Isakhiwo esinozinzo: Iintsomi zicociwe

Ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okunenkani, ngoku kukho ukuvumelana kwehlabathi jikelele kuphando: I-11.944 yamazwe aphesheya ukususela kwiminyaka ye-1991 ukuya kwi-2011 yahlalutywa liqela lesayensi elikhokelwa nguJohn Cook, isiphumo esiveliswe kwisakhelo seencwadi "zophando lweNdalo esingqongileyo": Iipesenti zonke zophando ze-97,1, abathe bagqabaza ngayo, baqonde ukuba abantu babangela ukutshintsha kwemozulu. Ngesiqhelo, akuthandabuzeki ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu luyenzeka. Uphando lwakutsha nje lubonisa ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu lufikile nakwiingqondo zabantu baseAustria: ngeenxa zonke iipesenti ze45 zixhalabile ngemozulu (iStista, i-2015), nkqu neepesenti ze-63 zicinga ukuba kufanele ukuba kubekho inyathelo elingaphaya kokutshintsha kwemozulu (i-IMAS, 2014). Iziphumo: Ngokwengxelo yoVavanyo lweNguquko lweMozulu kwiPaneli yoTshintsho lweMozulu (APCC, 2014), ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu ubuncinci be-3,5 degrees Celsius kulindeleke kwisithuba senkulungwane-ngeziphumo ezibi zendalo nezoqoqosho.

Kuyaphikiswa ukuba izakhiwo ngoyena nobangela ophambili wegesi yegreenhouse kwaye kungoko kutshintsha kwemozulu. Malunga ne-40 yeepesenti yokusebenzisa amandla iyonke ichazwa licandelo lolwakhiwo, elimele ubukhulu be-CO2 kunye namandla okonga amandla. I-Austria ne-EU ke zithathe amanyathelo amaninzi okulwa notshintsho lwemozulu. Injongo yenguqu kuluntu olukuzisezantsi, okonga amandla.

Isakhiwo esinozinzo - iintsomi:

Intsomi 1 -ukusebenza kwamandla ayisi- okanye akunjalo?

Inyani yokwakhiwa okuzinzileyo, okusebenzayo kunye nokuhlaziywa kwamandla, ngakumbi ukufakelwa kwe-thermal, kunefuthe kwizakhiwo kwaye kwenzeka njani oku kubalwe ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokulinganiswa ekwakheni amaziko e-physics kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo. Zonke izifundo ezinzulu kunye nophando kwizakhiwo esele zikho kunye namawaka ezakhiwo ezonga amandla zibonisa oku.
Kodwa ngaba okucwangcisiweyo, okubalwa kwamandla okonga kuya kufezekiswa ngokwenziwayo? Lo mbuzo waphakanyiswa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngophando olwenziwa yi-arhente yamandla yaseJamani i-dena 2013, eyavavanya idatha evela kwizakhiwo ezihlaziyiweyo ze-63 kwisithuba seminyaka eliqela. Isiphumo sinomtsalane: Ngokusetyenziswa kwamandla okubalwa kokugqibela kokusetyenziswa kwe-223 kWh / (m2a) ngaphambi kokulungiswa kunye nesibalo sesidingo se45 kWh / (m2a) ngomndilili emva koncedo, injongo yayikukusindisa amandla e-80 yepesenti. Emva kohlaziyo lokwenyani, ixabiso eliqingqiweyo lokusebenzisa amandla we-54 kWh / (m2a) kunye nokugcinwa okuphakathi kwamandla kwepesenti ye-76 ekugqibeleni.
Iziphumo zaphembelela kakubi kumatyala ambalwa awaphosileyo ekujolise kuwo. Ngelishwa, oku kuyenzeka: into yokuqala eyimfuneko yokusebenza kwamanyathelo afanelekileyo ezamandla ezakhiwo ezitsha kunye nokuhlengahlengiswa komthetho luphunyezo oluchanekileyo lobugcisa. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo, nangona kunjalo, ukuphunyezwa kukhokelela kwiziphoso ezikhokelela kwisiphumo sokugcina siphantsi kunokuba bekucingelwe kwangaphambili. Ukuziphatha kwabasebenzisi nako kunokuba nefuthe elibi ekusetyenzisweni kwamandla okufanelekileyo. Imikhwa yakudala, enjengokubhabhisa ixesha elide okanye ukucima umoya wokungena kwindawo yokuhlala, inefuthe lokuchasa kwaye kufuneka iqale ilahlwe.

Intsomi 2 -Ukusebenza kwe-eneji akuhlawulisi-okanye ngaba kuyenzeka?

Umbuzo wokuba ingaba iindleko ezongezelelekileyo zolwakhiwo oluzinzileyo kunye nolwakhiwo ngokutsha ziyahlawula ngokwasezimalini ziye zaphendulwa kanobom ngezihlandlo ngezifundo nangophando. Ngokukodwa, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ubomi besakhiwo kunye nokuvela kwendleko zamandla.
Ngokomgaqo, onke amanyathelo, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile, anoqoqosho, kodwa ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba apho imigaqo-nkqubo kunye namanyathelo ophunyezo athatha isigqibo. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kukufakelwa okunamandla kwendlu endala, i-facade iya kufuneka iphinde ihlaziywe.
Nangona kunjalo, iingxelo jikelele ngokusebenza kweendleko kufuneka zijongwe ngononophelo, kuba iimeko-ubungakanani botyalo-mali, indlela yokwakha okanye into yokwakha, uhlobo lokufudumeza njlnjl - azithelekisi kwaye amaxabiso amandla kwixesha elizayo kunzima ukuqikelela. Ngaphandle kwento yendalo, nangona kunjalo, iinkalo ezinjengokwandisa ixabiso lepropathi kunye nokunyusa izinga lentlalontle liyinzuzo ecacileyo.

Intsomi 3-ukufakwa kukhokelela ekubumbeni - okanye akunjalo?

Kuyinyani ukuba kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezisebenzayo, nokuba zifakwe i-insured okanye azifakiswanga, ukufuma kudaliwe okuthi ngenye indlela kukhutshwe ngaphandle. Ukubola kukwenziwa nakwizakhiwo ezitsha, ezingakhange zomiswe ngokupheleleyo emva kokwenziwa, ngakumbi kwizakhiwo ezifuna ukulungiswa. Ukufakelwa kobushushu obuvela ngaphandle - ucwangciso lobungcali kunye nokuphunyezwa kwamanyathelo olwakhiwo anikezelweyo - kunciphisa ilahleko yobushushu ngaphandle komelele kakhulu, oko ke kukonyusa amaqondo obushushu eendonga zangaphakathi. Oku kunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wokukhula kokubumba. Rhoqo ukukhula komngundo kubangelwe kukuziphatha komntu: Ngokukodwa ngeefestile ezintsha, ezixineneyo, kubalulekile ukuba kuqwalaselwe umxholo womswakama womoya kunye nokungena umoya ngokufanelekileyo okanye ukusebenzisa inkqubo ekhoyo yokuphuma kwegumbi lokuhlala.

Intsomi 4 - amadama yi-carcinogenic - okanye akunjalo?

Ukuvezwa kwRadon kunye nomngcipheko womhlaza onxulumene noko kusoloko kubangelwa kukufakelwa. Nangona kunjalo, ichanekile into yokuba irediyo e-radon evela kwi-radon yerhasi (iyunithi yokulinganisa iBequerel Bq) ayibangelwa kukufakelwa, kodwa ibaleka emhlabeni iye emoyeni ngenxa yokufakwa kwendalo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukugxila kwe-radon kukwabonwa nakwizakhiwo ezivaliweyo, njengoko irhasi inokuqokelelana apha. Ukukhutshelwa komoya okonyukayo kwegumbi okanye kwigumbi lokuphumla lokungenisa umoya kungena kwigumbi lesiqhelo kwisiphumo esaneleyo.
Ukukhuselwa, umzekelo, ukubonelela ngokutywina igumbi emhlabeni kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezihambelanayo.
Ushwankathelo oluhle lubonelela radon map.

Intsomi 5 -Izinto zokugcina izinto eziyinkcitho ziinkunkuma eziyingozi zexesha elizayo - okanye akunjalo?

Ngokukodwa, iinkqubo zokufakelwa kwengqokelela yokufudumeza (i-ETICS) ngamanye amaxesha zijongwa ngokuthandabuzekayo malunga nobomi benkonzo kunye nokuchithwa. Ukomelela kwabo ngoku kuqikelelwa ukuba kungqonge iminyaka ye-50: I-ETICS yokuqala yafuduselwa kwi-1957 eBerlin kwaye isasebenza. Nangona kunjalo, kucacile ukuba ukufakwa kwe-thermal kufuneka kuthathelwe indawo emva kweminyaka engamashumi. Ngokufanelekileyo, ukufakelwa kuya kuphinda kusetyenziswe kwakhona, okanye ubuncinci kwakhona.
Ukusetyenziswa kwakhona akunakwenzeka ubuncinci kwi-ETICS ngenxa yokubambelela kwi-facade ngokwemeko yobugcisa yangoku. Nokuba kukho kuqala ukuqwalaselwa malunga ne-ETICS enendawo yokwakhela eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi, eya kuthi iququzelele ukwakhiwa ngokutsha, ii-disaslaka zisakhokelela nakweyiphi na imeko kwatshatyalaliso lwezinto. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iinkampani sele zisebenza kwizisombululo ezifana nokugaya. Kwezinye izinto ezinjengezixhobo zokugcina izinto zininzi, kuncitshiswa ngepesenti ye-100 kunokwenzeka ukuba usetyenziswe kwakhona.
Ukuphinda kusetyenziswwe kwezinto zokufakelwa akuyiyo ingxaki yezobugcisa, kodwa kunqabile ukuba zisetyenziswe kuqheliselo. Umzekelo, inkunkuma inokuchaphazeleka ngokulula xa kubekwa izinto ezenziwe ngeplastikhi ezenziwe ngofele olunzima kwaye iziqwengana ezinesiphumo zisetyenziselwa ukuqhubeka. Nge-EPS, umzekelo, ukuya kuthi ga kwiipesenti ezisibhozo ezihlaziyiweyo ze-EPS zingafakwa kwimveliso. Ukongeza, kukho ukubakho kokusebenzisa iigrane ezikhululekileyo njengekhonkco lokulinganisa. Ukongeza kwizinto zokuphinda zisetyenziselwe ukuphinda zisetyenziselwe ukuphinda zisetyenziswe kwakhona ezichazwe apha ngasentla, kukho nokukhethwa kokuphinda ubuye nezinto ezingafunekiyo ezisetyenzisiweyo. Ukuba zonke iinketho zigqityiwe, inyathelo lokugqibela kukuphinda kusetyenziswe kwakhona.

Intsomi 6 - izinto ezifakelayo ziqukethe ioyile kwaye ziyingozi kwindalo?

Impendulo yalo mbuzo ilele kumbane kunye nephepha lokulinganisa okusingqongileyo (igrafu). Kuxhomekeke kwinto yokufakelwa kunye nokusebenza ngokufakelweyo, ezi zinto zahlukile ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Umbuzo wokuba ukusetyenziswa kwamadama kufanelekile ngokwemvelo, kodwa kungangqinwa ngokucacileyo. Umzekelo, iZiko leTekhnoloji leKarlsruhe lithelekise ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokufakelwa kwezinto kwisithuba somjikelo wobomi bonke kunye nefuthe elihle kwindalo esingqongileyo.
Isiphelo: Ixesha lokubuyisa elinamandla kunye nendalo lokubuyiselwa kokusetyenziswa kwezinto zokufakelwa phantsi kweminyaka emibini, ukufakwa kwamandla okushisa kunengqondo kakhulu ukusuka kwinqanaba lokujonga amandla asisiseko kunye nokulinganisela kwerhasi yemozulu. Banzi: ukungayi edam kuyingozi kwindalo.

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