Option
Kamfanonin fasahar kere-kere guda biyu Corteva da Bayer sun tara ɗaruruwan aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka akan tsirrai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Corteva ya shigar da takardun haƙƙin mallaka 1.430 - fiye da kowane kamfani - akan tsire-tsire masu amfani da sababbin hanyoyin. Injiniyan gado an yi amfani da su. Binciken hadin gwiwa na kasa da kasa ta GLOBAL 2000, Abokan Duniya na Turai, Kamfanin Kula da Harkokin Turai (Shugaba), ARCHE NOAH, IG Saatgut - ƙungiyar sha'awa don aikin iri-free GMO da Vienna Chamber of Labor yayi nazarin wannan ambaliya na haƙƙin mallaka a kan bangon a halin yanzu an tattauna batun soke dokar injiniyan kwayoyin halitta ta EU tare da keɓancewa ga Sabuwar Injiniyan Halitta (NGT). "Yawan haɓakar aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka don haɓaka ribar waɗannan hanyoyin NGT ya bayyana wasa biyu na kamfanoni," in ji marubutan rahoton da aka buga a yau. "Kamfanonin sinadarai da iri suna son samun sauƙaƙan damar shiga kasuwannin EU don tsire-tsire na NGT da iri na NGT don haka suna samun iko sosai kan manoma, kiwo da kuma tsarin abincinmu."
Corteva da Bayer suna kula da kasuwancin haƙƙin mallaka a cikin aikin gona
Kamfanonin fasahar kere-kere irin su Corteva da Bayer suna yaba sabbin hanyoyin injiniyan kwayoyin halitta a matsayin matakan 'na halitta' wadanda ba za a iya gano su ba don haka ya kamata a kebe su daga kulawar aminci na Tarayyar Turai da ka'idojin sanya alamar abinci ga kwayoyin halitta. A lokaci guda kuma, suna shirya ƙarin aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka na NGT don amintar da sabbin fasahohinsu kuma ta haka ne za su faɗaɗa lamuni a cikin dokar haƙƙin mallaka.
Bayar da lasisin fasahar noma kasuwanci ne mai riba, mai girma. Corteva (tsohon Dow, DuPont da Pioneer) da Bayer (mai Monsanto) sun riga sun sarrafa. 40 kashi na kasuwar iri na masana'antu ta duniya. Corteva ya gabatar da takardun haƙƙin mallaka kusan 1.430 akan tsire-tsire na NGT a duk duniya, Bayer/Monsanto 119. Duk kamfanonin biyu sun kuma kulla yarjejeniyar lasisi mai nisa tare da cibiyoyin bincike waɗanda suka haɓaka fasahar. Corteva ba wai kawai ya mamaye shimfidar patent don tsire-tsire na NGT ba, amma kuma shine kamfani na farko da ke da shukar NGT a cikin tsarin amincewar EU. Tare da wannan haƙƙin mallaka amma, wanda ke da juriya ga takamaiman maganin ciyawa, hanyar NGT CRISPR/Cas an yi amfani da ita a cikin tsarin ban da tsohuwar injiniyan kwayoyin halitta.
Patent akan Tsirrai da Kaddarori
Ana iya amfani da haƙƙin mallaka a cikin EU don samfura da/ko matakai. Ƙungiyoyin Biotech, alal misali, suna neman takardun haƙƙin mallaka waɗanda ke ba su damar da'awar hanyoyin injiniyan kwayoyin halitta da takamaiman halaye na kwayoyin halitta waɗanda waɗannan hanyoyin suka haɓaka. Misali, Corteva yana riƙe da lamban kira EP 2893023 don hanyar canza kwayar halitta ta tantanin halitta (kuma tana amfani da aikace-aikacen NGT) kuma tana da'awar haƙƙin mallakar fasaha ga duk sel, tsaba da tsire-tsire waɗanda ke ɗauke da “ƙirƙirar” iri ɗaya, ya kasance a cikin broccoli, masara, waken soya, shinkafa, alkama, auduga, sha'ir ko sunflower ("da'awar samfur-ta-tsari"). Tare da injiniyan kwayoyin halitta, yana da wuya a iya sanin ainihin abin da aka yi haƙƙin mallaka, saboda aikace-aikacen galibi suna da faɗi da gangan don samun 'kariya' mai fa'ida. Kamfanonin iri da gangan suke tozarta bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin kiwo na al'ada, mutagenesis bazuwar da tsoho da sabon injiniyan kwayoyin halitta. Tun da yake ba a cika samun bayanai game da abin da ke cikin haƙƙin mallaka ba, yana da wuya a gano ciyayi ko halayen da aka mallaka. Masu kiwo, manoma ko masu samarwa suna fuskantar rashin tabbas na doka game da abin da za su iya yi da tsire-tsire da suke aiki da su kowace rana, menene za a biya kuɗin sarauta da abin da zai iya haifar da ƙara. Monsanto, wanda yanzu ya hade da Bayer, ya kawo kararraki 1997 na cin zarafi kan manoma a Amurka tsakanin 2011 da 144.
Bukatun noma iri-iri, masu dacewa da yanayi
Tattaunawa a cikin kasuwar iri ta hanyar haƙƙin mallaka zai haifar da ƙarancin bambance-bambance. Koyaya, rikicin yanayi yana tilasta mana mu canza zuwa tsarin noma mai jure yanayin yanayi, wanda ke buƙatar ba ƙasa ba, amma ƙarin bambancin. Halayen haƙƙin mallaka suna ba wa ƙungiyoyin duniya ikon sarrafa amfanin gona da iri, iyakance damar samun bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta da yin barazana ga amincin abinci.
“Yawancin haƙƙin mallaka akan shuke-shuke shine cin zarafi na haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka da kuma kawo cikas ga samun albarkatu na yau da kullun a aikin noma da samar da abinci. Muna buƙatar cewa a rufe madogara a cikin dokar haƙƙin mallaka na Turai a fannin fasahar kere-kere da kiwo cikin gaggawa kuma a samar da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi waɗanda ke ware kiwo na al'ada daga ikon mallaka. Katherine Dolan daga NOAH'S ARK. Masu shayarwa suna buƙatar samun damar yin amfani da kwayoyin halitta don haɓaka amfanin gona masu dacewa da yanayi. Baƙauye hakkin iri dole ne a tabbatar.
“Dole ne a ci gaba da sarrafa sabbin injiniyoyin kwayoyin halitta a aikin gona bisa ka’idar yin taka tsantsan. NGT amfanin gona na bukatar a daidaita yadda ya kamata, tare da a mark da kuma matakan tsaro don kare lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli don tabbatar da gaskiya da ganowa a duk faɗin hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki ga masu siye da manoma." Brigitte Reisenberger, GLOBAL 2000 kakakin injiniyan kwayoyin halitta.
Photo / Video: GLOBAL 2000 / Christopher Glanzl.
