Zifukwa 10 zomwe gulu lanyengo liyenera kuthana ndi zovuta za chikhalidwe cha anthu | S4F PA

ndi Martin Auer

Kodi mfundo zanyengo ziyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri kuchepetsa mpweya wa CO2, kapena zikhazikitse vuto la nyengo pamalingaliro osintha anthu onse? 

Katswiri wa ndale Fergus Green wochokera ku University College London komanso wofufuza zokhazikika Noel Healy wa ku Salem State University ku Massachusetts afalitsa kafukufuku wokhudza funso ili m'magazini ya Dziko Lapansi: Momwe kusalingana kumathandizira kusintha kwanyengo: Nkhani yanyengo ya Green New Deal1 Mmenemo, akulimbana ndi kutsutsidwa kuti oimira ndondomeko ya CO2-centric pamalingaliro osiyanasiyana omwe amaphatikiza chitetezo cha nyengo m'mapulogalamu ambiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu. Otsutsawa akuti ndondomeko yokulirapo ya Green New Deal imachepetsa zoyeserera za decarbonization. Mwachitsanzo, wasayansi wotchuka wa zanyengo, Michael Mann analemba m’magazini yotchedwa Nature:

"Kupatsa gulu lakusintha kwanyengo mndandanda wogula wa mapulogalamu ena odziwika bwino kuyika pachiwopsezo chaothandizira (monga odziyimira pawokha komanso osadziletsa) omwe amaopa njira zambiri zakusintha kwachikhalidwe. ”2

Mu phunziro lawo, olemba amasonyeza zimenezo

• kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu ndi zachuma ndizomwe zimayambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ndi kupanga CO2,
• kuti kugawa kosagwirizana kwa ndalama ndi chuma kumalola anthu olemera kuti alepheretse njira zotetezera nyengo,
• kuti kusagwirizana kumalepheretsa thandizo la anthu pazochitika zanyengo,
• ndi kuti kusagwirizana kumalepheretsa mgwirizano wa anthu kuti ukhale wogwirizana.

Izi zikusonyeza kuti kuchotseratu mpweya wokwanira kumatheka kutheka pamene ndondomeko za carbon-centric zilowetsedwa mu ndondomeko yowonjezereka ya kusintha kwa chikhalidwe, zachuma ndi demokalase.

Cholembachi chikhoza kupereka chidule chachidule cha nkhaniyi. Koposa zonse, gawo laling'ono lokha la umboni wambiri womwe Green ndi Healy amabweretsa ukhoza kupangidwanso pano. Ulalo wa mndandanda wathunthu umatsatira kumapeto kwa positi.

Njira zotetezera nyengo, lembani Green ndi Healy, poyamba zinachokera ku CO2-centric view. Kusintha kwa nyengo kunali ndipo kumamvekabe ngati vuto laukadaulo la kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Zida zingapo zikuperekedwa, monga ndalama zothandizira matekinoloje otsika kwambiri komanso kukhazikitsa miyezo yaukadaulo. Koma cholinga chachikulu ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zamsika: misonkho ya CO2 ndi malonda otulutsa mpweya.

Kodi Green New Deal ndi chiyani?

Njira za Green New Deal sizingowonjezera kuchepetsa CO2, koma zimaphatikizapo kusintha kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe, chuma ndi demokalase. Amafuna kuti pakhale kusintha kwakukulu kwachuma. Inde, mawu oti "Green New Deal" siwodziwika bwino3. Olembawo amazindikira kufanana kotsatiraku: Malingaliro a Green New Deal amapatsa boma gawo lalikulu pakupanga, kupanga ndi kuwongolera misika, kutanthauza kudzera muzachuma zaboma pazinthu zapagulu ndi ntchito, malamulo ndi malamulo, ndondomeko zandalama ndi zachuma, komanso kugula zinthu ndi anthu. kuthandizira zatsopano. Cholinga cha njira zoyendetsera dziko lino chiyenera kukhala kupereka katundu ndi ntchito zonse zomwe zimakwaniritsa zosowa za anthu ndi kuwathandiza kukhala ndi moyo wotukuka. Kusafanana kwachuma kuyenera kuchepetsedwa ndipo zotsatira za kuponderezana kwa tsankho, atsamunda komanso kugonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zikhale zabwino. Pomaliza, mfundo za Green New Deal cholinga chake ndi kupanga gulu lalikulu la anthu, kudalira onse omwe atenga nawo mbali (makamaka magulu achidwi a anthu ogwira ntchito ndi nzika wamba), komanso thandizo la anthu ambiri, lomwe limawonekera pazotsatira zazisankho.

Njira 10 zoyendetsera kusintha kwanyengo

Chidziwitso chakuti kutentha kwa dziko kukukulitsa kusiyana pakati pa anthu ndi zachuma kumakhazikika kwambiri m'gulu loteteza nyengo. Zosadziwika bwino ndi njira zoyambitsa zomwe zimayenda mosiyana, ndiko kuti, momwe kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe ndi zachuma kumakhudzira kusintha kwa nyengo.

Olembawo amatchula njira khumi zotere m'magulu asanu:

mowa

1. Anthu akapeza ndalama zambiri, amadya kwambiri komanso mpweya wowonjezera kutentha umayamba chifukwa cha kupanga zinthu zogula zinthuzi. Kafukufuku akuyerekeza kuti mpweya wochokera ku 10 peresenti yolemera kwambiri umapangitsa 50% ya mpweya padziko lonse lapansi. Choncho, ndalama zambiri zochotsera mpweya woipa zikanatheka ngati ndalama zimene anthu amapeza komanso chuma cha anthu apamwamba zikanachepetsedwa. Phunziro4 wa 2009 adatsimikiza kuti 30% ya mpweya wapadziko lonse ukhoza kupulumutsidwa ngati mpweya wochokera ku 1,1 mabiliyoni otulutsa mpweya waukulu ungakhale wocheperako ku membala wawo wosaipitsa pang'ono.5

2. Koma sikuti kudya kwa olemera okha komwe kumabweretsa mpweya wambiri. Anthu olemera amakonda kuonetsa chuma chawo mwachiwonetsero. Chotsatira chake, anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa amayesanso kuonjezera udindo wawo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro za udindo ndi kupeza ndalama zowonjezera izi mwa kugwira ntchito maola ochulukirapo (mwachitsanzo, pogwira ntchito nthawi yowonjezera kapena kukhala ndi akuluakulu onse ogwira ntchito zapakhomo).

Koma kodi kukwera kwa ndalama zotsika sikuchititsanso kuti pakhale mpweya wambiri? Osati kwenikweni. Chifukwa chakuti mkhalidwe wa osauka sungakhale wabwino kokha mwa kupeza ndalama zambiri. Zingathenso kuwongoleredwa popanga zinthu zina zopanga zokomera nyengo. Mukangopeza ndalama zambiri, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi ochulukirapo, kuyatsa moto ndi 1 digiri, kuyendetsa pafupipafupi, ndi zina zambiri, ndi zina zotere, zomwe anthu osapeza bwino zitha kusintha popanda kuchulukitsa mpweya.

Lingaliro lina ndiloti ngati cholinga chiri chakuti anthu onse azikhala ndi moyo wabwino kwambiri mkati mwa bajeti yotetezeka ya carbon, ndiye kuti kumwa ndi anthu osauka kwambiri kuyenera kuwonjezeka. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti pakhale kufunikira kwamphamvu kwamagetsi komanso kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Kuti tikhalebe mu bajeti ya carbon yotetezeka, kusalingana kuyenera kuchepetsedwa kuchokera pamwamba poletsa njira zomwe anthu olemera amagwiritsira ntchito. Zomwe izi zingatanthauze kukula kwa GDP zikusiyidwa poyera ndi olemba ngati funso lotsimikizika losathetsedwa.

M'malo mwake, atero a Green ndi Healy, zosowa zamphamvu za anthu opeza ndalama zochepa ndizosavuta kuzichotsa chifukwa zimangoyang'ana nyumba komanso kuyenda kofunikira. Mphamvu zambiri zomwe anthu olemera amagwiritsa ntchito zimachokera paulendo wa pandege6. Kuchotsa kaboni kwamayendedwe apamlengalenga ndikovuta, kokwera mtengo ndipo kuzindikira sikukuwonekeratu. Chifukwa chake zotsatira zabwino zotulutsa zochepetsa ndalama zomwe amapeza zitha kukhala zazikulu kwambiri kuposa zoyipa zomwe zimawonjezera ndalama zochepa.

kupanga

Kaya machitidwe operekera amatha kuchepetsedwa amatengera zisankho za ogula, komanso makamaka pazosankha zopanga makampani ndi mfundo zachuma zaboma.

3. Olemera 60% ali ndi pakati pa 80% (Europe) ndi pafupifupi 5% ya chuma. Theka losauka lili ndi XNUMX% (Europe) kapena kuchepera7. Ndiko kuti, ochepa (makamaka oyera ndi amuna) amasankha ndi ndalama zawo zomwe zimapangidwira komanso momwe zimapangidwira. M'nthawi ya neoliberal kuyambira 1980, makampani ambiri omwe kale anali aboma akhala akusungidwa mwachinsinsi kotero kuti zisankho zopanga zidakhala ndi malingaliro opeza phindu lachinsinsi m'malo mongofuna zofuna za anthu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, "ogawana nawo" (eni ake a ziphaso za magawo, masheya) apeza ulamuliro wowonjezereka pa kasamalidwe ka makampani, kotero kuti zofuna zawo zachidule, zofulumira zopeza phindu zimatsimikizira zosankha za kampani. Izi zimapangitsa kuti oyang'anira azisinthira ndalama kwa ena, mwachitsanzo, kupewa kapena kuchedwetsa mabizinesi opulumutsa a CO2.

4. Eni chuma akugwiritsanso ntchito ndalama zawo kukulitsa malamulo a ndale ndi mabungwe omwe amaika phindu patsogolo pazolinga zina zonse. Chikoka cha makampani opangira mafuta pazandale pazandale zalembedwa mofala. Kuyambira 2000 mpaka 2016, mwachitsanzo, US $ XNUMX biliyoni idagwiritsidwa ntchito kukopa Congress pamalamulo osintha nyengo.8. Chikoka chawo pa malingaliro a anthu chalembedwanso9 . Amagwiritsanso ntchito mphamvu zawo kupondereza anthu otsutsa komanso kuphwanya malamulo10

.

Kuwongolera kwa demokalase, kuyankha mu ndale ndi bizinesi, kuwongolera makampani ndi misika yazachuma ndizinthu zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuthekera kwa decarbonization.

ndale za mantha

5. Kuopa kutaya ntchito chifukwa cha zochitika zanyengo, zenizeni kapena zoganiziridwa, zimalepheretsa kuthandizira pakuchitapo kanthu kwa decarbonization.11. Ngakhale mliri wa COVID-19 usanachitike, msika wapadziko lonse lapansi unali pamavuto: kusowa kwa ntchito, osayenerera bwino, ntchito zovutirapo pansi pa msika wantchito, kuchepa kwa umembala wamgwirizano, zonsezi zidakulitsidwa ndi mliri, womwe udakulitsa kusatetezeka kwachiwopsezo.12. Mitengo ya carbon ndi/kapena kuthetsedwa kwa sabusidenti amanyansidwa ndi anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa chifukwa amachulukitsa mtengo wa zinthu zogula tsiku ndi tsiku zomwe zimatulutsa mpweya wa carbon.

6. Kuwonjezeka kwa mitengo chifukwa cha ndondomeko za carbon-centric - zenizeni kapena zoganiziridwa - zikubweretsa nkhawa, makamaka pakati pa olemera kwambiri, ndikuchepetsa thandizo la anthu kwa iwo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kusonkhanitsa anthu onse kuti agwiritse ntchito njira zochepetsera kaboni. Makamaka magulu omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi vuto la nyengo, mwachitsanzo, omwe ali ndi zifukwa zomveka zolimbikitsira, monga amayi ndi anthu amtundu, ali pachiopsezo chachikulu cha inflation. (Kwa Austria, titha kuwonjezera anthu amitundu kwa anthu osamukira kwawo komanso omwe alibe nzika zaku Austria.)

Moyo wokonda nyengo siungakwanitse kwa ambiri

7. Anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa alibe ndalama kapena zolimbikitsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsika mtengo kapena zopanda mpweya. Mwachitsanzo, m’mayiko olemera, anthu osauka amakhala m’nyumba zosagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri. Popeza nthawi zambiri amakhala m’nyumba zalendi, safuna kuti azigwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri kuti awonjezere mphamvu zawo. Izi zimalepheretsa mwachindunji mphamvu yawo yochepetsera mpweya wa mowa ndipo zimathandizira kuopa kutsika kwa mitengo.

8. Ndondomeko zongoganizira za CO2 zimathanso kuyambitsa kusuntha kwachindunji, monga kusuntha kwa yellow vest ku France, komwe kumatsutsana ndi kukwera kwa mtengo wamafuta komwe kumayenderana ndi ndondomeko ya nyengo. Kusintha kwamitengo yamagetsi ndi zoyendera kwadzetsa ziwawa zandale m'maiko ambiri monga Nigeria, Ecuador ndi Chile. M'madera omwe mafakitale omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wambiri wa carbon, kutsekedwa kwa zomera kungathe kuwononga chuma cha m'deralo ndikuphwanya zidziwitso zakumidzi, maubwenzi ndi maubwenzi ndi nyumba.

Kupanda mgwirizano

Kafukufuku wam'tsogolo waposachedwapa akugwirizanitsa kusiyana kwakukulu kwachuma ndi kuchepa kwa kukhulupirirana kwa anthu (kudalira anthu ena) ndi kudalira ndale (kukhulupirira mabungwe ndi mabungwe andale).13. Kutsika kwa kudalirana kumalumikizidwa ndi kutsika kwa chithandizo chanyengo, makamaka pazida zandalama14. Green ndi Healy amawona njira ziwiri zomwe zikugwira ntchito apa:

9. Kusagwirizana kwachuma kumatsogolera - izi zikhoza kutsimikiziridwa - ku ziphuphu zambiri15. Izi zikulimbitsa maganizo akuti akuluakulu andale amangotsatira zofuna zawo komanso za olemera. Chifukwa chake, nzika sizikhala ndi chidaliro chochepa ngati zilonjezedwa kuti zoletsa kwakanthawi kochepa zidzabweretsa kusintha kwanthawi yayitali.

10. Chachiwiri, kusiyana pakati pa chuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kumayambitsa magawano pakati pa anthu. Olemera osankhika amatha kudzipatula kwa anthu ena ndikudziteteza ku zovuta zamagulu ndi zachilengedwe. Chifukwa chakuti anthu olemera ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pa chikhalidwe cha anthu, makamaka ofalitsa nkhani, amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvuzi kuchititsa magawano pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, anthu olemera osunga malamulo ku US alimbikitsa lingaliro lakuti boma limatenga kuchokera ku gulu la "ogwira ntchito mwakhama" lachizungu kuti lipereke zopereka kwa osauka "osayenera", monga othawa kwawo ndi anthu amitundu. (Ku Austria, izi zikugwirizana ndi zovuta zotsutsana ndi zopindulitsa za "alendo" ndi "ofunafuna chitetezo"). Malingaliro otere amafooketsa mgwirizano wamagulu wofunikira kuti agwirizane pakati pa magulu a anthu. Izi zikusonyeza kuti gulu lalikulu la anthu, monga momwe limafunikira kuti liwonongeke mofulumira, lingathe kupangidwa mwa kulimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu. Osati kokha chifukwa chofuna kugawidwa kofanana kwa zinthu zakuthupi, komanso kuvomerezana komwe kumalola anthu kudziwona ngati gawo la ntchito imodzi yomwe imapindula bwino kwa onse.

Kodi mayankho ochokera ku Green New Deals ndi ati?

Chifukwa chake, popeza kusalingana kumathandizira mwachindunji kusintha kwanyengo kapena kulepheretsa decarbonization m'njira zosiyanasiyana, ndizomveka kuganiza kuti malingaliro akusintha kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu amatha kulimbikitsa nkhondo yolimbana ndi kusintha kwanyengo.

Olembawo adawunika malingaliro 29 a Green New Deal ochokera ku makontinenti asanu (makamaka ochokera ku Europe ndi USA) ndikugawa zigawozo m'magulu asanu ndi limodzi kapena magulu.

Chisamaliro chokhazikika cha anthu

1. Ndondomeko zoyendetsera bwino chikhalidwe cha anthu zimayesetsa kuti anthu onse azikhala ndi mwayi wopeza katundu ndi ntchito zomwe zimakwaniritsa zosowa zofunika m'njira yokhazikika: nyumba zotenthetsera bwino, mphamvu zapanyumba zopanda mpweya komanso zopanda kuipitsidwa, kuyenda kogwira ntchito ndi anthu, chakudya chokhazikika chopangidwa bwino, madzi akumwa abwino. Zoterezi zimachepetsa kusagwirizana pakati pa chisamaliro. Mosiyana ndi ndondomeko za CO2-centric, zimathandiza anthu osauka kuti athe kupeza zinthu zatsiku ndi tsiku zokhala ndi mpweya wochepa popanda kulemetsa bajeti ya banja lawo (Mechanism 2) ndipo motero samayambitsa kutsutsa kulikonse kwa iwo (Mechanism 7). Kuchotsa kaboni machitidwe operekera awa kumapangitsanso ntchito (monga kukonzanso kwamafuta ndi ntchito yomanga).

Chitetezo chandalama

2. Malingaliro a Green New Deal amayesetsa kukhala ndi chitetezo chandalama kwa osauka ndi omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha umphawi. Mwachitsanzo, kudzera mwa ufulu wotsimikizika wogwira ntchito; ndalama zotsimikizirika zokwanira kukhala nazo; maphunziro aulere kapena othandizidwa ndi ntchito zokomera nyengo; mwayi wotetezedwa ku chithandizo chamankhwala, chisamaliro cha anthu ndi chisamaliro cha ana; kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo cha anthu. Ndondomeko zoterezi zimatha kuchepetsa kutsutsa kwa nyengo chifukwa cha kusatetezeka kwachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu (Njira 5 mpaka 8). Chitetezo chazachuma chimalola anthu kumvetsetsa zoyeserera za decarbonization popanda mantha. Pamene akuperekanso chithandizo kwa ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale omwe amachepetsa mpweya wa carbon, amatha kuwonedwa ngati njira yowonjezera ya 'kusintha basi'.

kusintha kwa maubwenzi amphamvu

3. Olembawo amazindikira kuyesetsa kusintha maubwenzi amphamvu ngati gulu lachitatu. Ndondomeko ya zanyengo idzakhala yothandiza kwambiri ngati imachepetsa kuchuluka kwa chuma ndi mphamvu (njira 3 ndi 4). Lingaliro la Green New Deal likufuna kuchepetsa chuma cha olemera: kudzera mumisonkho yomwe ikupita patsogolo komanso misonkho yachuma komanso kutseka misonkho. Akufuna kusintha mphamvu kuchoka kwa omwe ali ndi masheya kupita kwa ogwira ntchito, ogula ndi madera akumidzi. Amayesetsa kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa ndalama zachinsinsi pa ndale, mwachitsanzo poyendetsa zokopa anthu, kuchepetsa ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito kampeni, kuletsa kutsatsa kwa ndale kapena kupereka ndalama kwa anthu pochita kampeni. Chifukwa maulamuliro amphamvu nawonso amasankhana mitundu, kugonana, komanso atsamunda, malingaliro ambiri a Green New Deal amafuna chilungamo chakuthupi, ndale, komanso chikhalidwe chamagulu oponderezedwa. (Kwa Austria izi zitha kutanthauza, mwa zina, kuthetsa kuchotsedwa pazandale kwa anthu opitilira miliyoni miliyoni omwe sakuyenera kuvota).

CO2-centric miyeso

4. Gulu lachinayi limaphatikizapo njira za CO2-centric monga misonkho ya CO2, kulamulira kwa mafakitale a emitters, kuwongolera kuperekedwa kwa mafuta opangira mafuta, ndalama zothandizira pa chitukuko cha matekinoloje osagwirizana ndi nyengo. Monga momwe zimakhalira, mwachitsanzo, zimakhudza kwambiri ndalama zotsika, izi ziyenera kulipidwa ndi miyeso yochokera kumagulu atatu oyambirira.

kugawidwanso ndi boma

5. Kufanana kochititsa chidwi kwa malingaliro a Green New Deal ndi gawo lalikulu lomwe ndalama za boma zikuyembekezeka kuchita. Misonkho ya CO2 yotulutsa mpweya, ndalama ndi ndalama zomwe takambiranazi ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popereka ndalama zofunikira kuti anthu azikhala okhazikika, komanso kulimbikitsa luso lamakono. Mabanki apakati akuyenera kukondera magawo omwe ali ndi mpweya wochepa ndi ndondomeko yawo yandalama, ndipo mabanki obiriwira obiriwira akufunsidwanso. Ma accounting adziko lonse komanso ma accounting amakampani akuyenera kupangidwa motsatira njira zokhazikika. Si GDP (gross domestic product) yomwe iyenera kukhala chizindikiro cha ndondomeko yabwino yachuma, koma Genuine Progress Indicator.16 (chizindikiro cha kupita patsogolo kwenikweni), osachepera ngati chowonjezera.

Mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi

6. Malingaliro ochepa okha omwe adawunikidwa pa Green New Deal ali ndi mfundo zakunja. Ena akuganiza zosintha malire kuti ateteze kupanga kokhazikika ku mpikisano wochokera kumayiko omwe ali ndi malamulo okhazikika okhazikika. Ena amayang'ana kwambiri malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi okhudzana ndi malonda ndi kayendetsedwe ka ndalama. Popeza kusintha kwanyengo ndi vuto lapadziko lonse lapansi, olembawo amakhulupirira kuti malingaliro a Green New Deal ayenera kukhala ndi gawo lapadziko lonse lapansi. Izi zikhoza kukhala njira zopangira chithandizo chokhazikika cha chikhalidwe cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi, kugwirizanitsa chitetezo chachuma padziko lonse, kusintha maubwenzi amphamvu padziko lonse, kusintha mabungwe a zachuma padziko lonse. Malingaliro a Green New Deal atha kukhala ndi zolinga zandale zakunja zogawana matekinoloje obiriwira ndi aluntha ndi mayiko osauka, kulimbikitsa malonda azinthu zokomera nyengo komanso kuletsa malonda azinthu zolemera kwambiri za CO2, kuletsa ndalama zodutsa malire zamapulojekiti zakale, kutseka misonkho, perekani chiwongolero cha ngongole ndikukhazikitsa mitengo yotsika ya msonkho padziko lonse lapansi.

Assessment ku Ulaya

Kusafanana kuli kwakukulu makamaka pakati pa mayiko omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri ku United States. M'mayiko a ku Ulaya sizimatchulidwa choncho. Ena ochita ndale ku Europe amawona malingaliro a Green New Deal kuti athe kupambana ambiri. "European Green Deal" yolengezedwa ndi EU Commission ikhoza kuwoneka yocheperako poyerekeza ndi zitsanzo zomwe zafotokozedwa pano, koma olemba akuwona kupumula ndi njira yam'mbuyomu ya CO2-centric ya mfundo zanyengo. Zochitika m'mayiko ena a EU zimasonyeza kuti zitsanzo zoterezi zingakhale zopambana ndi ovota. Mwachitsanzo, chipani cha Spanish Socialist Party chidachulukitsa kuchuluka kwake ndi mipando 2019 pazisankho za 38 ndi pulogalamu yolimba ya Green New Deal.

Zindikirani: Ndi maumboni ochepa okha omwe aphatikizidwa muchidulechi. Mndandanda wathunthu wamaphunziro omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito pamutu woyamba umapezeka apa: https://www.cell.com/one-earth/fulltext/S2590-3322(22)00220-2#secsectitle0110

Chithunzi chapachikuto: J. Sibiga kudzera Flickr, CC ndi BY-SA
Wolemba: Michael Bürkle

1 Wobiriwira, Fergus; Healy, Noel (2022): Momwe kusagwirizana kumathandizira kusintha kwanyengo: Nkhani yanyengo ya Green New Deal. Mu: Dziko Limodzi 5/6:635-349. Pa intaneti: https://www.cell.com/one-earth/fulltext/S2590-3322(22)00220-2

2 Mann, Michael E. (2019): Kusintha kwakukulu komanso mgwirizano watsopano wobiriwira. Mu: Chilengedwe 573_ 340-341

3 Ndipo sizikugwirizana kwenikweni ndi mawu oti "kusintha kwachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe", ngakhale pali kuphatikizika. Mawuwa adachokera ku "New Deal", pulogalamu yazachuma ya FD Rooseveldt, yomwe cholinga chake chinali kuthana ndi mavuto azachuma azaka za m'ma 1930 ku USA. Chithunzi chathu pachikuto chikuwonetsa chosema chomwe chimakumbukira izi.

4 Chakravarty S. et al. (2009): Kugawana zochepetsera za CO2 padziko lonse lapansi pakati pa biliyoni imodzi yotulutsa mpweya wambiri. Mu: Proc. dziko Akad. sayansi US 106: 11884-11888

5 Yerekezeraninso lipoti lathu lamakono Lipoti la Kusagwirizana kwa Nyengo la 2023

6 Kwa anthu khumi olemera kwambiri ku UK, maulendo apandege adatenga 2022% ya mphamvu zomwe munthu amagwiritsa ntchito mu 37. Munthu wachuma chakhumi ankagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri paulendo wa pandege monga munthu wosauka kwambiri pazigawo ziwiri za khumi pa zinthu zonse zofunika pamoyo: https://www.carbonbrief.org/richest-people-in-uk-use-more-energy-flying-than-poorest-do-overall/

7 Chancel L, Piketty T, Saez E, Zucman G (2022): World Inequality Report 2022. Pa intaneti: https://wir2022.wid.world/executive-summary/

8 Brulle, RJ (2018): The weather lobby: a sectoral analysis of lobbying spend pa climate change in the USA, 2000 to 2016. Climatic Change 149, 289–303. Pa intaneti: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-018-2241-z

9 Oreskes N .; Conway EM (2010); Amalonda Okayikira: Momwe Asayansi Ochepa Ochepa Abisa Choonadi pa Nkhani Zochokera ku Utsi wa Fodya mpaka Kutentha kwa Dziko. Bloomsbury Press,

10 Scheidel Armin et al. (2020): Mikangano ya chilengedwe ndi oteteza: mwachidule padziko lonse lapansi. Mu: Glob. chilengedwe Chang. 2020; 63: 102104, Pa intaneti: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378020301424?via%3Dihub

11 Vona, F. (2019): Kutayika kwa ntchito ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa ndale kwa ndondomeko za nyengo: chifukwa chiyani mkangano wa 'kupha ntchito' ukupitirirabe komanso momwe ungawupitirire. Mu: Clim. Ndondomeko. 2019; 19:524-532 . Pa intaneti: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14693062.2018.1532871?journalCode=tcpo20

12 Mu Epulo 2023, achinyamata 2,6 miliyoni osakwana zaka 25 analibe ntchito ku EU, kapena 13,8%: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/16863929/3-01062023-BP-EN.pdf/f94b2ddc-320b-7c79-5996-7ded045e327e

13 Rothstein B., Uslaner EM (2005): Zonse kwa onse: kufanana, ziphuphu, ndi kudalirana kwa anthu. Mu: Ndale Zapadziko Lonse. 2005; 58:41-72 . Pa intaneti: https://muse-jhu-edu.uaccess.univie.ac.at/article/200282

14 Kitt S. et al. (2021) Udindo wa kukhulupirirana pakuvomereza kwa nzika za ndondomeko ya nyengo: kufananiza malingaliro a luso la boma, kukhulupirika ndi kufanana kwa mtengo. ku: Ecol. econ. 2021; 183: 106958. Pa intaneti: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800921000161

15 Uslaner EM (2017): Chikhulupiriro chandale, ziphuphu, ndi kusalingana. in: Zmerli S. van der Meer TWG Handbook on Political Trust: 302-315

16https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indikator_echten_Fortschritts