Elisabeth Oberzaucher
Abantu baphishekela izinhloso zabo ngaphandle kokubheka ukuthi lokhu kubathinta kanjani abanye. Lokhu kuholela embuzweni wokuthi isimo sabantu siyabekezelela ngokwemvelo. Ukubheka umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyasikhanyisela ngale ndaba. Kuzo zonke izilwane ezihlala ngamaqembu, isipho sokubekezelelana siyisidingo sokuhlalisana komphakathi ukusebenza nhlobo. Ukuhlala ndawonye kuletha izimo lapho imigomo yamalungu ngamanye angahambelani. Lokhu kubamba ukungezwani, futhi uma ubungako bokubekezelela bebungekho, ezinye zalezi zimo bezizokwanda. Njengoba izindleko zezingxabano ziphezulu kakhulu kunenzuzo engaba khona, isinqumo esivame ukwedlula ukubekezelelwa.
Ngenkathi okhokho bethu baphoqwa ukushintshwa kwesimo sezulu ukuba basuke emahlathini emvula baye e-savanna, babhekana nezinselelo ezintsha ngokuphelele. Izimbangi ezazikade zidlala indima encane manje seziyinkinga yangempela. Ukuze sikwazi ukulwa nokudla, okhokho bethu bahlangana ngamaqembu amakhulu. Emaqenjini, amathuba okuba isisulu esiwela inyamazane ethile sinciphise ngenxa yokuxhumana kwezindlela eziningi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, impilo yeqembu ngokwayo ayihambelani ngokuzenzakalelayo. Noma ngabe kukudla noma ezinye izinsiza, izintshisekelo zabantu zivame ukuncintisana. Kusetshenziswa imithetho kuphela lapho impilo yeqembu ingahle ibe khona ukuze lezi zimo zingakhuphuki.
I-INFO: Umhlambi onobugovu wama-altruists
UBill Hamilton iqukethe igama elithi "ukuzwela ngobugovu". Lokhu kudukisa ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili: Ekuboneni kokuqala, kuphakamisa ukwazi okuqoqekile kweqembu elinokuthambekela kobugovu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzithanda kusemqoka kakhulu ethemini, okuzwakala kakhulu njengamaqhinga we-elbow nokungabekezelelani. I-Ego egoism. Kodwa-ke, uma sibhekisisa kahle lokho uHamilton akuchazayo ngaleli gama, isithombe esivumelana ngokwengeziwe siziveza: abantu bahlangana ngamaqembu, ngoba inikela inqubekela phambili yabo - kuze kube manje kuya ngokusobala. Kodwa-ke, impilo yeqembu ibonisa ukuthi amalungu aphathana ngokubekezelelana. Amaqembu ezenhlalo akuzona izinto ezingenakubalwa ezingakhiwa, kepha kunalokho izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ezakhiwe ngemithetho yezenhlalo. Isibonelo, kunezindlela ezilawula ukuthi amalungu ngamanye adlala noma ephula imithetho. Ama-egoists ahlanzekile awathandeki emaqenjini, futhi lokho kuziphatha kuvunyelwe, kuyajeziswa, noma kujeziswe ngokungabandakanywa eqenjini. Amamodeli theory amamodeli akhombisa ukuthi emaqenjini ezenhlalo, amalungu ngamanye azuza ngokubekezelela abanye futhi angangeni ngendlela yezinhloso zawo. Lokhu kufinyelela kuvula ithuba lokulandela izinhloso ezinkulu ezidinga ukusebenzisana. Ekugcineni, labo abakwazi ukuthola ibhalansi ehlanganisa ukubekezelela nokulawula bazosizakala, ukuze ukubekezelelana kube yimbangela yokuhlala ndawonye.
Izindlela Zokuzicabangela Nokulawula
Kumalungu eqembu, ukuba seqenjini kwakuzuzisa kakhulu (ngoba eyodwa ayidliwanga ihlosi elilandelayo le-saber-toothed eliza ngalo), bekufanelekile ukushiya isithelo esimnandi kakhulu kwabanye, noma ukungatholi indawo yokulala enhle kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwalesi sibalo esilula sokuthola inzuzo, akuzenzakaleli kuwo wonke amalungu eqembu ukwenza "impilo nokuphila" kwesiqubulo sabo Ngakho-ke, izindlela zokulawula ziphendukile eziqinisekisa ukuthi ukupha akuphangwa. Empeleni, baqikelela ukuthi indawo yokuhlala ayiyona eyodwa, nokuthi labo, njengabalingisi bomqondo, bafuna nje ukukha omisiwe ekhekhe lomphakathi, abathandanga ukubonwa eqenjini. Lezi zinhlelo zisebenze kahle emaqenjini lapho okhokho bethu bachitha khona umlando wabo omningi. Isikhathi eside, inani lamalungu eqembu akuvamile ukuthi liqe umkhawulo we-200. Lokhu usayizi weqembu ovumela wonke umuntu ukuba azi omunye nomunye, ngakho-ke akekho owanyamalalayo engaziwa. Kuphela ngokuhlala kanye nokuvela kwamadolobha okuqala, izindawo ezazinkulu zazinkulu.
Umama we-egoism
Akuwona nje kuphela la maqoqo amakhulu abantu ayinkimbinkimbi yezenhlalo futhi avumela ukuvela kokungaziwa, asho nokuthi izindlela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezivikela ekuxhashazweni azisebenzi kahle.
Ubugovu kanye nokuntuleka kokubekezelela esikubonayo namuhla ngakho-ke empeleni akulona uhlobo lwabantu. Esikhundleni salokho, kungenxa yokuthi ukuthambekela kokuziphatha okuhleliwe kokuphilayo akusasebenzi kahle ngenxa yezimo zokuphila ezishintshile. Ukuthi ngesikhathi komlando wethu wokuziphendukela kwemvelo waqiniseka ukuthi okhokho bethu bahlangana ngokubekezelelana nenhlonipho, kwehluleka kunhlangano engaziwa.
Ngakho-ke, ingabe kufanele siphelelwe yithemba futhi sinikele esinqeni sokuthi abahlali baleli dolobha abakwazi nje ukukusiza kodwa banobugovu ukwandisa izindondo zabo, ukufutheka ngomuntu wakubo futhi badlule osizini ngendlela ebuhlungu? Ngenhlanhla, njengoba negama laso libonisa, iHomo sapiens inikezwe ngengqondo enamandla. Lokhu kuqhathaniswa kwengqondo okulingene amandla kusinika amandla okubhekana nezinkinga ezintsha nezinselelo kuze kube ngaphezu kwezisombululo ezilula.
Impumelelo ye Homo sapiens kusekelwe kakhulu emandleni okusabela ngokushesha ezimeni zokuphila eziguqukayo. Ngakho-ke, ngenkathi i-biology ingeke inikeze impendulo embuzweni wokuthi sikubeka kanjani ukubekezelelana ezinhlanganweni ezingaziwa esikhundleni se-egoism, umuntu wezenhlalo namasiko uyakwazi ukukwenza lokho. Ngemithetho engekho emthethweni nemithetho ehlelekile, siyaqinisekisa ukuthi ubumbano lwethu luphawulwa ngokuhloniphana kanye nokuphishekela ngokungenhloso imigomo yomuntu kuyacwaswa noma kujeziswe.
Ngokuvamile, lokhu kusebenza kahle. Ukube abenzi bezimo eziqondile bebeqinisile ngopende wabo omnyama, ukuhlala ngokuthula edolobheni elikhulu bekungeke kwenzeke. Kepha yilokho kanye okuchaza impilo yethu yansuku zonke. Sivulelana izicabha, sukuma sigibele lapho sicabanga ukuthi omunye umuntu udinga isihlalo ukwedlula thina, uphonsa udoti endaweni hhayi emgaqweni kuphela. Lolu hlu lokuthinta okuncane kokubekezelelana lungaqhubeka isikhathi eside. Kungokwemvelo kithina kangangokuba asiziboni nhlobo. Bayingxenye kakhulu yezimpilo zethu zansuku zonke lapho simane siqaphele lapho isenzo sokulindelwa sendawo yokuhlala siphela.
Okuvumayo vs. ezingezinhle
yethu Umbono yini kodwa eyiqiniso ngokuya kwemephu yamathuba. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ikakhulukazi lezo zinto ezenzeka ngokuqabukela, siyabona. Lokhu kungenzeka kungokwethu umlando yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngoba sigxilisa ukunaka kwethu kulezi zinto ezingezona izindlela ezanyathelwa kahle. Kepha lokhu kuba yinkinga uma sicabanga ukuthi singakwazi ukuhlola amathuba wangempela.
Iphephandaba elibonisa izenzakalo zosuku empilweni yangempela ngeke lifundwe. Esikhathini esiningi, bekuzoba nemiyalezo echaza ukusebenza kahle kwezinqubo nokubambisana okuhle. Kodwa-ke, uma uvula iphephandaba, ligcwele amaphuzu okubabaza. Okujwayelekile kuyanyamalala, okwejwayelekile kuthola ukunakwa. I-Classic, futhi ikakhulukazi yezenhlalo, abezindaba kufanele baphathwe ngokucophelela ngoba abayona imbobo engavundile. Okungakhanga ukunakwa kumelwe ngaphezulu.
Ingqondo yethu enengqondo isivumela ukuthi sikhombise futhi siphikise lokhu ngokuzigcina sithambile futhi, noma nini lapho ikholelwa okuthile, sibuze kahle ukuthi yini eyaziyo.
I-INFO: Ukonakala okungokwemvelo
I-Biology ijwayele ukusetshenziswa ukuchaza indlela yokuziphatha kwe-egoistic noma ngisho nokuzithethelela. Isilwane kithi sinesibopho sokubeka izinhloso ngazinye zokuzuzisa umphakathi futhi ngenxa yalokho (futhi akufanele) siguqule noma yini. Le ngxabano ayilungile futhi ayifaneleki. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane, ezihlala zodwa, kodwa ezihlala ngamaqembu, ukubekezelelana kwamanye amalungu eqembu kuyindlela yokusebenza kokusebenza kokuhlangana. Ngakho-ke, ukubekezelelana kuyinto entsha eyenziwa kudala ngaphambi kokuvela kwabantu bokuqala. Sebenzisa i-biology njengezizathu akunakuphikwa ngoba kuncike emcabangweni wemvelo wokuthi lokho okungachazwa ngokwebhayoloji nakho kukuhle futhi kufanelekile ukulwela. Le ndlela isinciphisela ekubeni khona kwethu njengezinto eziphilayo futhi iyaphika ukuthi futhi singamalungu ezinhlalo zenhlalo namasiko angavezi lutho ezimweni zemvelo. Imikhuba yethu yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo namuhla inquma izenzo zethu ngezinga elilinganiselwe - kwenza kube lula ngathi ukwenza ezinye izinto ngenkathi ezinye kubiza kakhulu ukunqoba. Ukuziphatha okuhambelana nokuthambekela kwethu kwemvelo kuzizwa kufana nokuthi kwehle ekhubeni, ngenkathi ukwenza okungasekelwanga ngokuphila kungafaniswa nokukhuphukela endaweni esehlahleni. Lesi sakamuva siyakhathala, kepha noma yini kodwa singenakwenzeka. Noma ngubani oqhubeka nokuphila njenge-egoist kumele abhekane neqiniso lokuthi akayena umuntu omuhle kakhulu. I-Biology ayikukhulumisi.
Photo / Video: Ugogo.
