I-“Homer of the Insects”: Ngosuku lokuzalwa luka-Jean-Henri Fabre lwama-200

Kumelwe ukuba kwakungo-1987 lapho ummemezeli wami ngaleso sikhathi engibuza lapho ngimvakashele ukuze sixoxe ngezinhlelo ezintsha: “Ubungeke yini uthande ukubhala ngoHenry David Thoreau ochungechungeni lwethu lwe-biography?” Ngangifunde incwadi kaThoreau ethi “Walden, or the Ukuphila Emhlabeni". Amahlathi" kanye "Emsebenzini wokungalaleli umbuso" futhi bavuma ngenjabulo.

Ngemva kwamasonto amabili ngathola incwadi: “Ngiyaxolisa kakhulu, ngikhohliwe ukuthi ngase ngimthembise omunye umuntu uThoreau. Ingabe uyafuna ukubhala ngoJean-Henri Fabre esikhundleni salokho?”

Ngaphendula ngaphendula: “Ubani uJean-Henri Fabre?”

Ngakho ngazama ukuthola. Ngahamba ngemoto nentombi yami saya eningizimu yeFrance, saya eSeignan, umphakathi omncane oqhele ngamakhilomitha ayishumi e-Orange. Lapho, saphuza iwayini elimnandi laleyo ndawo futhi, ngenxa yokuthi kwakungekho lutho olunye, kwadingeka sihlale endaweni eyayiyinqaba, lapho wawungathola khona elinye lamakamelo ayisithupha kuphela ngombandela wokuthi ungajabulela nokudla okumnandi kwaseFrance. Lapho.

Isiqephu sezwe esiyincithakalo esigcwele ukhula nezinambuzane

ESerignan kwakuyindawo edumile ethi "Harmas": "Indawo eyihlane, ewugwadule, eshiswe yilanga, ethandeka emakhakhasini nezinambuzane ezinamaphiko esikhumba", lapho uFabre ahlala khona futhi wacwaninga kusukela ngo-1870 kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1915, futhi kuphi. wenza Ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yomsebenzi wakhe oyisikhumbuzo: "I-Souvenirs Entomologiques" wabhala, "Izikhumbuzo Ze-Entomologist". Lo msebenzi ngawuthenga ngohlelo olunephepha emnyuziyamu, olwakhiwe ekhaya langaphambili. Bengingeke ngikwazi ukuthenga ikhava eqinile. Le ncwadi ibiwumthombo obaluleke kakhulu we-biography ka-Fabre, ngoba lo sosayensi okhaliphile akazange abhale izincwadi zezazi, kodwa kunalokho wabika ngezigigaba zakhe nezinambuzane ngendlela yezindaba ezazibuye zichaze isimo sezwe lapho enza khona ucwaningo lwakhe kanye nobunzima obuvame ukuba nzima. izimo zokuphila , okwathiya umsebenzi wakhe wokucwaninga isikhathi eside.

Nokho, ngangiluthola kuphela ulwazi lwami lwesiFulentshi phakathi namaholide ambalwa. Ngosizo lwesichazamazwi, ngasebenza kanzima ukuze ngifunde le miqulu eyishumi kanye nemibhalo yokuphila yesiFulentshi eyayibhalwe abantu ababephila ngaleso sikhathi. Ngabe sengikwazi ukufunda imiqulu emihlanu yokugcina ngokushelelayo.

Abantu abampofu bahlaliswa kanjani ukuze baphile ngobumpofu

UJean-Henri Fabre wazalwa ngo-1823 kubalimi abampofu endaweni yasemaphandleni yaseRouerge, ezinsukwini ezintathu ngaphambi kukaKhisimusi. Ukomela kwakhe ulwazi kwavuka kusenesikhathi, kodwa lapho eseneminyaka emine ubudala, lapho ebuya nakho ayekutholile ekwalusa amadada echibini - amabhungane, amagobolondo omnenke, izinsalela zamathambo - wavusa intukuthelo kanina ngokuklebhula amaphakethe akhe ngezinto ezingenamsebenzi. . Ukube nje ubengaqoqa amakhambi azokondla onogwaja! Umuntu omdala uJean-Henri wayesiqonda isimo sengqondo sikanina: isipiliyoni safundisa abantu abampofu ukuthi kungenza umonakalo kuphela ukuzama ukuzikhathaza ngezinto eziphakeme kunokugxilisa wonke amandla abo ekusindeni. Noma kunjalo, umuntu akufanele akwamukele lokhu.

Ngemva kwesikole samabanga aphansi wakwazi ukuya ekolishi mahhala futhi ngokuphindaphindiwe wakhonza njengomfana wekwaya endlini yesonto. Emqhudelwaneni wawina umfundaze wokuya ekolishi lokuqeqesha othisha. Ngokushesha wathola umsebenzi esikoleni samabanga aphansi lapho umholo wawumnele “uphizi newayini elincane.” Uthisha osemncane wazibuza ukuthi yini engaba usizo kakhulu kubafundi bakhe, iningi labo elivela emaphandleni, futhi wabafundisa i-chemistry yezolimo. Wathola ulwazi oludingekayo ngaphambi kwezifundo. Ukhiphe abafundi bakhe bayofundisa i-geometry, okuwukuthi ukuhlola umhlaba. Wafunda kubafundi bakhe ukuthi angaluthola kanjani uju lwezinyosi futhi wayesesha futhi waludla ngalo. I-geometry yafika kamuva.

Ukutholwa okuyinhlekelele kuholela ebunganeni noDarwin

Wayehlala usuku nosuku nomkakhe osemncane; idolobha lalivame ukusala ngemuva ngamaholo. Indodana yakhe yokuqala yashona ngemva nje kokuzalwa. Uthisha osemncane waba nenkani wathatha ukuhlolwa kwangaphandle ngemva kokuhlolwa ukuze athole iziqu zakhe zemfundo. Encwadini yakhe yezifundo zobudokotela, wafunda incwadi kambhishobhi wesayensi yezinambuzane uLéon Dufour mayelana nendlela yokuphila kaCerceris, umnyovu wamafindo. Esidlekeni sabo esingaphansi komhlaba, i-Dufour yayithole amabhungane amancane ohlobo lwe-Buprestis, amabhungane ayigugu. Umnyovu ubabamba njengokudla kwezingane zabo. Uzalela amaqanda akhe phezu kwayo bese izimpethu ezichanyuselwe zidle ibhungane. Kodwa kungani inyama yebhungane efile yahlala iyintsha kuze kube yilapho izimpethu ziyidla?

UDufour wasola ukuthi umnyovu wawubanika isivimbeli ngokusebenzisa udosi lwawo. UFabre wathola ukuthi amabhungane ayengafile ngempela. Isixazululo salendida kwaba ukuthi: Umnyovu ulethe ushevu wawo enkabeni yemizwa eyayinyakazisa imilenze namaphiko. Amabhungane avele akhubazeka, izimpethu zidla inyama ephilayo. Ukukhetha amabhungane afanele, ukuhlaba indawo efanele, kwakuyinto umnyovu owazalwa nayo. UFabre wathumela imemorandamu enyuvesi, eyashicilelwa ngonyaka olandelayo, ngo-1855. Kumtholele umklomelo ku-Institut Français kanye nokukhulunywa ngaye ku-Darwin's Origin of Species. UDarwin wambiza ngokuthi “umbukeli oyinhloko” futhi laba ababili bahlala bebhalelana kwaze kwaba sekufeni kukaDarwin. UDarwin uphinde wacela uFabre ukuthi amenzele izivivinyo ezithile.

Amagebe kumbono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo

UFabre wayemazisa kakhulu uDarwin, kodwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ayizange imkholise. Wayeyithanda kakhulu inkolo, kodwa akazange aphikisane neBhayibheli kodwa ngokwesayensi kuphela ephikisana nenkolelo-mbono kaDarwin, owaveza izikhala zakhe, ikakhulukazi ukucabanga kukaDarwin kokuthi izici ezithile zingazuzwa njengefa.

Kepha uma ufunda umsebenzi kaFabre, izincazelo zakhe zokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinambuzane, uthola umbono ocacile wobudlelwano noshintsho phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Ingabe izinhlobo ezahlukene zomnyovu ezidla izinhlobo ezahlukene zomnyovu azisikiseli ukuthi ukhokho weminyovu kumelwe ukuba wake wazingela idlozi elivamile lamabhungane? Ingabe izinhlobo zezinyosi ezichazwe ngumuntu obukele isiguli azibonisi zonke izigaba zesikhashana phakathi kokuziphatha okukodwa okuphelele kanye nesimiso sezombangazwe esiyinkimbinkimbi sezinyosi zoju?

"Uhlola ukufa, ngihlola impilo"

Ucwaningo luka-Fabre lwalungelona olokuhlukanisa nokubhala izihloko zezifundo zakhe, kodwa kunalokho ukubheka indlela yazo yokuphila nokuziphatha kwazo endaweni yazo yemvelo. Angalala emhlabathini oqinile amahora amaningi ekushiseni okushisayo kwasehlobo futhi abuke umnyovu wakha isidleke. Lena kwakuyindlela entsha yesayensi: "Ufunda ukufa, ngifunda ukuphila," wabhala.

Nokho, wasebenzisa izinambuzane zakhe ekuhloleni okuklanywe ngobuqili: umnyovu we-gyroscope umba umhubhe ongaphansi komhlaba ngemilenze yawo. Ekupheleni kwawo udala umhume wokuzalela izibungu, okufanele ahlale ehlinzeka ngezimpukane nama-hoverflies. Uma indizela iyozingela, umnyango uvala ngetshe. Uma ebuya nesisulu, uzophinde ayithole kalula indawo yokungena. UFabre wasebenzisa ummese ukuze embule iphaseji negumbi lokuzalela. Umnyovu wazama ukuthola indawo yokungena, wamba lapho okumele ungene khona, engaboni ukuthi umzila wawuvulekile phambi kwawo. Ngesikhathi esesha, wagijimela ekamelweni lokuzalanisa, kodwa akazange abone ukuthi isibungu okwakufanele asidlise, ngakho wasinyathela. Waze wavula umnyango, akazi ukuthi enzeni futhi angakwazi ukuphakela isibungu.

UDarwin wayenikeze izinambuzane umbono omncane wokucabanga. Kodwa uFabre waqaphela: “Lokhu kuziphatha kumane kuwuchungechunge lwezenzo ezingokwemvelo, esinye sazo esibangela esinye, ngokulandelana kangangokuthi ngisho nezimo ezimbi kakhulu azinakuketula.” Nakuba amabhungane e-rose eyisipesheli, waveza amaqunube ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Lezi zibungu zafa ngokushesha, kanye nezibungu kanye nazo. Izibungu zazinomqondo oqondile kakhulu wokuthi ungadla kanjani i-grub: okokuqala amafutha, bese kuba izicubu zemisipha, futhi ekugcineni kuphela izintambo zezinzwa kanye ne-ganglia. Ngelinye igrub iphethini yabo yokudla ayizange isebenze futhi bayibulala ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

"Njengemininingwane yento ephilayo, mhlawumbe engcono nakakhulu kunalena, leyo mishini yokwakha ngokuvumelana nemithetho ethile eqondile ibonisa imizimba yezinambuzane esizihlanganisa ndawonye ngaphansi kwegama 'lezinhlobo'."

Umfundisi wabantu

Ngo-1867, uNgqongqoshe Wezemfundo kaNapoleon III wathatha. kwethulwa uhlelo lwemfundo edumile kanye nemfundo yamantombazane. UFabre waqala ukunikeza amakilasi akusihlwa e-Avignon. Imfundo yamantombazane yayiyiva eSontweni LamaKatolika. Futhi lapho uFabre etshela amantombazane okuthile mayelana nokuvundiswa kwesifundo sakhe - okungukuthi ukuvundiswa kwezimbali - kwakukukhulu kakhulu kubabheki abaqotho abaqotho. Walahlekelwa umsebenzi kanye nefulethi lakhe.

Kodwa phakathi naleso sikhathi uFabre wayesezibhalile izincwadi ezimbalwa, futhi manje wayesezimisele ngakho futhi waphumelela ngokushesha. Wabhala izincwadi zekharikhulamu esemthethweni, kodwa futhi ezifundweni ezihlukahlukene ezifana nalezi: "Izulu", "Umhlaba", "Ikhemistry kaMalume uPaul", "Umlando Wogodo Lwezinkuni". Wayehlose ukuphelela, hhayi ukuhlakazeka. Esebenzisa ukhakhayi oluvame ukwenziwa izingane, wabonisa ukuzungeza komhlaba ukuzungeza kwawo nokuzungeza ilanga. Kwakuyizincwadi zokuqala ezingezona izinganekwane nentsha. Ngemali ayitholayo kulezi zincwadi wakwazi ukuyeka umsebenzi futhi wazinikela ngokuphelele ocwaningweni lwakhe.

I-"Souvenirs Entomologiques"

Wabuye wabhala amaphepha akhe esayensi ngendlela yokuthi noma yimuphi umfana okhanyayo oneminyaka eyishumi nane kufanele awaqonde. Umqulu wokuqala we-Souvenirs wanyatheliswa ngo-1879, lapho eneminyaka engu-56 ubudala. Ngo-1907, eneminyaka engu-84 ubudala, wanyathelisa eyeshumi. Lokhu kwakufanele kulandelwe eyeshumi nanye, kodwa amandla akhe ayengasenele. Ngo-1910 wanquma ukukhiqiza uhlelo lokugcina, olwavela ngo-1913, olunezithombe eziningi ezathathwa indodana yakhe uPaul njengomhlanganyeli wakhe.

Lo msebenzi wamenza wahlonishwa hhayi ososayensi kuphela, kodwa nasezimbongini ezinjengoMaurice Maeterlinck, u-Edmond Rostand noRomain Rolland. UVictor Hugo wambiza ngokuthi “iHomer yezinambuzane.” Akuzona nje izindaba zothando ezibuhlungu kanye nemizabalazo yobuqhawe equkethwe yile ncwadi efakazela ukuqhathanisa. Ukugcwala kokuphila kusemsebenzini, ubuhle bawo basendle. Yiqiniso, kungaphezu kwayo yonke ingoma yamaqhawe yomama ukuthi amaProvencal ahlabelela, hhayi amaqhawe ngokumelene nohlobo lwawo, njengoba amaGreki abhala.

Umsebenzi wenqatshwa abanye abameleli bezwe lezemfundo: awuzange ubhalwe "ngokwesayensi" futhi umklamo wombhalo wawungafaneleki umsebenzi wesayensi.

Ukuhlonishwa kwakamuva

Ngo-1911, kwaqala umkhankaso wokumqokela uMklomelo KaNobel, kodwa i-Institut Française isivele inomunye umuntu ozongenela ukhetho. Imbongi uMistral, nayo eyazuza uMklomelo KaNobel, yasebenzisa ilungelo layo lokuqokwa ngonyaka olandelayo. Ngaphandle kwempumelelo. Izincwadi zokufunda zayeka ukuthengisa futhi uFabre kwadingeka aqale kabusha impi yakhe yesinkwa sansuku zonke. UMistral ushicilele indatshana ku-“Matin” ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi: “Inhlakanipho ebulawa yindlala.” Umphumela waba izikhukhula zeminikelo. Ngosizo lwabangane bakhe, yena, ekhungethwe ubudala nosizi ngomkakhe wesibili ongasekho, wabuyisela yonke iminikelo futhi waba neminikelo engaziwa eyanikezwa abampofu baseSerignan.

Wanyamalala kancane. Wayengasakwazi ukungena esifundweni sakhe esitezi sokuqala noma engadini. Kodwa kwaze kwaba wusuku lokugcina, wafuna ukuba kuvulwe amafasitela ekamelo lakhe ukuze ezwe ilanga. Kwaze kwaba usuku lokugcina ekhuluma ngezinambuzane echaza amagama azo nemvelaphi yazo kumhlengikazi owayemnakekela. UJean-Henri Fabre washona ngo-Okthoba 11, 1915.

Umsebenzi kaFabre wahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningi, kodwa isikhathi eside kwakutholakala izingcaphuno nezingcezu kuphela ngesiJalimane. Kwenziwa amafilimu abalulekile ngaye eFrance naseSoviet Union, futhi eJapane wayehlonishwa kakhulu ngenxa yenhlanganisela yakhe yesayensi nezobuciko. Lokhu kwafinyelela kude kangangokuthi inkampani yaseJapane yakwazi ukudayisa amakhophi angu-10.000 1995 etafula lakhe elincane lomsebenzi, alisho izikhathi eziningana emibhalweni yakhe. Incwadi yami, eyanyatheliswa ngo-XNUMX, nayo yahunyushelwa olimini lwesiJapane nesiKorea.

Ngenxa yobutha obude bukaFranco-German - u-Fabre wabhekana neMpi Ye-Franco-German ka-1870 kanye nokuqala kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala - isithakazelo ku-Fabre sasingesikhulu kakhulu emhlabeni okhuluma isiJalimane. Kushicilelwe izingcaphuno ezimbalwa kuphela. Kwaba ngo-2010 kuphela lapho inkampani yokushicilela yakwaMattes und Seitz yaba nesibindi sokukhiqiza uhlelo oluphelele olufaneleka kakhulu lwe-“Memoirs of an Entomologist” ngesiJalimane, olwaqedwa ngo-2015 ngomqulu weshumi. 

Uhlelo lwe-Beltz-Verlag lwencwadi yami ethi “I but explore life” seludayiswe lwaphela. Kodwa-ke, uhlelo olusha luyatholakala njengokuphrinta okudingekayo kumthengisi wezincwadi omkhulu we-inthanethi. Incwadi iphetha ngala mazwi: 

“Emaphusheni ami asemini, ngangivame ukufisa sengathi ngingacabanga imizuzu embalwa nje ngobuchopho benja yami obungajwayelekile, ngibuke umhlaba ngeso elihlangene lomiyane. Yeka ukuthi izinto beziyohluka kanjani ngaleso sikhathi!”