Sonja Bettel
"I-Buen vivir imayelana nokwaneliseka ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo, zenhlalo nangokomoya kuwo wonke amalungu omphakathi angakwazi ukukhokhela abanye hhayi izindleko zemvelo."
Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, ubunzima bezimali bunyakazisa umhlaba. Ukuwohloka kwemakethe ebibolekile yempahla ebolekayo eMelika kuholele ekulahlekelweni kwezigidigidi emabhange amakhulu, kulandele ukwehla kwezomnotho kanye nesiphithiphithi sezimali emazweni amaningi. I-euro ne-European Monetary Union bangena enkingeni enkulu yokuzethemba.
Abaningi baqaphela ku-2008 kamuva nje ukuthi uhlelo lwethu lwezimali nolomnotho olukhona lusendleleni engalungile ngokuphelele. Labo abangele ukudana okukhulu “basindisiwe,” babekwa ngaphansi “kwesivikelo” futhi banikwa amabhonasi. Labo abezwa imiphumela yabo emibi "babejeziswa" ukusikeka emihlanganweni yezinzuzo zomphakathi, ukulahleka kwemisebenzi, ukulahleka kwezindlu nemikhawulo yezempilo.
I-Buen Vivir - ukubambisana esikhundleni somncintiswano
"Ebunganeni bethu nasebudlelwaneni bezinsuku zonke, sihamba kahle lapho siphila ngezindinganiso zabantu: ukwakha ukuzethemba, ukuthembeka, ukulalela, uzwela, ukwazisa, ukubambisana, ukusizelana kanye nokwabelana. Umnotho wezimakethe "wamahhala" ngakolunye uhlangothi, usekelwe kumanani ayisisekelo wenzuzo kanye nokuncintisana, "kubhala uChristian Felber encwadini yakhe ye2010" uGemeinwohlökonomie. Imodeli yezomnotho yesikhathi esizayo. ”Lokhu kungqubuzana akuyona nje into eyisihlava ezweni eliyinkimbinkimbi noma elihlangene, kodwa yinhlekelele yesiko. Usihlukanisa njengabantu futhi njengomphakathi.
Umnotho ojwayelekile ubhekisela ohlelweni lomnotho olugqugquzela okuhle okujwayelekile, esikhundleni sokwenza inzuzo, ukuncintisana, ukuhaha nomona. Ungasho nokuthi ulwela impilo enhle kubo bonke, esikhundleni sokunethezeka kwabambalwa.
"Impilo enhle kubo bonke" isibe eminyakeni yamuva igama elisetshenziswa ngokuhlukile. Ngenkathi ezinye zisho ukuthi kufanele uthathe isikhathi esithe xaxa futhi ujabulele impilo yakho, mhlawumbe uhlukanise udoti omncane bese uthatha i-Café Latte ukuze ungene endebeni ehlelekayo, abanye baqonda ushintsho olukhulu. Lesi sakamuva siyindaba emnandi ngokwedlulele, ngoba sibuyela emuva kumdabu waseLatin America futhi ngaphezu kokubaluleka kwabo kwezepolitiki nakwezomnotho nakho kuyisizinda esingokomoya.
"Kungokwakha umphakathi oqinile futhi ozinzile ohlakeni lwezikhungo oluqinisekisa impilo."
Impilo enhle yawo wonke umuntu noma uBuen Vivir?
I-Latin America ibunjwe ubukoloni nokucindezelwa, kubekwa "intuthuko" kanye neoliberalism emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. I-1992, 500 Ngemuva kweminyaka uChristopher Columbus ethola iMelika, inhlangano yokwazisa okusha yomdabu yaqala, kusho usosayensi wezepolitiki kanye nochwepheshe waseLatin America u-Ulrich Brand. Njengoba i-2005 eBolivia i-Evo Morales ne-2006 e-Ecuador noRafael Correa banqoba ukhetho lukamongameli futhi benza imifelandawonye emisha eqhubekayo, abantu bomdabu nabo bayabandakanyeka. Izimiso ezintsha kufanele zenze ukuqala okusha ngemuva kokucaca kombuso wezikhulu kanye nokuxhashazwa komnotho. Womabili la mazwe afaka ezinqumweni zawo umqondo wokuthi "impilo enhle" futhi ubone ngokwemvelo isifundo esingaba namalungelo.
IBolivia ne-Ecuador lapha zikhuluma ngesiko lendabuko, ngakho-ke isiko elingelona lamakoloni ama-Andes. Ngokuqondile, babiza igama lesiQuechua elithi "Sumak Kawsay" (kukhulunywa: sumak kausai), elihunyushwe ngesiSpain ngokuthi "buen vivir" noma "vivir bien". Kumayelana nokwaneliseka ngezinto ezibonakalayo, zenhlalo nangokomoya kuwo wonke amalungu omphakathi angenakukwazi ukukhinyabeza abanye hhayi ngokuchithwa kwezinsiza zemvelo. Isendlalelo sisekelo sombuso we-Ecuadorian sikhuluma ngokuhlala ndawonye ngokwehlukahlukana kanye nokuvumelana nemvelo. Encwadini yakhe uBuen Vivir, u-Alberto Acosta, uMongameli womhlangano owakhiwe wase-Ecuador, uchaza ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani nokuthi kusho ukuthini. Umqondo wokuthi "impilo enhle" akumele udidaniswe nokuthi "kuphila kangcono," uyacacisa, "ngoba lokhu okwedlule kusekelwe ekuqhubekeni kwentuthuko yezinto ezibonakalayo." Ngokuphambene nalokho, kumayelana nokwakha umphakathi ozinzile nozinzile ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezikhungo. osindisa impilo. "
Ngokuphikisana ne-Alberto Acosta, uMongameli Rafael Correa bekwazi kahle ngentuthuko yasentshonalanga, nenkululeko yezomnotho, okwaholela ekutheni kube nokuhlukana phakathi kwalaba bobabili, kusho uJohannes Waldmüller. I-Austrian ihlale eLatin America iminyaka eyishumi futhi icwaninga ngezepolitiki kanye nobudlelwano bamanye amazwe e-Universidad de Las Americaas enhlokodolobha yase-Ecuadorian Quito. Ngaphesheya kweCorrea kuqhubekile ukuthanda "i-buen vivir" nokuvikela imvelo, ngasikhathi sinye kwaba nokucindezela kwabantu bomdabu (okwakha e-Ecuador amaphesenti ama-20 kuphela wabantu), ukuqhubeka kwe "extractivism", okusho ukuxhaphazwa Izinsizakusebenza zemvelo, ukubhujiswa kwamapaki ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo zokutshala amasoyizi noma amaphrojekthi wengqalasizinda, kanye nokubhujiswa kwamahlathi omango wamapulazi angama-shrimp.
Kuma-mestizos, inzalo yabaseYurophu kanye nabomdabu, "i-buen vivir" isho ukuba nempilo enhle njengabantu basentshonalanga, okungukuthi emazweni athuthukile, kusho u-Ulrich Brand. Ngisho namaNdiya amancane ayehlala edolobheni ngezinsuku zaphakathi nesonto, enza imisebenzi, egqoka i-jean futhi esebenzisa omakhalekhukhwini. Ngempelasonto babuyela emiphakathini yabo balondoloze amasiko lapho.
Ku-Ulrich Brand kuyathakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi ubuntu bokuthi le nkathi yesimanje isilethe kanjani ezingxabanweni ezikhiqizayo nokucabanga kokuxhumana kwabantu bomdabu, lapho kuvame ukungabi khona igama elithi "mina". Ukuziqonda kwabo ngokweqile kwe-plurinationality, ebona okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukile kwempilo, ezomnotho, kanye nezinhlelo zezomthetho ngendlela engekho emthethweni, kuyinto esingayifunda eLatin America eYurophu, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokufuduka kwamanje.
"Kungakuhle kakhulu ukuqhubeka nokuhlola 'i-buen vivir' namalungelo emvelo," kusho uJohannes Waldmüller. Yize i- "buen vivir" esatshalaliswa yisimo e-Ecuador manje ibhekwa njengabantu bomdabu njengosolisayo, idale izingxoxo ezithokozisayo futhi yaholela ekubuyiselweni kwe "Sumak Kawsay". I-Latin America ngaleyo ndlela - ngokuhambisana nemibono yezomnotho ojwayelekile, ukonakala, ukuguquguquka kanye nomnotho wokukhula emuva - isebenza njengethemba le-utopian.
UBuen Vivir: uSumak Kawsay noPachamama
"I-Sumak kawsay" ngokwezwi nezwi elihunyushwe ngokusuka kuQuechua lisho "impilo enhle" futhi iyisisekelo esiphakathi nendawo yokuphila yabantu bomdabu base-Andes. Leli gama laqala ukubhalwa ezincwadini zesayensi yezenhlalo kanye ne-anthropological eminyakeni engu-1960 / 1970, kusho usosayensi wezepolitiki uJohannes Waldmüller, ohlala e-Ecuador. Ngonyaka u-2000 waba ithemu lezepolitiki.
Ngokwesiko, i- "sumak kawsay" ixhunyaniswe ngokungalingani kwezolimo. Kusho, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi umndeni ngamunye kufanele usize abanye ukuhlwanyela, ukuvuna, ukwakha indlu, njll., Ukusebenzisa amasistimu okunisela ndawonye, kanye nokudla ndawonye emva komsebenzi. I- "Sumak kawsay" inezici ezifanayo namanani kweminye imiphakathi yomdabu, njengamaMaori eNew Zealand noma Ubuntu eSouth Africa. Ubuntu ngokwezwi nezwi busho ukuthi "nginguye ngoba sinjalo," kuchaza uJohannes Waldmüller. Kepha futhi nase-Austria, ngokwesibonelo, bekuyinto ejwayelekile ukuba izihlobo nomakhelwane basizane futhi bahlangane ngezithelo zomsebenzi noma basekelane uma umuntu edinga usizo. Usizo olumangalisayo oluvela emiphakathini yomphakathi ngesikhathi sokuhamba okukhulu sababaleki i-2015 / 2016 noma amapulatifomu amasha osizo lomakhelwane anjengokuthi "Frag next door" akhombisa ukuthi umuzwa womphakathi usakhona nanamuhla futhi okwamanje okwamanje usachithwe wedwa.
Emcimbini wezepolitiki waseBolivia, ithemu lesibili liyathakazelisa: "Pachamama". Kakhulu ihunyushwa ngokuthi "Umama Umhlaba". Uhulumeni waseBolivia uye wakuthola lokho kwe-22. U-Ephreli wamenyezelwa ngokuthi "usuku lwePachamama" yiZizwe Ezihlangene. Elithi "Pacha" alisho ukuthi "umhlaba" ngomqondo osentshonalanga, kepha "isikhathi nendawo". "I-Pa" isho amandla amabili, "cha", unezela uJohannes Waldmüller. I "Pachamama" ikwenza kucace ukuthi kungani "impilo enhle" ngomqondo wabantu bomdabu base Andes kungafanele icatshangwe ngaphandle kwengxenye yayo engokomoya. I- "Pacha" yigama elibonakalayo elihlose ingqophamlando yokuba, okungelona olayini kepha olujwayelekile.
Photo / Video: Ugogo.
