani yoteteza deta, makampani a mowa pamakampani a mowa komanso makampani amafuta pazokhudza kusintha kwanyengo.
Lipotili likuwonetsa, mwachitsanzo, kuti magulu omwe akudziwa za TAXUD omwe amayendetsa msonkho amapangidwa ndi oyimira makampani a 80 peresenti ndipo oimira atatu okha ochepa komanso apakati ndi oimira peresenti imodzi.
Pakati pa European Commission ndi European Parliament akukwiyitsa kotero nkhondo yapakati pakati pa otsutsa otsutsa ndi -befürwortern. Mwezi wa Novembala, MEPs yovuta idasokoneza bajeti ya 2011 m'magulu a akatswiriwa ndipo adapempha Commission kuti iwonetsetse mfundo zinayi akagwiritsa ntchito magulu a akatswiri: palibe wolamulira, aliyense wosasankha ngati alangizi odziyimira pawokha, kuyitanidwa kotseguka kuti atenge nawo mbali komanso kuwonekera poyera. Tsamba lolondola lomwe linatulutsidwa chaka chotsatira linali loyipa kwambiri.

Ziphuphu monga mawonekedwe owonjezera

Boma la Federal Austrian lalandira umboni wabwino kwambiri lipoti loyamba la ziphuphu ndi European Commission chifukwa cha "zoyesayesa zomveka zolimbana ndi ziphuphu". Mwachitsanzo, lipotilo likuwonetsa kusintha kosintha kwa malamulo aposachedwa (mwachitsanzo, malamulo a chipani cha 2012, lamulo la ziphuphu la 2012, malamulo okonzera 2013) ndi ntchito yaofesi ya Ofufuza a Ziphuphu ndi Ziphuphu (WKStA) ndi Federal Office for Combating Corruption (BAK). Momwemonso, Code of Conduct ya maudindo onse aku Austria, "Udindowu uli ndi ine", komanso kudzipereka kwa Austria ku bwalo lamayiko akunja, akunenedwa motamandika, monga kuthandizira poyambitsa International Corruption Academy IACA.
European Commission ikuwona kuti ikufunika kuchitapo kanthu chifukwa akuthandizira zandalama ku Austria pa WKStA ndi BAK akumvera malangizo a Unduna wa Zachilungamo, ali ndi mwayi wochepa wopeza chidziwitso chachuma - chinsinsi cha banki chinsinsi - komanso zakuti lipoti la ndalama zowonjezereka za ogwira ntchito m'boma ndi akuluakulu aboma palibe kuwunikira ndipo chifukwa chake chidziwitso chabodza sichitha kuvomerezeka.
Popanda kuchepetsa zonena izi, lipotilo likutsutsana kwambiri ndi malingaliro a anthu mdziko muno. Kupatula apo, malinga ndi kafukufuku womaliza wa Eurobarometer kuyambira chaka cha 2013 66 peresenti ya aku Austral amaganiza kuti ziphuphu zili ponseponse mdziko lawo. Ngakhale avareji ya EU pa kafukufukuyu ndi 76 peresenti, zotsatira zake zikadali nkhawa. Kafukufuku yemweyo adapezanso kuti dziko la Austria lokha ku EU kumene anthu ambiri - pafupifupi wachitatu - akuganiza kuti ndizovomerezeka kuchita ntchito yabwino kwa wogwira ntchito chifukwa chogwira ntchito yaboma kupereka mphatso.

Kugawikana kwa mphamvu: Kusiyana kwa media motsutsana ndi kuphweka kwa malingaliro

Pakadali pano, atolankhani akutsatiranso malamulo a msika, monga chifukwa chake, njira yazonse zokhudzana ndi ndale. Ponena za kukhudzidwa kwa media, Komabe, Austria ndi mlandu wapadera padziko lonse lapansi. Palibe dziko lina la ku Europe kumene kusiyanasiyana kwa manyuzipepala tsiku ndi tsiku otsika kwambiri ngati ku Austria. Tili mdziko muno pafupifupi pafupifupi 17 manyuzipepala tsiku lililonse ali pamsika, zisanu ndi chimodzi zofunika kwambiri zomwe zikuphatikiza ambiri - omwe ndi 93 peresenti - owerenga. Zowona kuti manyuzipepala asanu ndi limodzi awa amachokera nyumba zitatu zokha zofalitsa - Mediaprint (Krone, Kurier), Styria (Kleine Zeitung, Die Presse, Wirtschaftsblatt) ndi Fellner Medien GmbH (Austria) - ndizosachita manyazi potsatira ndondomeko ya demokalase.

"Kuti nzika zipange malingaliro a anthu, pamafunika malingaliro ambiri odziyimira pawokha."
Wolfgang Hasenhütl, Initiative Conservation Media ndi Kufalitsa Zosiyanasiyana

Sipangakhale kufunsa kwamalingaliro osiyanasiyana pamalingaliro awa. Chifukwa chodera nkhawa ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa ma media komanso malingaliro ku Austria, wofalitsa Wolfgang Hasenhütl adapanga njira yosungirako atolankhani ndikufalitsa mitundu ku Austria mchaka cha 2012. "Tili ndi malingaliro kuti dziko la Austria likuchita zambiri pazakuwonera demokalase pakugwirizana kwamalingaliro awa. Kuti nzika zitheke kupanga malingaliro a anthu, pamafunika malingaliro ambiri odziimira pawokha, "atero a Hasenhütl, wolankhulira ntchitoyi.
Pa mulingo waku Europe, European Alternatives, bungwe la European Union wokhala nzika yogwira ntchito, komanso Alliance Internationale de Journalistes atenga mutuwu ndipo akhala akugwira ntchito kuti apange network kuyambira 2010 European Initiative for Media Pluralism (EIMP). Zimabweretsa pamodzi mabungwe, atolankhani komanso mabungwe odziwa ntchito ochokera ku Europe konse ndi cholinga chokhazikitsira bungwe la European Citizens 'Initiative (ECI) loti likhazikitse lamulo la EU pankhani ya kuchuluka kwa ma media. Ntchitoyi ikufunikirabe osayinidwa a 860.000 kuti athe kupereka lingaliro lamalamulo a EU ku European Commission, mwakutero kuyambitsa njira yopanga malamulo.

Vuto linanso lalikulu pamaonekedwe a atolankhani ndi kudalira kwachuma kwa osindikiza pakutsatsa malonda. Popeza kugulitsa makanema osindikiza, komanso ndalama zankhani zilizonse, gawo laling'ono chabe la mtengo weniweniwo, kudalira kwachuma pakugulitsa kutsatsa kuli kwakukulu. Zotsatira zoyipa zosaphatikizika zimaphatikizapo magwero obisika kapena kuwonetsa kuti kupereka malipoti nthawi zambiri kumangokhala chifukwa chachuma komanso kudalira ena. Mwanjira imeneyi, malingaliro osindikizidwa akuwonjezeranso kugulitsidwa ngati malingaliro a anthu. Nthawi yomweyo, makampani ndi mabizinesi amakola atolankhani ndi maulendo atolankhani, magalimoto oyesa kapena zopereka za mgwirizano. Mndandanda wazokondera ndi wautali ndipo umaphatikizapo chiwopsezo chotsimikizika chotsutsana ndi chidwi. Mzere pakati pa PR ndi utolankhani ukuyamba kusamveka bwino.
Kufunika kwama media pakugwiritsa ntchito demokalase nkovuta kuzinyalanyaza. Kuwongolera zochitika za mabungwe aboma, mwachitsanzo, ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri. Komabe, amathandizanso pakupanga malingaliro andale mwa kupanga maudindo osiyanasiyana pamagulu osiyanasiyana kuti aziwonekera komanso kutsimikizira kudalirika kwawo. Amapanga mbiri ndipo iwonso ali onyamula malingaliro a anthu.
Zotsatira zake, media, mwatsoka nthawi zambiri zimatengedwa ndi mfundo. "Atumiki aku Austrian amagwiritsa ntchito zotsatsa za mautumiki awo pokonzekera chisankho kuti alengeze zomwe akwanitsa, kupukutira chithunzi chawo ndikupeza mwayi pa mpikisano wandale," watero bungweli polimbikitsa kafukufuku wofufuza komanso kulemba ma data. Ndalama zotsatsa mautumiki, maiko, makampani aboma ndi mabungwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndalamazi kuposa mamiliyoni a 200 euro pachaka. Kuphatikiza apo, atolankhani onse a 10,8 mamiliyoni, omwe adagawidwa ku 2013, ndi ochepa.
Ku Germany, Khothi Lachilamulo Ladziko Lonse likuti mchitidwewu ndi "malonda osavomerezeka", makamaka chifukwa chotsatsa malonda pazaka zisankho zakhala zikuwonjezeka kwambiri motero kuwononga ndalama, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama komanso ndalama siziyenera kuvomerezeka.

Ubale wodalirana pakati pa ndale ndi zofalitsa umakakulitsidwanso ndikuti ku Austria mtsogoleri waboma ndiye ali ndiudindo wazowonerera. "Malo achitetezo a omwe amatchedwa Mphamvu Yachinayi sangapezeke mwanjira ina m'dziko lina lililonse ku Europe mokulira motere. Nthawi zambiri, dipatimenti yofalitsa imapezeka pafupifupi m'mabungwe azikhalidwe, "atero a Wolfgang Hasenhütl, wolankhulira izi poyang'anira kuteteza atolankhani komanso kufalitsa mitundu. Sizosadabwitsa kuti kufunikira kwakukulu kwa ntchitoyi ndiwofalitsa nkhani wamba, yodziyimira pawokha komanso yopanda tsatanetsatane komwe imatsutsana ndi kudalirana kwa atolankhani komanso ndale komanso komwe kukugwira ntchito masiku ano.
Zonsezi zikutanthauza kupatukana kwatsopano kwa mphamvu, kukonzanso ndikusokoneza ubale pakati pa andale, abizinesi ndi ofalitsa nkhani. Kudera nkhawa za kuchuluka kwachuma pachuma komanso ndale, komabe, ndi kakale kwambiri. Kukulira kwachuma ndichinthu chodabwitsa chomwe chapanga kale anthu omwe amaganiza ngati Montesquieu, Karl Marx, Karl Polanyi ndi Carl Amery.

Photo / Video: Shutterstock, Makina azosankha.