UVeronika Janyrova
Igama elithi amandla alifumananga awona maxesha alo afanelekileyo ngoku. Njengomthetho, amandla adibene nokuziphatha ngokungakhathali, ngokudelela kunye nokuziphatha. Kodwa sisiqingatha sebali kuphela. Amandla anokuqondwa kwakhona njengendlela yokwenza okanye yokuphembelela into.
Uvavanyo lwaseStanford
Uvavanyo lwengqondo olususela kunyaka we-1971, apho ubudlelwane bamandla entolongweni benziwe khona, bubonisa utyekelo lomntu lokuba negunya phezu kwabanye. Abaphandi bagqibe kwelokuba bayokuphosa ingqekembe yemali ukuba umntu ovavanywayo wayengumbheki okanye ibanjwa. Ngethuba lokudlala umdlalo, abathathi-nxaxheba (abavavanyelwe impilo yengqondo kunye nempilo) bakhula ngaphandle kokukodwa abalindi abalambele amandla kunye namabanjwa azithobileyo. Emva kokuphathwa gwenxa, ukuvavanywa kwafuneka kuyekwe. Okwangoku, ihlungwe kaninzi.
Ekuhlolweni okusondeleyo, amandla-kwicala labanamandla kunye nabangenamandla-angenza ingqiqo efanelekileyo. Abantu bahlala bethobela amandla ngokuzithandela ukuba bafumana into exabisekileyo njengembuyekezo. Oku kunokuba lukhuseleko, ukukhuselwa, umvuzo oqhelekileyo, kodwa kunye nokuqhelaniswa. Kwangelo xesha, ukusebenzisa amandla nako kunokuba ngamava amahle. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi "Psychology of Power", ugqirha wezengqondo kunye nomqeqeshi wezolawulo uMichael Schmitz uzama ukufikelela ezantsi ekuzameni kwabathengi bakhe amandla kwaye ushwankathela athi: "Amandla ayazondla. Iyomeleza ukuzithemba nokuzithemba. Idala igama, ukwamkelwa kunye nabaxhasi ”.
Nokuba ugqirha wezengqondo odumileyo uSusan Fiske weYunivesithi yasePrinceton unokucacisa ukulandela amandla ngokufanelekileyo: "Amandla andisa inkululeko yobuqu yokwenza, inkuthazo kwaye ubuncinci ubuncinci bezenhlalo." Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kulungile.
Enye inyani yeyokuba abantu abakwizikhundla zamandla batyeba ukugqwesa ubuchule babo, bathathe imingcipheko ephezulu, kwaye bangazihoyi ezinye iimbono njengabanye abantu. Ngokwahlukileyo ngendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo ziingcali zengqondo, kwinto enye kubonakala ngathi ziyavumelana: amandla atshintsha ubuntu bomntu.
"Ndicinga ukuba abalawuli kufuneka bazive ngathi abanamandla abo, kodwa banikwe abanye (ngonyulo) kwaye banokurhoxisa (ngokuvota)."
Umbono wamandla
Ngokuka ugqirha wezengqondo odumileyo uDacher Keltner weDyunivesithi yaseBerkeley, amava amandla anokuchazwa njengenkqubo apho umntu othile evula ikreyikhi yakhe kwaye asuse inxenye ebaluleke kakhulu kuvelwano nokuziphatha ngokwasentlalweni. "Kwincwadi yakhe ethi" The Paradox yamandla "uguqula iMachiavellian yethu, umfanekiso ongendawo ophathiswe amandla entloko kwaye uchaza into eye yafumana indlela kwi-psychology yentlalo njenge" paradox yamandla ". Ngokuka-Keltner, umntu ufumana amandla ngokuyintloko ngobuchule bezentlalo kunye nokuziphatha. Kodwa njengoko amandla esiya esiba namandla ngakumbi, umntu uphulukana nezo mpawu awazuze amandla akhe. Ngokuka-Keltner, amandla ayisiyo amandla okwenza ngokukhohlakeleyo nangokukhohlakeleyo, kodwa ukwenzela abanye izinto ezintle. Ingcinga enomdla.
Ngayiphi na imeko, amandla yinto engafakwanga eqhubayo enokuqhubela umntu kwi-madness kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo. Yongeza kwezo zinto ezithile, ezinje ngemeko yokuxhaphaka kokungabikho kokusesikweni, ukuthotywa kunye nokuphelelwa lithemba, kubandakanya uluntu luphela. Umzekelo, uHitler okanye uStalin, nabanye abangamaxhoba ezigidi ze-50 okanye ze-20, babonakalisa oku kuthi.
Ngapha koko, iplanethi yethu ibisoloko ikho kwaye isisityebi kubuqhinga bezopolitiko. Kwaye kuphela e-Afrika, kuMbindi okanye Middle East. Imbali yaseYurophu nayo inokunikela apha. Sonke siyonwabile ngokulibala ukuba imeko yezopolitiko yeYurophu kwisiqingatha sokuqala se20. Kwinkulungwane yama-20, abo bangoozwilakhe babengekho ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kokuzincama ngokuzisindisa bona kwaye bekhuphisana kwizenzo zabo zenkohlakalo. Cinga ngeRomania (Ceausescu), iSpain (uFranco), iGrisi (Ioannidis), i-Itali (Mussolini), i-Estonia (Pats), iLithuania (iSmetona) okanye iPortugal (iSalazar). Inyani yokuba namhlanje ngokunxulumana noMongameli wase-Belarussian u-Lukashenko uthanda ukuthetha "ngozwilakhe wokugqibela waseYurophu", iphakamisa nethemba elincinci ebusweni bale nto.
Uxanduva okanye ithuba?
Kodwa kwenzeka njani ukuba amandla agqithisileyo, athi rhoqo asilele ubuntu, asetyenziswe ngempumelelo? Zeziphi izinto ezimisela ukuba amandla athatyathwa njengoxanduva okanye njengamathuba okuziphucula?
Ugqirha wezengqondo u-Annika Scholl ovela kwiDyunivesithi yaseTübingen ubephanda ngalo mbuzo kangangexesha elithile kwaye ukhankanya izinto ezintathu ezibalulekileyo: "Nokuba amandla aqondwa njengoxanduva okanye lithuba lixhomekeke kwimeko yenkcubeko, umntu kwaye ngakumbi imeko yekhonkrithi". (Jonga ulwazi lwebhokisi) Ulwazi olunomdla kukuba "kwiinkcubeko zaseNtshona, abantu baqonda amandla njengethuba, kunokuba luxanduva kwinkcubeko ezikude zaseMpuma," utsho uScholl.
Umthetho, ulawulo kunye nokwenza izinto elubala
Nokuba amandla enza abantu balunge (oko kunokwenzeka!) Okanye batshintshe ebubini, kodwa kuxhomekeke kuphela kubuntu bakhe. Zingabalulekanga kangako iimeko zentlalo apho umlawuli asebenza phantsi kwazo. Ummeli oqaqambileyo nozimeleyo wale thesis nguPhilip Zimbardo, unjingalwazi ovela kwezokusebenza kwengqondo kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika uStanford. Ngesilingo sakhe esaziwayo saseStanford, wazibonakalisa ngokucacileyo ukuba abantu abanakuxhathisa izilingo zamandla. Nguye, olona nyango lusebenzayo nxamnye nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwamandla yimithetho ecacileyo, ukungafihli nto kweziko, ukungafihli nto kunye nengxelo eqhelekileyo kuwo onke amanqanaba.
Ugqirha wezengqondo kwezoluntu uJoris Lammers weDyunivesithi yaseCologne naye ubona ezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwinqanaba lentlalontle: "Ndicinga ukuba abalawuli kufuneka bazive ngathi abanamandla abo, kodwa kukuba banikwa abanye (ngokonyulo) baphinde (ngokungafuneki ) inokurhoxiswa ". Ngamanye amagama, amandla afuna ukuba semthethweni kunye nolawulo ukuze angaphumi ngesandla. "Nokuba ngaba abalawuli bayakubona na oku okanye ayixhomekeki, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kwinkcaso ekhutheleyo, kushicilelo lweendaba, kunye nokuzimisela kwabemi ukubonisa ngokuchasene nentswela-bulungisa, utshilo uLammers.
Eyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuchasana nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwamandla ibonakala ngathi yeyentando yesininzi ngokwayo. Umthetho (ngonyulo), ulawulo (ngokwahlula amandla) kunye nokubekwa elubala (kusetyenziswa amajelo osasazo) zixhonywe kuyo, ubuncinci. Kwaye ukuba oku kusilele kwinkqubo, kuya kufuneka uthathe inyathelo.
Amandla kwingoma
Isikhundla samandla sinokuqondwa njengoxanduva kunye / okanye njengethuba. Uxanduva apha lithetha umbono wokuzibophelela kwangaphakathi kubaphathi bamandla. Amathuba ngamava enkululeko okanye amathuba. Uphando lubonisa ukuba izinto ezahlukeneyo zinefuthe kwindlela abantu abaqonda ngayo kunye nokusebenzisa isikhundla samandla:(1) Inkcubeko: Kwinkcubeko zaseNtshona, abantu babona amandla njengethuba kunokuba luxanduva kwinkcubeko ezikude zaseMpuma. Ngokufanelekileyo, oku kuphenjelelwa ikakhulu ziinqobo ezixhaphakileyo kwinkcubeko.
(2) Izinto zobuqu: Amaxabiso obuqu nawo adlala indima ebalulekileyo. Abantu abanexabiso lokuziphatha okuhle-ababeka ixabiso elikhulu kwimpilo-ntle yabanye abantu, umzekelo -bona amandla ngakumbi njengoxanduva. Abantu abanexabiso lomntu ngamnye-abathi, umzekelo, banamathisele ukubaluleka kwempilo-yabo babonakala bebona amandla njengethuba.
(3) Imeko yekhonkrithi: Imeko yekhonkrithi inokubaluleka ngakumbi kunobuntu. Umzekelo, apha sikwazile ukubonisa ukuba abantu abanamandla bayawaqonda amandla abo kwiqela njengexanduva ukuba bazichaza kakhulu kweli qela. Ngamafutshane, ukuba ucinga u "sisi" kunokuba u "ndim".UGqr. U-Annika Scholl, uSekela-Ntloko weQela eliSebenzayo leNkqubo yeNtlalontle, iZiko leLeibniz loLwazi lweendaba (IWM), Tübingen-Germany
Photo / Ividiyo: Shutterstock.
