Inkomo evumelana nesimo sezulu

nguMartin Auer

Akuyona inkomo, kodwa ezolimo zezimboni yizona ezingcolisa isimo sezulu, kusho udokotela wezilwane u-Anita Idel - omunye wababhali abahamba phambili boMbiko Wezolimo Womhlaba ka-2008.[1] – encwadini ethi “On the myth of climate-smart agriculture” eshicilelwe kanye nososayensi wezolimo u-Andrea Beste[2]. Inkomo inegama elibi phakathi kwezishoshovu zesimo sezulu ngokushisa i-methane. Lokhu kubi ngempela esimweni sezulu, ngoba i-methane (CH4) ishisa umkhathi izikhathi ezingu-25 ngaphezu kwe-CO2. Kodwa inkomo nayo inohlangothi lwayo oluhambisana nesimo sezulu.

Inkomo evumelana nesimo sezulu ihlala ikakhulukazi emadlelweni. Udla utshani notshani futhi akukho siphakeli esigxilile. Inkomo evumelana nesimo sezulu ayifuyelwa ukusebenza ngokwedlulele. Unikeza kuphela amalitha angu-5.000 obisi ngonyaka esikhundleni sika-10.000 wezi-12.000. Ngoba kuningi angakwenza ngotshani notshani njengefolishi. Inkomo evumelana nesimo sezulu empeleni ibhodla i-methane eningi ngelitha ngalinye lobisi elunikezayo kunenkomo ethela kakhulu. Kodwa lesi sibalo asiyitsheli yonke indaba. Inkomo evumelana nesimo sezulu ayikudli okusanhlamvu, ummbila nesoya kude nabantu. Namuhla, amaphesenti angu-50 okuvuna okusanhlamvu emhlabeni wonke agcina esezinkomeni zokudla, izingulube nezinkukhu. Kungakho kuyiqiniso impela ukuthi sidinga ukunciphisa ukudla kwethu inyama nemikhiqizo yobisi. Amahlathi ayagawulwa bese kugawulwa izindawo ezinotshani ukuze kungene lezi zitshalo ezikhula njalo zefolishi. Zombili "ziyizinguquko zokusetshenziswa komhlaba" eziyingozi kakhulu esimweni sezulu. Ukube besingondli okusanhlamvu, umhlaba omncane ubungapha abantu abaningi kakhulu. Noma ungase usebenze ngezindlela zokutshala ezingagxili kakhulu, kodwa ezithambile. Kodwa inkomo evumelana nesimo sezulu idla utshani abantu abangakwazi ukubugaya. Ngakho-ke kufanele futhi sicabangele ukubamba inyama kanye welche Imikhiqizo yobisi kufanele siyigweme. Kusukela ngo-1993 kuya ku-2013, isibonelo, inani lezinkomo zobisi eNyakatho Rhine-Westphalia lalingaphezu kwesigamu. Nokho, izinkomo ezisele zazikhiqiza ubisi oluningi ukwedlula zonke eminyakeni engu-20 ngaphambili. Izinkomo ezihambisana nesimo sezulu, ezazifuywe ukuze zithole ukusebenza kwazo ikakhulukazi etshanini nasemadlelweni, zase ziqediwe. Okwasala izinkomo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, ezincike ekudleni okugxilile okuvela emasimini afakwe umanyolo we-nitrogen, ezinye zazo okusafanele zingeniswe kwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kunemithombo eyengeziwe ye-CO2 ngesikhathi sokuthutha.

Abahlomula kakhulu ekuguquleni indawo enotshani ibe yizwe elimekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe ukudla kwezilwane izimboni ezihlinzeka ngamapulazi noma ezilungisa imikhiqizo. Ngakho-ke imboni yamakhemikhali enembewu, umanyolo wamaminerali ne-nitrogen, izibulala-zinambuzane, ukudla kwezilwane, ama-antibiotic, ama-antiparasites, amahomoni; imboni yemishini yezolimo, izinkampani ezizinzile zemishini kanye nezinkampani ezifuywayo; Izinkampani zokuthutha, izinkampani zobisi, izilaha kanye nezinkampani zokudla. Lezi zimboni azinandaba nenkomo ehambisana nesimo sezulu. Ngoba abatholi lutho kuye. Ngenxa yokuthi ayifuywa ukuze isebenze ngokwedlulele, inkomo evumelana nesimo sezulu iphila isikhathi eside, ayiguli njalo futhi akudingeki ukuthi impontshwe igcwele ama-antibiotics. Ukudla kwenkomo evumelana nesimo sezulu kukhula lapho ikhona futhi akudingi ukuthuthwa kude. Umhlabathi okhulela kuwo ifolishi akudingekile ukuba ulinywe ngemishini ehlukahlukene yezolimo edla amandla. Ayidingi ukuvundiswa kwe-nitrogen ngakho-ke ayibangeli noma yikuphi ukukhishwa kwe-nitrous oxide. Futhi i-nitrous oxide (N2O), ekhiqizwa emhlabathini lapho i-nitrogen ingamuncwe ngokuphelele izitshalo, iyingozi ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-300 esimweni sezulu kune-CO2. Eqinisweni, i-nitrous oxide inegalelo elikhulu kwezolimo ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. 

Utshani buye bavela ezigidini zeminyaka kanye nezinkomo nezimvu nezimbuzi kanye nezihlobo zazo: ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Yingakho idlelo lincike ezilwaneni ezidlayo. Inkomo evumelana nesimo sezulu ikhuthaza ukukhula kotshani ngokulunywa kwayo, umphumela esiwazi ngokugunda utshani. Ukukhula kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ngaphansi komhlaba, endaweni yezimpande. Izimpande kanye nezimpande ezinhle zotshani zifinyelela izikhathi eziphindwe kabili kuya kwezingamashumi amabili kune-biomass ngaphezu komhlabathi. Ukuklaba kunomthelela ekwakhekeni kwe-humus kanye nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni emhlabathini. Ithani ngalinye le-humus liqukethe ingxenye yethani lekhabhoni, ekhulula umoya wamathani angu-1,8 we-CO2. Sekukonke, le nkomo yenza okwengeziwe ngesimo sezulu kunokuba ilimaze nge-methane eyibhodlayo. Uma izimpande zotshani ziningi, umhlabathi ungagcina amanzi kangcono. Lokhu okokuvikela izikhukhula futhi ukumelana nesomiso. Futhi inhlabathi enezimpande kahle ayikhukhulwa ngokushesha. Ngale ndlela, inkomo evumelana nesimo sezulu isiza ekunciphiseni ukuguguleka komhlabathi nokulondoloza izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Kunjalo kuphela uma amadlelo egcinwa ngaphakathi kwemingcele esimeme. Uma kunezinkomo eziningi kakhulu, utshani abukwazi ukukhula ngokushesha futhi isisindo sezimpande siyehla. Izitshalo ezidliwa inkomo zimbozwe amagciwane. Kanti nobulongwe benkomo abushiya bunothiswe ngamagciwane. Ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ukusebenzelana phakathi kwendawo yokuphila engenhla nangaphansi komhlaba yebhaktheriya kuye kwathuthuka. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu ezenza indle yezinkomo ikhuthaze ikakhulukazi ukuvunda komhlabathi. Inhlabathi evundile emnyama e-Ukraine, ePuszta, ezindaweni eziphansi zaseRomania, emathafeni aphansi aseJalimane nakwezinye izindawo eziningi iwumphumela wezinkulungwane zeminyaka zamadlelo. Namuhla, isivuno esiphezulu sitholakala lapho, kodwa ukulima okujulile kususa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni emhlabathini ngesilinganiso esishaqisayo. 

Amaphesenti angu-40 omhlaba ogcwele izitshalo ayindawo enotshani. Eduze kwehlathi, iyisitshalo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Izindawo zayo zokuhlala zisukela komile kakhulu kuye kwabamanzi kakhulu, kusukela ekushiseni kakhulu kuye kubanda kakhulu. Kusenezindawo ezinotshani ngenhla komugqa wezihlahla ezingadlulwa. Imiphakathi enotshani nayo iyavumelana nezimo esikhathini esifushane ngoba ingamasiko axubile. Imbewu enhlabathini ihlukene futhi ingamila futhi ikhule kuye ngezimo zemvelo. Ngakho-ke, imiphakathi yotshani imelana kakhulu - izinhlelo "eziqinile" -. Isikhathi sazo sokukhula siqala ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi siphele kamuva kunezihlahla ezivuthuluka. Izihlahla zakha i-biomass engaphezu komhlaba ngaphezu kotshani. Kodwa i-carbon eningi kakhulu igcinwa enhlabathini ngaphansi kwezindawo ezinotshani kunasenhlabathini yamahlathi. Utshani obusetshenziselwa ukuklaba izinkomo buthatha izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zawo wonke umhlaba wokulima futhi bunikeza ukuphila okubalulekile kwengxenye eyodwa kweshumi yenani labantu emhlabeni. Izimfunda ezimanzi, amadlelo asezintabeni, ama-steppes nama-savanna akuzona nje kuphela izitolo ezinkulu zekhabhoni, kodwa futhi zinikeza isisekelo somsoco esikhulu kunazo zonke sokwakheka kwamaprotheni emhlabeni. Ngoba iningi lendawo yomhlaba wonke ayikulungele ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside. Ekondlekeni kwabantu, lezi zindawo zingasetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo njengendawo yamadlelo. Uma besingayeka imikhiqizo yezilwane ngokuphelele, singalahlekelwa umnikelo obalulekile wenkomo evumelana nesimo sezulu ekongiweni nasekuthuthukisweni komhlabathi, ekugcineni ikhabhoni kanye nokugcina izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. 

Izinkomo eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,5 ezigcwele iplanethi yethu namuhla ziningi kakhulu. Kodwa zingaki izinkomo ezihambisana nesimo sezulu? Asiyitholi impendulo yalo mbuzo oqondile kulolu cwaningo. Kungase kube ukuqagela nje. Ukuze uthole ukuqondiswa, ungakhumbula ukuthi cishe ngo-1900, i.e. ngaphambi kokusungulwa kanye nokusetshenziswa okukhulu komanyolo we-nitrogen, izinkomo ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-400 kuphela zazihlala emhlabeni.[3]Futhi elinye iphuzu elibalulekile: Akuzona zonke izinkomo ezidla utshani ezivumelana nesimo sezulu: amaphesenti angu-60 ezindawo ezinotshani adliwe kakhulu ngokusesilinganisweni noma kakhulu futhi asongelwa ukucekelwa phansi kwenhlabathi.[4] Ukuphatha okuhlakaniphile, okusimeme nakho kuyadingeka ekwaluseni. 

Sekuzwakala ukuthi izihlahla zibalulekile ekuvikeleni isimo sezulu. Sekuyisikhathi sokuthi i-ecosystem yotshani nayo inikezwe ukunakwa okudingekayo.

Isithombe sekhava: Nuria Lechner
Okuphawuliwe: Hanna Faist

[1]    https://www.unep.org/resources/report/agriculture-crossroads-global-report-0

[2]    Idel, Anita; U-Beste, u-Andrea (2018): Kusukela kunganekwane yokulima okuhlakaniphile kwesimo sezulu. noma Kungani okuncane kokubi kungalungile. I-Wiesbaden: I-Greens European Free Alliance ePhalamende laseYurophu.

[3]    https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/livestock-counts

[4]    U-Piipponen J, Jalava M, de Leeuw J, Rizayeva A, Godde C, Cramer G, Herrero M, & Kummu M (2022). Izitayela zomhlaba jikelele ekuthwaleni kotshani kanye nokuminyana kwesitoko semfuyo. I-Global Change Biology, 28, 3902-3919. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16174