Umhlaba ongenazo izifo?

Umhlaba ongenazo izifo - kungenzeka na lokho?

Kukulilingo oluyingozi lomuntu. Udokotela waseBrithani uyakwazi lokho Edward Jenner, Futhi okwamanje akathandabuzi lapho ese14. Kwangathi u-1796 angahlwitha isikhwanyana esincane sendlanzana esinenkinga yobisi. Udlulisa uketshezi olunegciwane engalweni ehlelekile yendodana yomlimi wakhe eneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. UJenner ukhonza umsebenzi. Ufuna ukutheleleka ngegciwane okuyingozi ingxibongo Abantu be-400.000 bafa minyaka yonke eYurophu kuphela minyaka yonke. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, ingane ihlelwe kuqala ku-cowpox engenabungozi. Emuva empilweni, udokotela uyifaka futhi, kulokhu nge-pox yomuntu. Uma icebo lakhe likhuphuka, umzimba womfana ngemuva kokwehlula ukutheleleka uzakhele isivikeli gciwane lezinkukhu. Futhi ngokweqiniso, uyasindiswa.

Umuthi wokugoma, osuselwa egameni lesiLatini elisho inkomo uVacca, udokotela waseBrithani ubiza umuthi wakhe wokugoma. Uhlekiswa, ucwaningwe, aze ame ngisho phambi kwendodana yakhe enezinyanga eziyishumi nanye. Futhi-ke, eminyakeni emibili kamuva, umuthi wakhe wokugoma uyabonakala. Ngaphesheya kweYurophu, izokwenziwa kuze kube maphakathi ne-1970, ilethe ukuqothulwa kwengxibongo, njengoba i-WHO 1980 iqinisekisa.

Umhlaba ngaphandle kwezifo ngokusebenzisa umuthi we-AI?
Izinkampani ze-IT ziyoxuba umuthi ngokuzayo futhi zingaba nomthelela emhlabeni ongenazo izifo:

IWats's ye-IBM - I-IBM ibeka uWatson osezingeni eliphezulu emsebenzini wezempilo. Iqhathanisa imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kofuzo lwesiguli ngemizuzu nezigidi zamanye amarekhodi eziguli, izindlela zokwelapha ezingenzeka nemibiko yocwaningo. Lokhu kuholela endleleni esheshayo yokuxilongwa ngokuqondile nesiphakamiso sokwelashwa esihambelanayo. Ukuze benze lokhu, basebenza ngokubambisana nenkampani yezokwelapha i-Quest Diagnostics. Odokotela noma imitholampilo ingathenga njengensizakalo yamafu. "Lokhu kungukuthengiswa ngokubanzi kweWatson emkhakheni we-oncology," kusho uJohn Kelly, umphathi we-IBM.

-Google - Na google kufanelekile iqhawe lenjini yokucinga lingena emkhakheni wezokwelapha. Ngenkampani yokuhlola i-DNA i-23andMe, isivele iqoqe i-database yamasampula e-850.000 ye-DNA esetshenziswa abasebenzisi bayihambise ngokuzithandela. Izinkampani ezenza amakhambi uRoche noPfizer bazosebenzisa le datha ye-DNA ocwaningweni. Kepha i-Google ifuna ukuthuthukisa okuningi, okwayo umuthi. I-Google Labs isebenzisane neNovartis ukukhulisa ilensi yokuxhumana ene-insulin futhi sekuyisikhathi eside iqala ukwakhiwa kwemithi ye-nano.

Microsoft - Inkampani iBill Gates inomkhiqizo Ezempilo NEXT kuthengisiwe, ubuhlakani bokufakelwa obususelwa efwini kanye nephrojekthi yocwaningo. Eminyakeni eyishumi, bafuna futhi ukuxazulula "umdlavuza wezinkinga". Lokhu kuzokwenziwa kwenzeke yinkampani "yeBiological Comptip Unit" inhloso yayo yesikhathi sonke ukuguqula amaseli abe ngamakhompyutha aphilayo angaqalwa futhi ahlelwe kabusha. Ukuziphatha kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza akuyona into eyinkimbinkimbi ngokwayo, kusho umphathi we-laboratorion uChris Bishop. Ngisho ne-PC etholakala kwezentengiso inamandla anele wekhompyutha wokubona ama-algorithms angaphansi.

Apple - I-Apple inika abasebenzisi bayo nge Ikhithi YokucwaningaOkokuqala, iplatela kanjiniyela wohlelo lokusebenza, amandla okunikela ngemininingwane yabo kusuka kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zezempilo ngqo ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha. Lokhu kudonsela izikhungo ezinkulu zocwaningo njengabathuthukisi bezinhlelo zokusebenza zokufunda. "I-ResearchKit inika umphakathi wososayensi ukufinyelela kubantu abahlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke kanye nokuqoqwa kwemininingwane eminingi kunanini ngaphambili," kusho u-Apple.

Umbono, umbono, umuthi wokugomela - kwanele yini emhlabeni ongenasifo?

Ukuze uqede isifo, kulokhu isifo esithathelwanayo, yini edingekayo ngaphezu kwakho konke umbono, umbono, umuthi wokugomela kanye nokugonywa kwabantu emhlabeni? Ngabe kuzwakala kukuhle kakhulu ukuba yiqiniso? Nami. Ngoba iyantula lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-mhlambi immune. Ukugoma, ukugoma kanye nezinhlelo zokugoma ezingalungile emazweni amaningi zikuqinisekisa lokhu. Ngakho-ke, ingxibongo kusewukuphela kwesifo esithathelwanayo esiqothulwe ngempela. Ngeke kushintshe lokho maduze, umhlaba ngaphandle kwezifo uyiphupho lesikhathi esizayo.

E-Austria kuphela, ngaphezu kwengxenye yabazali bangabazi bokugoma (i-56%), ngokokuhlola okwenziwe yiKarl-Landsteiner Association for the Promotion of Medical-Science Science. Ngakho-ke yini edingekayo kulokhu? Kwesokudla, futhi ngumbono. Igama lakhe kungaba uScot Nuismer. U-Nusimer ungusosayensi e-University of Idaho eMoscow futhi unecebo elibusayo: ukukhipha umuthi wokugomela ozisakazela uqobo futhi uvimbele noma uqede izifo ezithathelwanayo. Ukuthi lokhu kungasebenza, i-Nuismer ibalwe ngokwezilinganiso kusetshenziswa isibonelo sepoliyo. Ngaphambi kwalapho, ngokwesibonelo, ngamaphesenti ama-11 kuphela avikelwe ngokwanele phakathi kwe-17- kuya kwabangu-53 abaneminyaka yobudala eJalimane.

Izikhali ezintsha ezilwa nomdlavuza

Amaseli omzimba wakho siqu
E-US, i-2017 ivunyelwe kusukela ngoSepthemba ngamaseli wayo omzimba alungiswe amasosha omzimba. Lokhu ngeke kuphathe kuphela izinhlobo ezithile ze-leukemia ne-lymphoma, kodwa nezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza, ezinjenge-tumors ebeleni, esibelethweni, emaphashini noma kumanyikwe, abacwaningi banethemba.

Yamamolekhula
Izinguquko zofuzo eziba nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni umdlavuza ziye zahlaziywa ngokuningiliziwe eminyakeni yamuva nje yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, izidakamizwa ze-biotech (ama-monoclonal antibodies) nama-molecule amancane okwenziwa ahlasela ngokuthe ngqo izici nokukhombisa izindlela zamaseli womdlavuza. Manje kunezinto ezingaphezu kwe-200 ekwelashweni komdlavuza okuhlosiwe ekuhlolweni komtholampilo emhlabeni wonke.

i-arsenic
I-Arsenic, eyaziwa ngokuthi ubuthi bokubulala, ingasindisa izimpilo zabantu ngethamo elifanele, elilawulwa ngesikhathi esifanele. I-Arsenic trioxide ithuthukisa ithuba lokululama ngokuhlukahluka okukodwa kwe-myeloid leukemia, i-promyelocytic leukemia. Lokhu kuboniswe ngocwaningo lweSigaba III ku-New England Journal of Medicine.

epigenetics
Isayensi isebenza ukuthola amamaki epigenetic adlala indima yomdlavuza onjengomdlavuza wegazi. Kulomongo, bangabaphatheli bokuhlola abazobuyisela lezi zinguquko. Amaseli omdlavuza, ngakho-ke ithemba labo, lingaguqulwa libuyele kumaseli anempilo ngale ndlela.

I-plasma ebandayo
Ukuthembisa yinguqulo ye-plasma, equkethe ngokushisa komzimba futhi engakhiqizwa kalula ngokuphuma kumagesi amahle anamandla kagesi. Ukwelapha amangqamuzana omdlavuza nge-plasma ebandayo, abulala ngokushesha nangokwemvelo, amangqamuzana omzimba anempilo, aqine angakhula futhi abe izicubu ezonakele.

Umgomo we "isikhali sebhayoloji"

Nansi indlela esebenza ngayo: E-Laborism Nuismer nethimba lakhe balingisa igciwane, kulokhu UvendleOkwenziwe ngofuzo ukumisa ukubangela izifo kepha ukuhlomisa amasosha omzimba ngokumelene ne-pathogen noma elinye igciwane. Leli gciwane lidedelwa endle, lisakazeka lodwa futhi nezingane ezisanda kuzalwa zingenwa kalula yimvelo yazo. Ukuhambela kukadokotela komgomo? Akekho umuntu oyidingayo. Kodwa-ke, ukuthi kudingani ukuqaphela ukuthi kungukungafani okulimazayo kwe-pathogen yokuqala, njengegciwane elibuthakathaka elinesifo elakhelwe izakhi zofuzo ukuvimba ukuthi lingabuyeli emuva ligciwane elibangela izifo. Ngeshwa, lokhu akuwona umbono ongahlosile wekusasa; imigomo yokuzikhulisa isivele isetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwezilwane. Endabeni yesishayo sonogwaja ne-Sin-Nombre hantavirus, amagundane ezinyamazane asazama ngakho manje. Futhi usosayensi u-Nuismer uyaqiniseka ukuthi ngale ndlela maduze kuzohlaselwa amagciwane anjenge-Ebola, adluliselwa esilwaneni sasendle aye ebantwini.

Umhlaba ongenazo izifo: ubunjiniyela basindisa izakhi zofuzo?

Ngakho-ke, maduze nje singaphethwe yizifo ezithathelanayo. Kepha kuthiwani ngezifo zofuzo? Ngisho nalawo awakwazanga ukudlala indima ye-2050. Futhi ngenxa yobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo. Emibungu, ososayensi bazongenela ngamabomu ku-genome ukuze kuqedwe izakhi zofuzo ezibhekene nezifo ezingandile.
Lokho ngeke kwenzeke ngokushesha okungaka? Ngabe kudala, ngo-Ephreli 2015 eChina - yize umzamo wehluleka ngaleso sikhathi. Izindlela zokwelapha ze-Gene kubantu abanezifo ezimbi kakhulu sezivele zahlukaniswa njengokuziphatha nangokomthetho ngaphandle kokungabaza, inqobo nje uma uguquko lungadluliselwa enzalweni. Ukuze ungenelele, ukuphela kwembangela yofuzo engaphansi kwalesi sifo okudingeka kwaziwe kahle, njengeCystic Fibrosis, iHuntington's Disease ne-Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Lezi zifo ziyoqedwa ekuqaleni kwesigaba se-embryonic ngokuzayo.

Futhi enye indlela iletha i-genetic engineering ngayo: "Crispr / Cas9". Lokhu kungasetshenziswa ukushintsha uhlobo lwezitshalo, izilwane nabantu. Isibonelo, ukufakwa kwamathambo ezifo ezinjenge-sickle cell anemia kungekudala kuzoba yinto yesikhathi esidlule esimweni sethu esizayo. Esikhundleni sokudlulisela amaseli abanikelayo, umuntu umane elungisa uhlobo olungenasici kumaseli we-hematopoietic. I-University of Massachusetts isivele isiqede i-gene kumaseli emisipha ekhiqiza uhlobo lwe-musstr dystrophy. Ukucisha esikhundleni sokusika nokulungisa maduze kuzoba isiqubulo. Ekugcineni, kunezindaba ezimnandi zabathandi bezindawo ezishisayo. Ngisho nezifo ezishisa njengemalaleveva zingezesikhathi esedlule - ngokungenelela okuqondisiwe kuzinhlobo zomiyane.

Ukugxekwa kobunjiniyela obusha bezakhi zofuzo
Njengamanje iGreenpeace ishaqekile ngesicelo se-Advocate General e-EU Court of Justice. Izinqubo zokusungula izakhi zofuzo zika-Novel akufanele ziphathwe ngokomthetho njengobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo. Izindlela zobunjiniyela bohlobo lwenoveli ezinje nge-CRISPR-Cas (Ehlanganiswe Njalo Neziphindaphindwe Ezifushane Zangaphakathi) zingenelela kwezobuchwepheshe. Okwamanje asikho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi imikhiqizo eyenziwe kusetshenziswa izindlela ezintsha zokusungula izakhi zofuzo ayinayo imiphumela emibi emvelweni noma empilweni. Ezilungiselelweni zobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo zisebenzisa inqubo ye-CRISPR-Cas, ushintsho olungazihlosile ku-genome lutholakala nasezifundweni. "Uma sezitshaliwe, lezi zitshalo zingakhipha noma ziqhubeke ukuzalanisa. Imiphumela yale teknoloji yobungozi ingathinta zonke izitshalo, izilwane nabantu - ngisho nalabo abangasebenzisi ubuchwepheshe obunjalo noma benqabe imikhiqizo ye-GM, "kusho okhulumela iGreenpeace uHeww Schuster.

Noma kufanele ihluke ngokuphelele. Cishe nge I-TCM Yesintu Yendabuko Yendabuko? noma ezinye izindlela?

Photo / Video: Ugogo.