Sonja Bettel
"Buen vivir ndiyokhudza kukhudzika kwakuthupi, zauzimu ndi zauzimu kwa anthu onse ammudzi zomwe sizingakhale zopanda phindu kwa ena komanso osawononga zachilengedwe."
Zaka khumi zapitazo, mavuto azachuma adagwedeza dziko lapansi. Kuwonongeka kwa misika yodula mitengo ku US kudapangitsa kuti mabiliyoni azitayika m'mabanki akulu, ndikutsika kwachuma chonse komanso ndalama zapagulu ku mayiko ambiri. Yuro ndi European Monetary Union zidagwera pamavuto azikhulupiriro.
Ambiri adazindikira mu 2008 posachedwa kuti dongosolo lathu lazachuma ndi zachuma lili m'njira yolakwika kwathunthu. Iwo omwe adayambitsa Kupsinjika Kwakukulu "adapulumutsidwa," adaikidwa "pazenera" ndipo adapatsidwa ma bonasi. Iwo omwe adamva zovuta zawo "adalangidwa" chifukwa chodula ntchito zathanzi, kuchepa kwa ntchito, kutaya nyumba ndi zoletsa zaumoyo.
Buen Vivir - mgwirizano m'malo mwampikisano
"Muubwenzi wathu komanso maubale omwe timakumana nawo tsiku lililonse, timakhala bwino tikamakhala pazikhalidwe za anthu: kumanga chidaliro, kuwona mtima, kumvera, kumvera chisoni, kuyamikira, mgwirizano, kuthandizana komanso kugawana. Chuma chamsika "chaulere", kwinanso, chimakhazikika pazakhazikitso zoyambira phindu ndi mpikisano, "alemba a Christian Felber m'buku lake la 2010" Gemeinwohlökonomie. Mtundu wachuma wamtsogolo. "Kutsutsana uku sikungolakwika m'dziko lovuta kapena lochita zinthu zambiri, koma tsoka lalikulu. Amatigawa aliyense payekha komanso monga gulu.
Chuma chodziwika bwino chimanena za dongosolo lazachuma lomwe limalimbikitsa zabwino wamba, m'malo mopanga phindu, mpikisano, umbombo ndi kaduka. Muthanso kunena kuti amayesetsa kukhala ndi moyo wabwino m'malo mwa onse, m'malo molemerera ena ochepa.
"Moyo wabwino kwa onse" wafika zaka zaposachedwa mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana. Pomwe ena amatanthauza kuti muyenera kukhala ndi nthawi yambiri ndikusangalala ndi moyo wanu, mwina kupatula zinyalala pang'ono ndikutenga Café Latte kuti mupite mukapu yosinthika, enawo akumvetsetsa kusintha kwakukulu. Nkhani yomalizayi ndiyosangalatsanso kwambiri, chifukwa imabwereranso ku Latin America ndipo mophatikiza pakufunika kwawo pankhani zandale komanso zazachuma komanso maziko auzimu.
"Ndizokhudza kumanga gulu lokhazikika komanso lokhazikika pamakhazikidwe omwe amapereka moyo."
Moyo wabwino wa aliyense kapena Buen Vivir?
Latin America idapangidwa ndi atsamunda ndi kuponderezana, zomwe zimapangitsa "chitukuko" ndi neoliberalism m'zaka mazana zapitazo. 1992, 500 Patadutsa zaka zambiri Christopher Columbus atapeza dziko la America, gulu lokhala ndi kuyamika kwatsopano kwa anthu azikhalidwe zachilengedwe lidayamba, atero wasayansi wazandale komanso katswiri wa ku Latin America Ulrich Brand. Monga 2005 ku Bolivia yokhala ndi Evo Morales ndi 2006 ku Ecuador ndi Rafael Correa apambana zisankho za Purezidenti ndikupanga mgwirizanowu watsopano wopitilira patsogolo, anthu amtunduwu nawonso akutenga nawo mbali. Mabungwe atsopanowa ayenera kuyambitsanso zina pambuyo poti maulamuliro azachuma komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zachuma kwatsimikizika. Maiko onsewa akuphatikiza m'maboma awo lingaliro la "moyo wabwino" ndikuwona mwachilengedwe mutu womwe ungakhale ndi ufulu.
Bolivia ndi Ecuador pano akunena za chikhalidwe cha anthu wamba, chomwe sichili chikoloni cha Andes. Mwachindunji, amatchulira liwu la Quechua "Sumak Kawsay" (lotchulidwa: sumak kausai), lotanthauziridwa mu Spanish ngati "buen vivir" kapena "vivir bien". Ndizokhudza kukhudzana ndi zinthu zakuthupi, zachikhalidwe komanso zauzimu kwa anthu onse ammudzi zomwe sizingakhale zopanda phindu kwa ena komanso osagwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe. Mawu oyamba kubungwe la Ecuadorian amalankhula zakukhala limodzi mosiyanasiyana komanso mogwirizana. M'bukhu lake Buen Vivir, Alberto Acosta, Purezidenti wa msonkhano wachigawo ku Ecuador, amafotokoza momwe zidachitikira komanso tanthauzo lake. Lingaliro la "moyo wabwino" siliyenera kusokonezedwa ndi "kukhala ndi moyo wabwino," akufotokozera, "chifukwa izi zimachitika chifukwa chopanga zinthu zopanda malire." Mosiyana ndi izi, zili pafupi "kumanga gulu lokhazikika komanso lokhazikika mkati mwa mabungwe. amene amateteza moyo. "
Mosiyana ndi Alberto Acosta, Purezidenti Rafael Correa amadziwa bwino za chitukuko chakumadzulo, kopanda ufulu wachuma, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyana pakati pa awiriwa, a Johannes Waldmüller. Wa ku Austria akhala ku Latin America kwa zaka khumi ndikufufuza zandale ndi maubwenzi apadziko lonse ku Universidad de Las Americaas ku likulu la Ecuadorian Quito. Kunja kwa Correa adapitilizabe kupembedza "buen vivir" komanso kuteteza chilengedwe, nthawi yomweyo zidayamba kutsutsa anthu achilengedwe (omwe amapanga ku Ecuador okha 20 peresenti ya anthu), kupitiliza kwa "extractivism", mwachitsanzo, kubedwa kwa "extractivism". Zachilengedwe, kuwonongeka kwa malo osungirako zachilengedwe aulimi wa soya kapena ntchito zomangamanga, ndikuwonongeka kwa nkhalango zamangati za mafamu a shrimp.
Kwa mestizos, mbadwa za Azungu ndi nzika, "buen vivir" amatanthauza kukhala ndi moyo wabwino ngati anthu akumadzulo, mwachitsanzo, m'maiko otukuka, akutero Ulrich Brand. Ngakhale amwenye achichepere amakhala mumzinda nthawi zamasabata, kugwira ntchito, kuvala ma jeans komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mafoni. Kumapeto kwa sabata amabwerera kumadera awo ndikukasunga miyambo kumeneko.
Kwa Ulrich Brand ndizosangalatsa kwambiri momwe umunthu womwe umunthu wamakono watibweretsera mavuto ndi malingaliro olumikizana a anthu wamba, komwe nthawi zambiri kulibe mawu oti "ine". Kuzindikira kwawo kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu, komwe kumazindikira zochitika zosiyanasiyana pamoyo, zachuma, ndi kayendetsedwe ka malamulo mwanjira yosavomerezeka, ndichinthu chomwe tingaphunzire kuchokera ku Latin America ku Europe, makamaka potengera kusamuka kumeneku.
"Zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri kupitiriza kufufuza za 'buen vivir' komanso ufulu wachilengedwe," akutero a Johannes Waldmüller. Ngakhale "buen vivir" yofalitsidwa ndi boma ku Ecuador tsopano imawoneka ngati anthu okayikira, idayambitsa zokambirana zosangalatsa ndikupangitsa kubwerera ku "Sumak Kawsay". Latin America ikhoza - kuphatikiza malingaliro a chuma chodziwika bwino, kufooka, kusinthana kwachuma komanso kukula kwachuma - ikhoza kukhala malo a chiyembekezo cha utopian.
Buen Vivir: Sumak Kawsay ndi Pachamama
"Sumak kawsay" lotanthauziridwa kwenikweni kuchokera ku Quechua limatanthawuza "moyo wokongola" ndipo ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukhala anthu azikhalidwe za Andes. Mawuwa adayamba kulembedwa mu nthano za sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu m'zaka za 1960 / 1970, atero wasayansi wazandale a Johannes Waldmüller, yemwe amakhala ku Ecuador. Pazaka zonse za 2000 adayamba kukhala wandale.
Pachikhalidwe, "sumak kawsay" imagwirizanitsidwa ndi ulimi. Zikutanthauza, mwachitsanzo, kuti banja lirilonse liyenera kuthandiza ena kufesa, kukolola, kumanga nyumba, ndi zina, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothirira limodzi, ndikudya limodzi pambuyo pa ntchito. "Sumak kawsay" ali ndi zofanana ndi chikhalidwe m'maderanso ena, monga Maori ku New Zealand kapena Ubuntu ku South Africa. Ubuntu amatanthawuza "Ine ndiri chifukwa tili," akufotokoza Johannes Waldmüller. Komanso ku Austria, mwachitsanzo, zinkakhala zofala kwa achibale komanso oyandikana nawo kuthandizana wina ndi mnzake ndikugawana zipatso za ntchito kapena kuthandizana wina ndi mnzake akakhala ndi vuto. Thandizo lodabwitsa kuchokera ku mabungwe aboma panthawi yayikulu pakuthawa kwawo 2015 / 2016 kapena nsanja zatsopano zothandizira anansi anthawi ngati "Frag pafupi ndi nyumba" zikuwonetsa kuti lingaliro lamadera lidakalipo lero ndipo pakadali pano lokha lazunguliridwa payekha.
Pankhani zandale za ku Bolivia, mawu achiwiri ndi osangalatsa: "Pachamama". Kwambiri amamasuliridwa kuti "Mayi Earth". Boma la Bolivia lakwanitsa ngakhale la 22. April adalengezedwa kuti "tsiku la Pachamama" ndi United Nations. "Pacha" sakutanthauza "dziko lapansi" m'njira yakumadzulo, koma "nthawi ndi malo". "Pa" amatanthauza awiri, "cha" mphamvu, akuwonjezera Johannes Waldmüller. "Pachamama" imveketsa bwino chifukwa chake "moyo wabwino" mlingaliro la anthu achilengedwe a Andes sayenera kulingaliridwa popanda gawo lake la uzimu. Kwa "Pacha" ndi mawu odabwitsa omwe amafunikira kuti akhale, osakhala mzera koma wozungulira.
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