Sonja Bettel
"Kucatshangelwa ukuthi inyama ehlanzekile nayo ingenziwa ibe nempilo kunenyama yemvelo."
Ngo-Agasti 2013 eLondon phambi kwamakhamera naphambi kwezintatheli ze200 iburger ebiza kakhulu yatholwa futhi yanambitheka. Amaphawundi we-250.000, kwathiwa ngaleso sikhathi, abiza isinkwa esosiwe kahle inyama. Hhayi ngoba kwakuqhamuka ezinkomeni zakwaKobe ezazidukelwe zaze zafa, kodwa ngoba iqembu lososayensi abangamaDashi basebenze iminyaka eminingana ukuzalanisa lolu hlobo lwenyama ebelebhu. Bafuna ukuguqula ukukhiqizwa kwenyama kwekusasa futhi basindise nokuphila emhlabeni weplanethi. Eminyakeni embalwa, i-hamburger eyenziwe yenyama ebilisiwe ibiza ama-euro ayishumi noma ngaphansi nokunambitha njengoba sisejwayele.
inyama ehlanzekile: inyama yokufakelwa evela esitsheni sePetri
Umbono wokukhulisa inyama esitsheni sikaPetri wawusenziwe kakade yisikhulu saseBrithani uWinston Churchill. NgoDisemba u-1931 wacacisa esihlokweni esiku- "Strand Magazine" ngekusasa: Akunangqondo ukuthi siphakamisa inkukhu yonke, uma nje sifuna ukudla isifuba noma umlenze, eminyakeni engaba ngu-50 sizokwazi ukuyizalela ngeminyaka ,
Ekuqaleni kwe-2000, usomabhizinisi osethathe umhlalaphansi uWillem van Ellen ukhuthaze abacwaningi abavela emaNyuvesi ase-Amsterdam, Eindhoven nase-Utrecht nenkampani yase-Dutch yokuhlonza inyama ukuthi bahlanganyele ekuthuthukiseni inyama ye-vitro. Iphrojekthi ye-InVitroMeat ithole uxhaso lukahulumeni kusuka ku-2004 kuya ku-2009. UMark Post, isazi semithambo yemvelo e-University of Maastricht, samhlaba umxhwele kakhulu lo mbono waze wanamathela kuso. Ukunambitha kokuqala kwama-burger akhe waselebhu ngo-Agasti 2013 kwahanjelwa yintatheli yase-US uJosh Schonwald kanye nososayensi wokudla wase-Austrian, umcwaningi wezokudla uHanni Rützler.
I-burger yayivele isondele kakhulu ekunambithekeni kwenyama ekhulile ngokwemvelo, bavuma, kodwa yomile ngandlela thile. Yayingenawo amafutha, enikeza ubumnandi nokunambitheka. Ngokubuka, awubonanga mehluko kuFaschiertem evamile, noma usokosa inyama iziphatha ngendlela ojwayele ngayo. Yayikhululiwe isuka kumaseli ngamanye omsipha we-bovine amasonto ngamalungiselelo wokuxazulula izakhi emabhodleleni we-laborator.
Okwezemvelo nonembeza
Kepha kungani wonke umzamo? Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngenxa yezizathu zokuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nesimo sezulu. Ukukhiqiza ikhilogremu eyodwa yenkomo, udinga amalitha amanzi we-15.000. Ngokuya kokuqagelwa kweWorld Health Organisation, amaphesenti angu-70 womhlaba wezolimo asetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwenyama, okuyi-15 kuya kumaphesenti angu-20 wamagesi abamba ukushisa. Ngonyaka we-2050, ukukhiqizwa kwenyama kungakhula emhlabeni wonke ngamaphesenti we-70, ngoba ngokuchuma kanye nokwanda kwenani labantu emhlabeni nayo indlala yenyama iyakhula.
KuKurt Schmidinger, isishoshovu ku- Inhlangano yokulwa namafemu wezilwane nenhloko yesinyathelo "Ukudla Kwakusasa - inyama ngaphandle kokuphathwa kwezilwane"Isici sokuziphatha sibaluleke ngokufanayo:" Emhlabeni jikelele, ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane zama-65 ezilwane zibulawa njalo ngonyaka ukuthola umsoco. Ukuze ukhiqize ikhalori eyodwa yenyama, kufanele kusetshenziswe amakhalori ayisikhombisa okudla kwezilwane bese kukhiqizwa inqwaba yokugcwala namanzi amdaka. ”Ukudla okusekwe ezitshalweni okusetshenziselwa uKurt Schmidinger ngaleyo ndlela kunganikeza abantu abaningi ukunakekelwa, ukugwema ukuhlupheka kwezilwane nokuvikela imvelo. Kodwa-ke, uKurt Schmidinger, ofunde i-geophysics futhi esebenza embonini ye-IT, unengqondo: "Emuva eminyakeni ye-90, ngacabanga ukuthi kungaba kuhle ukukwazi ukuzalanisa inyama ngabantu abangafuni ukuhamba ngaphandle kwayo "Kaningi wayefuna amathuba anje, kepha bekungaze kufike i-2008 lapho ingqungquthela yokuqala yenyama ye-vitro yenzeka khona eNorway.
USchmidinger waqoqa imininingwane wabhala nomcabango wobudokotela eMnyangweni Wezesayensi Yezokudla eNyuvesi Yezemvelo Nezifundo Zempilo. Kuwebhusayithi futurefood.org ushicilela ezinye izindlela zokusebenzisa inyama, kufaka phakathi "inyama ekhethiwe" noma "inyama ehlanzekile", njengoba inyama ye-vitro manje ibizwa ngezizathu zokuthengiswa okungcono.
Iningi labathengi njengamanje alithandabuzi mayelana nenyama ephuma kwi-test tube noma iyenqabe ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kungashintsha njengoba ukwethulwa kwemakethe kuba nokubonakala ngokwengeziwe futhi okwengeziwe kuyaziwa ngezindlela zokukhiqiza, izinzuzo nokunambitheka kwenyama ekhethiwe.
inyama ehlanzekile - engcono futhi eshibhile
Ekuqaleni kwe-2010, ososayensi baseDashi baphumelela okokuqala ngqa ekukhuleni kwenani elikhulu lezicubu zomzimba kusuka emangqamuzaneni enkomo. Inkinga kwaba ukuthi amangqamuzana emisipha entweni ephilayo ngokujwayelekile adinga ukuzivocavoca ukuze akhule kahle. Ukukhanga kwamaseli ngama-surges nokuhamba kweziqukathi zelebhu, noma kunjalo, kubiza amandla amaningi. Ngaleso sikhathi, abacwaningi bangenza inyama iphume myoblasts (Imisipha yakha amaseli angaphandle) futhi futhi akhule ngamafutha ngokusetshenziswa kwemali okuncane, futhi angakwazi ukufaka esikhundleni i-serum kusuka kumathole angakazalwa, ekuqaleni lawo asetshenziswa njengesisombululo sezakhi ngomunye umuntu.
Kucatshangelwa ukuthi "inyama ehlanzekile" nayo yenziwa iphilile kunenyama yemvelo. Ngakho-ke, kucatshangelwa ukuthi ingxenye yamafutha iyancishiswa noma inyuke kuma-acid aqukethe i-Omega 3 acid. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagciwane asenyameni angavinjelwa ikakhulukazi ngaphandle kokusebenzisa nemithi elwa namagciwane.
Kepha kuzothatha iminyaka embalwa ukukhiqiza ngezimboni. Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi baseDashi abasasebenzi bodwa kulo mkhakha. E-US nase-Israyeli, abaqalayo basebenza ngezindlela zokulima inyama nezinhlanzi, uBill Gates, uSergey Brin noRichard Branson, inkampani yokudla yezizwe ngezizwe I-Cargill kanye namaJalimane PHW Group (kufaka nenkukhu yaseWiesenhof) inikeze izigidi zamaRandi nama-euro kuyo. Umuntu-ke angacabanga ukuthi inyama etshaliwe inamandla entengo enkulu.
Ukuthi ukutshala inyama kuyathuthukisa noma kubhebhethekisa ubulungiswa bembulunga yonke buzokhonjiswa. Kunoma yikuphi, ukukhiqizwa okwenziwe ngenhlonipho kungenzeka ukuthi kucatshangelwe umcwaningi waseDashi uMark Post: imiphakathi ibingagcina futhi inakekele izilwane ezimbalwa, lapho amaseli wesitamu ayezothathwa khona ngezikhathi ezithile, bese eyisebenzisela ukutshala inyama esitshalweni. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zenkolo zamaJuda noma amaSulumane, isilwane futhi singabulawa, kepha lokhu bekungasetshenziswa ukuhlakulela inyama eningi ye-kosher noma ye-halal.
UVegan: ukudla emhlabeni wonke ngaphandle kokuhlupheka kwezilwane?
Photo / Video: I-PA Wire.
