UVeronika Janyrova
"Umthetho wokungenisa izihambi (e-Austria), ngokwesibonelo, uhlinzeka ngokuzibophezela kokuziphatha kanye nokubhaliswa kwabamele izintshisekelo nabamelekeleli, kepha akubandakanyi amakamelo futhi akunikezi umphakathi ukuqonda mayelana nokuqukethwe kwemisebenzi yokuhlasela."
Amacala wokucasha okucashile kanye nethonya elingathandeki nelingamthetho ezinqumweni zezepolitiki ahambisana nokuthuka inkohliso njengesithunzi eside. Kamuva nje selokhu kwaba sekomitini eliphenya amacala e-Eurofight e-Austria ngo-2006 nango-2007, ukunxenxa i-Austria nezeluleko zezepolitiki kube nokusolwa jikelele ngenkohlakalo.
Akumangazi ukuthi ukwethembela kwabase-Austrian kwezepolitiki bekuya kwehla iminyaka. Kakhulu kakhulu, kuze kube ngonyaka we-2017 inani eliphelele labantu abangamaphesenti angama-87 lalingenathemba elingatheni kwezepolitiki (inhlolovo ye-OGM egameni le-Initiative for Majority Suffrage neDemocratic Reform, 2018). Futhi akulindelekile impela ukuthi ngabe lokhu kube ngcono kulo nyaka.
Kepha akukhona nje ukuthi ama-lobbyists ayi-professional kanye nabeluleki bezepolitiki abazama ukuthonya izinqumo zezepolitiki. Abadlali abaningi bezenhlalo baphishekela le nhloso - izikhungo zesayensi, izisekelo, amathangi okucabanga, izinhlangano, ama-NGO, namaqembu ezikole nezinhlangano zabazali. Futhi cishe bonke bamelela izintshisekelo zombono noma ezithile.
Ukubheka emuva nokubheka phambili
Ngokuqhathanisa namazwe omhlaba, ukubonisana ngezepolitiki njengemboni e-Austria kuncane kakhulu. Okwesigamu seminyaka, ukulingana kwezintshisekelo kwezenhlalo kwenzeka ikakhulu ezingeni lobambiswano lomphakathi. Amaqembu anentshisekelo amakhulu (IChamber Labour AK, i-Chamber of Commerce I-WKO, Igumbi Lezolimo I-LKO, Inhlangano yezinyunyana yabasebenzi ÖGB) bekulawuleka kahle. Umncintiswano wezepolitiki awuzange ube yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu namaqembu amabili amakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokujoyina i-EU futhi ngaphansi kobuholi bukaWolfgang Schüssel, amaqembu entshisekelo yendabuko agcine eqhutshelwa emuva.
Usosayensi wepolitiki ubhala ngalokhu U-Anton Pelinka: "Ukuthuthukiswa kwezeluleko zezepolitiki e-Austria kwabonakala ngesici esikhethekile: ukubambezeleka. Ngokuhambisana nokubambezeleka kwentando yeningi jikelele futhi kuqiniswe ukusebenza kweqembu lephathi ngokweqile, izinhlaka nemisebenzi yezeluleko zezepolitiki, njengoba zihambisana nentando yeningi yenkululeko, zithuthuke kancane e-Austria. "
Akunakwenzeka ukuthi isidingo sezeluleko zenqubomgomo sehle ngokuzayo okuzayo. Ukuthuthuka kwezenhlalo, ezomnotho nezepolitiki nemidlalo kumane nje kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu namuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo ezihlukile nezingezona zokuvota zathola ukubaluleka futhi zinikeza osopolitiki into eyengeziwe yokungahleleki. Okokugcina, umphakathi okhulayo nokwehlukaniswa ngokwawo udinga ukunakwa okwengeziwe, ukubamba iqhaza kanye nokubamba iqhaza wentando yeningi.
Mayelana nokudlala kwamahhala kwezimpikiswano
Ngempela, ilungelo lokumelela izintshisekelo zomuntu liyisici esibalulekile sentando yeningi evulekile nenkululeko. Lokhu kufaka nokushintshana kwemininingwane phakathi kososeshini, izinkampani namaqembu ezintshisekelo ngakolunye uhlangothi nepolitiki, iphalamende kanye nokuphatha ngakolunye uhlangothi. Akuzona kuphela izazi zezenhlalo zenkululeko ezibamba lo mbono, ngokwesibonelo I-Transparency International, eqhubeka ngokuqapha futhi ihlaziye inkohlakalo ezweni: “Umqondo oyisisekelo wokunxusa kanye nokukhangisa ukungenelela, ukubamba iqhaza kanye nokuzibandakanya kwabantu kanye nezinhlangano ezithintwa izinqumo zenhlalo noma ezinye.
Kepha lokhu kuhlangana ngokubambisana kumele kuvuleke ngokwanele futhi kube sobala, ”kusho u-Eva Geiblinger, Umphathi Omkhulu weTransparency International - i-Austrian Chapter. Ukudlala kwamahhala kwezimpikiswano kanye nokuqaliswa kokuhle kakhulu kungukuqonda okukhangayo wentando yeningi. Futhi akuyona i-utopia, ngoba kukhona okuhlangenwe nakho okwanele nemicabango yalokho.
Ukugcwala e-Austria: Akuzona zonke izimvu ezimnyama
Kukhona nezeluleko zenqubomgomo ezingathi sína. Umsebenzi wakho oyinhloko ukuhlinzeka ngezepolitiki kanye nokuphatha ngobungcweti. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amaqiniso aqinisekisiwe kanye nokuhlaziywa kwemiphumela nemiphumela emibi efiselekayo nengathandeki yezinqumo zezepolitiki.
Isayensi yezombusazwe, uHubert Sickinger, ngokwesibonelo, ichaza imininingwane ethatha izinqumo ngokuthi “imali esemthethweni” yokunxusa, "ngoba iyadingeka futhi isebenza ngeqophelo lezinqumo zezepolitiki". Ngokusho kwakhe, ukuntshontsha kuyinto efiselekayo ngombono wentando yeningi, uma izintshisekelo eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka zinethuba elingokoqobo lokuzwakala futhi izinqumo zingenziwa ngokwesisekelo solwazi oluhlanganyele.
Ngeshwa, naye, kufanele aqaphele ukuthi ukunxenxa abantu e-Austria, ikakhulukazi ngezinhlaka kanye neminyango yokwamukela izivakashi ezindlini, imvamisa yenzeka ekusithekeni: "Imali yangempela yabanqobi yinethiwekhi yabo yezepolitiki nokuqonda okuningana kokusebenza kohlelo lokuphatha ezepolitiki". Ngisho nezindinganiso ezisemthethweni zingathonywa ngale ndlela. Kwentando yeningi evulekile, ukukhangisa kufanele kube yibhizinisi lomphakathi, ngoba ingxoxo evulekile mayelana Imibuzo eyiqiniso nezintshisakalo futhi yikho okuchaza ikhwalithi yezinqumo zezepolitiki.
Iziphakamiso eziningi zalokhu zivela ekubonisaneni ngokwezepolitiki uqobo. Isibonelo, umeluleki wezepolitiki uFeri Thierry ubiza ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umsebenzi wokubonisana uqinisekisiwe, ngokwesibonelo ngokuqoqwa kwemininingwane nokuzimela, nangokucacisa komphakathi izindaba zezepolitiki, izinqumo kanye nezinketho zezinyathelo ngakolunye uhlangothi. Ngokusho kwakhe, lokhu kuvezwa obala kukhuthaza ukulingana kwezenhlalo kwezintshisekelo nezingxabano.
Ukuze kubuyiswe ukwethenjwa kwalemboni, i-Austrian Public Affairs Association (ÖPAV) ne-Austrian Lobbying and Public Affairs Council (ALPAC) babeke imithetho yokuziphatha kumalungu abo, ezimeni eziningi edlula ngohlaka lwezomthetho.
Isimo somthetho: ukubamba iqhaza e-Austria
E-Austria laba bampofu kakhulu. Yize baphinda basebenza kaningi ngemuva kokwesula kuka-Ernst Strasser's, kusenesidingo esikhulu sokulungiswa kabusha. Ngonyaka ka-2012 nokho kwaba yinto emnandi kakhulu kulo mongo: UMkhandlu Kazwelonke waphasisa umthetho obizwa ngeLobbying and Lobbying Transparency Act, Umthetho Wezinhlangano Zepolitiki, uqinisa ukuhlinzekwa kobugebengu kanye noMthetho Wezokungahambisani Nokwethula umthetho Kwamalungu ePhalamende. Lokhu kubeke inkambo ebalulekile, kodwa ngeshwa iningi lemithetho yaphenduka ukungabi nalutho.
Umthetho we-Lobbying, ngokwesibonelo, uhlinzeka ngokuzibophezela kokuziphatha kanye nokubhaliswa kwabamele izintshisekelo kanye nabamelekeleli, kepha akubeki emakamelweni futhi akunikezi umphakathi ukuqonda kokuqukethwe kwemisebenzi yokuphanga. Ubona kuphela amagama nokuthengisa. Ngokusho kukaHubert Sickinger, ingaphezu kwerejista yezimboni kunerejista yangempela yokubonisa. Kepha yize lokhu kucishe kube yize. Uma kuqhathaniswa nabanqobi bezingcweti abangama-3.000-4.000 abalinganiselwa yi-ÖPAV e-Austria, bangama-600 kuphela abantu ababhalisiwe njengamanje. Ngokuphikisana nalokhu, iMedia Transparency Act, ebeka ukuthi izikhungo zikahulumeni ziyadingeka ukuthi zibike izindleko ze-PR kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali, zinezilinganiso ezingamaphesenti cishe eziyikhulu.
Kuyasebenza
Ukugxekwa komthetho wokungenisa izivakashi kugcwele yonke indawo futhi izimfuno zivela ekunwetshisweni nasekwazisweni kwesibopho sokubhalisa, sobala ngokwengxenye yezinkampani zikahulumeni, ekugxambeni komthetho ozokwenza umphakathi uqondakale futhi uqondakale, lapho isiphakamiso nemithetho ethile ethile ibuyela emuva.
Isimo siyefana noMthetho Wokungahambisani Nezokuhwebelana Kwama-MP, ohlinzeka ngomsebenzi wokubika imisebenzi ayitholayo nokuphatha. Le mibiko ayihloliwe noma imininingwane engamanga ayitholwanga. Lesi futhi yisizathu sokugxekwa njalo koMkhandlu WaseYurophu, okuthi, ngaphezu kokulawulwa kanye nokuthathwa kwemininingwane, futhi kudinga ukuthi kube nenqubo yokuziphatha yamalungu ePhalamende nemithetho ecacile yokubhekana nabameleki. Okokugcina, ucela nokuthi kuvinjelwe ngokusobala ukuthi abantu abangamalungu ePhalamende bazibandakanye njengabo.
Khombisa ukugeleza kwemali nolwazi
Ubuthakathaka bomthetho weqembu bakhonjiswa umxhwele kithi ngo-2019. Inkululeko yemithetho yolwazi nayo izobaluleka e-Austria, njengoba kuye kwafunwa yiForamu Yolwazi Lwenkululeko iminyaka eminingi. Lokhu kuhlinzeka - esikhundleni 'semfihlo esemthethweni' yase-Austrian - ilungelo lomphakathi lokuthola ulwazi oluvela kuma-ejensi kahulumeni. Kungadlula kakhulu ukugeleza kwemali kusuka nokuya emaqenjini nakwezepolitiki futhi, ngokwesibonelo, ukwenza ukusetshenziswa kwemali yentela nezinqumo zezepolitiki kube obala futhi kuyaqondakala.
Sekukonke, isimo sezomthetho sase-Austriya maqondana nempi yokulwa nenkohlakalo nethonya elingalungile emithethweni nasezinqumweni zezombusazwe zingaphezu kokumpofu. Ebumnyameni kuhle ukububula. Isidingo sokubamba sikhulu futhi inqobo nje uma kucacile, imithetho esobala yomdlalo ayenzelwe osopolitiki nabangabazi, ukungahambisani nezepolitiki nodumo oluphansi lweqembu labo ngeke lushintshe.
Uma ngibheka emuva, umuntu kufanele abonge u-Ernst Strasser, ngoba ukukuqonda kwalasha kwakhe kokuziphatha kuye kwasiza ukubuyiselwa kwemali okusemthethweni. Futhi kunezinkomba eziningi zokuthi labo be-Deputy Chancellor Heinz Christian Strache ngeke basale ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwezichibiyelo zomthetho. Yize le mithetho eyenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile ibanga elide ukusuka kwezombusazwe eziqondiswe esikhathini esizayo, ezikhanyisiwe futhi ezinokwethenjelwa, lezi zindaba - ezihlasimulisa umzimba ngesehla sewayine sango-1970 - okungenani zikhombisile ukusebenza kokuhlanzwa.
I-INFO: Inkomba yenkohlakalo nokukhankasela e-Austria
ITransparency International iveza Inkomba Yezibonakaliso Zokukhohlakala (CPI). IDenmark, iFinland neNew Zealand zahlala zingavikelekile ezindaweni ezintathu eziphezulu ngo-2018, iSouth Sudan, iSyria neSomalia ezansi.
Njengoba inamaphuzu angama-76 kwayi-100, i-Austria ithuthukile yaya endaweni ye-14, okuyindawo ehlala ndawonye neHong Kong ne-Iceland. I-Austria ithole amaphuzu ayi-2013 kusukela ngo-7. Ngenkathi i-Austria isendaweni ye-16 ngonyaka odlule, abasezingeni eliphakeme ukusuka ngo-2005 - endaweni ye-10 - akukaze kutholakale. Ngokuqhathanisa i-EU, i-Austria nayo ingemuva kweFinland neSweden (indawo yesi-3), iNetherlands kanye neLuxembourg (indawo yesi-8 neye-9) kanye neJalimane kanye ne-UK (indawo ye-11).
Emcimbini wokwethula i-CPI 2018, iTransparency International ivuselela iphakheji lezimfuno, elibhekiswe eMkhandlwini Kazwelonke nakuHulumeni Wombuso, kepha nakwezamabhizinisi nakwezomphakathi. "Siyaqiniseka ukuthi ukufezeka kwezidingo ezikuyo kuzoletha ukuthuthuka okukhulu hhayi esimeni uqobo, kepha nasekuhlolweni kwamazwe e-Austria njengendawo yebhizinisi," kugcizelela u-Eva Geiblinger.
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