Veronika Janyrova
Muna rubuta shekara ta 2004: A kan 1. A watan Mayu, Tarayyar Turai za ta haɗu don haɗa da sabbin ƙasashen Tsakiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya (CEECs), yaruka goma da jimillar mutane miliyan 75. Duk da yake kusan rabin yawan tsoffin ƙasashe membobin EU suna goyon bayan wannan sa'a mai tarihi idan aka kwatanta da haɓaka gabas ta EU, ɗayan rabin suna tsoron ambaliyar bakin haure, ambaliyar kayayyakin da ba su da yawa (aikin gona) da karuwar laifi.
Masana na Turai suna tsammanin faɗaɗa gabas zuwa haɓaka tattalin arziki mai mahimmanci ga Turai. A nasu bangaren, hukumar CEEC da kansu na kara samun kudaden shiga da ka'idodi na rayuwa, kwararar kudaden kai tsaye daga Hadin gwiwa da Tsarin Kasuwanci, ba karamin rayuwa ba ne na 'yanci, tsaro da dimokiradiyya.
Wolfgang Schüssel, sannan shugabar Austrian, ya jaddada, alal misali, damar don fadada gabas ta Austria da ayyukan da aka kirkira ta hanyar Gabas ta Gabas, wanda har yanzu ake tsammanin sakamakon shigar EU. Romano Prodi, to Shugaban Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, ya ja hankalin tattalin arzikin kasuwar hada-hada ta ciki. Ya yi magana game da karatuttukan, wanda hakan ne fadada gabashi zai kawo CEEC tsakanin kashi biyar zuwa takwas da tsoffin kasashe mambobin kungiyar EU kusan kashi daya cikin dari na GDP. Mai tsananin, ya kuma yi gargadi kan karuwar tasirin shawarar Turai da hauhawar rashin daidaituwar kudaden shiga.
Gabatarwar Gabas & Gabas ta Tsakiya Austria
Sakamakon sakamako mai kyau na haɓaka gabas ta Austaralia ba a yin faɗi a yau ba. Bayan duk, 18 bisa dari na fitar da Austriya zuwa ƙasashe mambobin EU na gabashin. Wannan yayi daidai da sama da kashi bakwai na GDP na Austria (2013). Masu hannun jari na Austriya sun mamaye babban matsayi a wannan yankin. Wani rahoton kwanan nan da Cibiyar Ilimin Vienna ta Nazarin Tattalin Arziki na Duniya (wiiw) ya bayyana matsayin Austriya a cikin fadada gabas ta gaba kamar haka: Austria ce ta farko da ke saka jari a kasashen Slovenia da Croatia. Yana da lamba biyu a Bulgaria da Slovakia, lamba uku a Czech Republic da lamba hudu a Hungary.
Kodayake shigowar Ostiryia cikin EU yana da shekaru 2015 kawai, an bincika wannan Cibiyar Nazarin tattalin arziki ta Austrian (wifo) ya riga ya sami tasirin tattalin arziki: "Austria ta zama ƙasa ta zamani da ƙasashen Turai ba kawai daga ra'ayin siyasa ba. Fritz Breuss masanin tattalin arziƙi ya ce ya amfana daga kowane mataki na haɗin kai na tattalin arziki, "in ji Fritz Breuss masanin tattalin arziki. A cikin bincikensa game da tasirin shigar EU, ya ƙarasa da cewa haɓakar gabas, ƙungiyar EU, gabatarwar Yuro da shiga cikin kasuwar EU ta Ostiriya sun kawo a shekara-shekara tsakanin 0,5 da kashi GDP ɗaya cikin ɗari. Don haka, duk da cewa Austria na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu amfana da tattalin arziƙin buɗewar gabas da EU ta ƙaruwa gabas, yawan jama'a shine ɗayan manyan masu shakka. 2004 ya ba da shawarar kawai 34 bisa dari na fadada gabas, kashi 52 bisa ɗari ya ƙi. A halin yanzu, wannan kima ya canza. Bayan duk, 53 bisa dari na Austrian suna ɗaukar fadada gabas zuwa wani kyakkyawan yanke shawara a kwanan wata.
“Ka'idojin rayuwa sun inganta sosai a yawancin ƙasashe. A Bulgaria da Romania, GDP na kowane mutum ya ninka har sau biyu."
Katangar gabas
A cikin sabbin kasashe mambobi na bunkasa fadada gabas, gabaɗaya ma'aunin tattalin arziƙi shima yana da inganci. Tare da ban da shekarar farko ta rikicin, 2009, haɓakar tattalin arziƙin dukkan sababbin ƙasashe goma na mambobi sun kasance sama da "tsohuwar EU". Wannan bambanci a cikin haɓaka yana nufin cewa sun kusanci EU ta fuskar tattalin arziki. A cikin kasashen Baltic, alal misali, darajar da aka kara tsakanin 2004 da 2013 sun karu da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin uku, kuma a Poland har ma da kashi 40. Ka'idodin rayuwa sun inganta ƙasa a cikin yawancin ƙasashe. A Bulgaria da Romania, GDP kowace riba ya ninka har sau biyu.
Kudaden da aka dade ana jira daga asusun Haraji da Hadin gwiwar EU ma sun gudano. Duk da cewa ba gwargwadon yadda ƙasashen suka yi tsammani ba, wannan da farko saboda yawan ƙarfin su ne. Yankunan da ke da raunin tsarin ba su iya ɗaukar kuɗaɗen da aka ba su ba. Bugu da kari, hada-hadar kudi ta kasa ta zama babban matsala. Ban da haka, fadada hanyoyin gabas da kuma hadewar kudaden sun taimaka kasashe sun bunkasa abubuwan more rayuwa, matsayin muhalli, babban birnin mutane da ingancin gudanarwar jama'a. Zuba jari daga kasashen waje, wanda ya gudana daga tsohuwar kasashe membobin kungiyar EU, ya inganta gasawar wadannan kasashe kuma ya haifar da haɓaka fasaha ta kusan dukkanin ayyukan samarwa.
Kasuwancin cikin gida na kawo ƙarin ci gaba?
Babban tsammanin tsarin gine-ginen tattalin arziƙin Turai shine cewa babbar kasuwa guda ɗaya - yanzu ta ƙunshi miliyoyin masu amfani da 500 da kamfanonin miliyoyin 21 - za su iya haifar da babban ci gaba ga Turai, ta samar da 'yancinta guda huɗu na' yanci (ba da motsi na kayayyaki, aiyuka, babban birnin da jama'a) da dokokin gasar gama gari. Wannan tasirin tattalin arziƙi ya gaza. Tattalin arzikin EU ya yi girma a cikin shekarun 2004 zuwa 2013 a matsakaici ta ƙimar 1,1 kawai.
Dalilan suna rigima. Yayin da wasu ke ganin su a cikin tabbataccen tabbacin ‘yanci (ana iya ba da sabis ga EU gaba ɗaya tun 2010), wasu suna sanya su cikin ƙarfi tattalin arzikin jihohin EU. Misali, tsarin musayar kudin EU an kera shi ne ga kasashen da ke da gasa mai karfi. Simeon Djankov, tsohon Ministan Kudi a Bulgaria kuma Mataimakin Firayim Minista, ya bayyana wannan asymmetry a cikin misalin Portugal: Ga Portugal, Euro mai wahala tana nufin "ba zai iya yin gasa a cikin tsarin musanya ba muddin dai bai sake inganta kasuwancinsa da tsarin tattalin arzikinta ba. Da kimanta kudin sa, Portugal ba za ta iya sayar da kayayyaki da ayyukanta zuwa kasuwar duniya ba a farashin gasa. "
Amsar da Turawa suka bayar game da ci gaban tattalin arziƙi da farko an kira ta Lisbon Agenda. Tsarin siyasa na tattalin arziƙi wanda yakamata ya mai da Turai ta zama "mafi ƙwarewa kuma mai ƙarfin tattalin arziki a duniya cikin shekaru goma". Koyaya, bayan fahimtar cewa waɗannan manufofi sun yi yawa, amsar yanzu ita ce "Turai 2020 Strategy".
Turai 2020 shiri ne na tattalin arziki na shekaru goma wanda 2010 ta Majalisar Turai ta amince dashi. Manufarta ita ce "mai kaifin basira, mai dorewa da kuma ci gaba mai ɗorewa" tare da ingantacciyar daidaituwa game da tattalin arziƙin ƙasa da Turai. Mayar da hankali shine kan inganta bincike da ci gaba, ilimi mai zurfi da koyo tsawon rai. A lokaci guda, an mai da hankali kan ingantacciyar haɗin kai tsakanin jama'a da haɓaka fasahohin kyautata yanayi.
Kalubale
Duk da wannan babban burin, ci gaba da rikicin tattalin arziƙin ya nuna rashin ƙarfi ga tsarin gine-ginen tattalin arzikin Turai. Haɓaka tattalin arziƙi ya ragu a cikin dukkanin ƙasashe membobin EU kuma ya haifar da koma bayan tattalin arziki mafi ƙarfi a Turai.
Yayinda rashin aikin yi ya kasance a cikin raguwa a duk Turai kafin rikicin tattalin arziki, ya tashi sosai daga 2008 kuma ya sake kaiwa matakan lambobi biyu. Abin takaici, sababbin kasashe membobin EU na kudanci sun kasance a kasan teburin. A ƙarshen 2013, Eurostat ta kiyasta cewa 26,2 miliyoyin maza da mata a fadin EU har ma da matasa miliyan 5,5 ba su da aikin yi a ƙarƙashin shekarun 25. Rashin aikin yi a matsayin gaba daya da rashin aikin yi musamman matasa a halin yanzu suna daga cikin manyan kalubalen EU, a matsayin gaba daya matasa ba tare da aiki da hangen zaman gaba ba game da rayuwa da ta kuduri kansu a matsayin gazawar siyasa.
Wata matsalar da ke fuskantar EU ita ce karuwar rashin daidaituwa. Gaskiya kawai cewa 2004 ya karu da EU ta hanyar 20 a cikin kashi dangane da yawan jama'a, amma kawai da kashi biyar cikin ɗari a cikin sharuddan tattalin arziki, ya haifar da karuwa da bambancin kuɗin shiga a cikin EU kusan kusan 20 a cikin ɗari. Sakamakon yawan kudin shiga na bil adama a lokacin mulkin kwaminis (manufa: duk ba su da karanci), rashin daidaituwa a cikin sabbin kasashe mambobin kungiyar sun karu musamman da karfi.
Ko ta yaya, wannan matsala ce ga daukacin Yammacin duniya: kudaden shigar da suke kashewa ya karu sosai ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin dukkan kasashen OECD cikin shekaru ukun da suka gabata. Wannan ci gaban rashin daidaito na samun kudin shiga yana hade da sauyawa cikin kudin shiga daga ladan zuwa nasarorin babban birnin. A lokaci guda, mafi girman kuɗaɗen hauhawa yana tashi a kai a kai, yayin da harajin wannan sama na kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na manyan masu sauraro a duk ƙasashe OECD.
Rashin tattalin arziki
Baya ga nasarorin tattalin arziki da kalubale, fadada gabas shi ma yana da yanayin tarihi. Turai ta sake haɗuwa bayan rarrabuwa na 50 na shekara zuwa kashi biyu da yakin Cacar. Babbar manufar hadewar Turai, wato samar da zaman lafiya da tsaro ga Turai, hakika an cimma hakan.
A yau, tsoffin da sabbin kasashe mambobin EU suna kokawa da matsalolin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da siyasa. Kasancewa Tarayyar Turai ba shi kaɗai ba ne don kalubalancin lokacinmu. Koyaya, ana iya shakku kan ko waɗannan ƙasashe goma zasu yi nasarar 'yantar da kansu daga mulkin mallaka, da mulkin-mallaka na Rasha da canza su zuwa mulkin demokraɗiyya ba tare da shiga EU ba. Kalmomi: Ukraine.
Photo / Video: Shutterstock.
