Helmut Melzer
Ukuhlala, ngakumbi ngexabiso eliphantsi, ngumbandela wezopolitiko ophambili- hayi e-Austria kuphela. Indawo yoLuntu yeNtlalontle yenzelwe ukulungisa le meko. Kodwa ngakumbi ngamaxesha eengxinano zoqoqosho, izindlu ezixhaswe ngezimali ezixhaswe ngemali yirhafu ziwela kwi-pin eninzi. Uphuhliso lwamanye amazwe kwiminyaka yakutshanje olubangele ingxoxo eshushu kwi-EU. Owona mbuzo uphambili: ngubani onokuthatha inxaxheba kulwakhiwo lwezindlu?
Umbuzo wokhuphiswano?
Ukuphendula kwingxoxo yase-pan-Yurophu, i-2005 yafaka isimangalo ngumbutho wabanini bamakhaya i-European Property Foundation, abameli babanini bamashishini abucala, eSweden kwiKhomishini yoKhuphiswano ye-EU-ngenxa yokugqwetha kukhuphiswano ngokubiza imali ephantsi kubaphuhlisi babucala abasebenza ngezindlu. I-tenor: Akukho mntu kwimarike ekufuneka efumene isibonelelo kwaye afumane izibonelelo ngeemali zikarhulumente. Nokuba imeko ekuhlaleni ayisebenzi. Ngokweminqweno yabanini zindlu babucala, umnini-mhlaba kufuneka asebenze phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo okanye kufanelekile ukuba azuze kuphela abasweleyo.
Kodwa ngelixa ama-Scandinavians ahlala etafileni kwaye enza uthethathethwano, efunyanwa eNetherlands ukulingisa okuphumelela ngakumbi. I-2010, iKhomishini yaseYurophu iqinisekisile isikhalazo saseDatshi malunga nomba wokhuphiswano olukhululekileyo. Ngeziphumo, njengoBarbara Steenbergen we-International Tenants 'Association IUT, ucacisa: "Ke ngoko, ukubonelela kwabahlwempuzekileyo bekufanele ukuba kuncitshisiwe. Ngumbandela wexesha ngaphambi kokuba kuvele i-ghettos. "
Ityala laseDatshi
Imigaqo emitsha yomdlalo wase-Netherlands: Kwi "Wocos", umphuhlisi ongenzi nzuzo, umda we-33.000 Euro ngonyaka (ngaphambili i-38.000 Euro) -konke ngoku kwaye uzimele ngenani labemi bendlu. Ngendlela yokuthelekisa: eVienna, umzekelo, umntu ongatshatanga uphantsi komda wokufumana umvuzo we-43.970 Euro ngonyaka (abantu ababini: i-65.530 Euro ff) njengemfuneko yokuqeshisa ngezindlu kunye nokusebenzisana kwezindlu. Amakhaya e-550.000 amakhaya kunye nabantu abamalunga ne-1,25 ezigidi basebenzisa izindlu zokuhlala e-Austria. Bangaphi abaza kuba nelungelo kwizindlu ezixhaswayo ukuba imali yengeniso ihlisiwe?
USteenbergen ekwimeko eNetherlands: "Amakhaya e-650.000 ke ngoko akhutshelwa ngaphandle kwangoko. Ixabiso lokuqeshisa eAmsterdam ukulungiselela i-45 yeemitha ezikwimitha njengangoku ejikeleze i1.000 Euro. Emaphethelweni esixeko, amaxesha okulinda ngoku afikelela kwiminyaka elithoba. ”Ngapha koko, umgangatho wesakhiwo ukwasongela ukubandezeleka kakhulu. Ngenxa yemida yengeniso esezantsi kunye neerenti, iindawo zokuhlala ezizayo kufuneka zakhiwe ngexabiso eliphantsi kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Izindlu zentlalo njengenjongo yesizwe
I-2011 isoyikise ukuphindaphinda into efanayo eFransi. Kwakhona, inkampani yabanini-mhlaba babucala yakhalaza kwi-EU - kodwa yadibana nokumelana ne "Grande Nation": Kwimpendulo ye-EU ngoMeyi 2013 iFrance ibhengeze izindlu zentlalo ntle ukuba ziyishwankathele ngokukhawuleza injongo kaRhulumente. Ukususela ngoko, ukuthula kuye kwangunobangela. Ubunini belizwe lonke sele ubenamandla ophumeleleyo kumgaqo-siseko we-EU wokhuphiswano. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, umgaqo-siseko wenkxaso-mali uyasebenza kwezindlu- ingumba wesizwe.
Ingxoxo ye-EU malunga nezindlu zokuhlala
Imibuzo ngoku iqhubeka ixutyushwa ngaphakathi kwe-EU: NgoJuni 2013, iPalamente yaseYurophu yamkele ingxelo eyiliweyo yezindlu zokuhlala kwi-European Union. Iphepha lokuqala lengxoxo eneengcebiso, iimfuno kunye neengcebiso. Kuza kwenzeka ntoni? Awazi. "Ikhomishini ayikathethi njalo," utshilo uSteenbergen we-IUT evavanya iibhotile zedemokhrasi kwi-EU: "Ukuba wonke umntu uyachasa kwaye iKhomishini ayisashukumi, akukho sigqibelo sokudemokhrasi? Amagosa avota ngokuchasene nevoti ecacileyo yonyulo. "
NguClaire Roumet, unobhala-jikelele we-European Association yeZindlu zeNtlalontle I-CODHAS, iphepha alikho kancinci kakhulu: "Ndibiza iminyaka yokugqibela ye-20 iminyaka emibini elahlekileyo yomgaqo-nkqubo wezindlu zokuhlala. Kwakukho ukunyuka kweendleko zezindlu kuyo yonke indawo. Iinxalenye zabemi azinamali yaneleyo yokuhlala. "
Iitoliki ezahlukeneyo zezindlu zokuhlala zangumcimbi osisiseko, hayi umbuzo wobungakanani belizwe: "Amazwe amaninzi agxile ekukhuthazeni ipropathi. Ngexesha lentlekele, kukho imali encinci yezindlu, inkxaso-mali yezifundo ivaliwe. Ayizinzanga. Izakhiwo zokuhlala kufuneka zilungelelaniswe ngokufanelekileyo, utshilo uRoumet.
"Sibhale ukubuyela komdla kuluntu kwiiflegi. Ndicinga ukuba kufuneka sicacisele abo baphetheyo ukuba zisebenza njani izindlu ezingekho phantsi kwenzuzo. Kwinkoliso yamazwe, kuphela yindawo yentengiso ekhululekileyo nexhaswe ngokupheleleyo eyaziwayo. Indawo yokuhlala efikelelekayo ayisebenzi kwintengiso. Imarike inomkhwa wokufuna ukunyusa amaxabiso, "uSteenbergen ovela kwi-International Tenants 'Association akanqweneli kuphela iqela leengcali ezivela kwiKhomishini, kodwa kunye nokusasazwa kwemodeli yase-Austrian.
Indlela yase-Austrian njengemodeli
Kodwa yintoni eyenza imodeli yase-Austrian kuthelekiso lwamazwe aphesheya? UWolfgang Amann ovela kwiziko loPhando laseAustria kwiArhente yeZindlu, uLwakhiwo kunye neZindlu IIBW: "Sinenkqubo eneemarike zokuqeshisa ezidityanisiweyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba iimalike zorhwebo nezentengiso zentlalo ziyakhuphisana. Amakhaya ajongekileyo kwezindlu-ngaphandle kwezona zityebileyo - zombini iindawo zentengiso zivulekile. Oku kukhokelela kwixabiso elifanelekileyo kunye nokhuphiswano olusemgangathweni. Kwangelo xesha, iirenti zentlalontle zihlala zikwindawo yokuhlala ngentengiso ephantsi kuphela. Ngenxa yoko, inkcitho kawonkewonke ekwaziseni izindlu ingezantsi komndilili we-EU15. "
Kodwa njengoko wonke umntu esazi, ayizizo zonke izinto ezigqibeleleyo. "Sinengxaki ebizwa ngokuba yangaphandle ngaphakathi. Uninzi lwamakhaya aneziqeshiso ezindala ahlala kakuhle kwaye ngexabiso eliphantsi. Kodwa ngubani okwangoku ukukhangela izindlu, kunzima kakhulu. Ukongeza, oku kuchaphazela ikakhulu amakhaya amancinci, ekufuneka enze kuwo ngohlahlo-lwabiwo mali olunamandla. Ngokubanzi, ukuba ixesha elide ucwangcisa, unethuba elikhulu. Ukuba awazi ukuba uzakuhlala phi malunga nesiqingatha sonyaka, kuya kufuneka uhlawule kakhulu ngenxa yoko, "uAmann ucacisa imeko yangoku. Xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe, iOstriya, njengoko imizekelo yangaphambili ibonisa, kakuhle kwixabiso nakwisibonelelo.
Ukuqasha e-Austria
Ukusukela enyakeni i-2009, isabelo semali yokulahlwa kwekhaya ekufuneka ichithwe kwiindleko zezindlu kwizindlu eziqeshiswayo inyuke ngepesenti ye-23 ukuya kwiipesenti ze-25. Uphuhliso luyahluka ngokwenqanaba lokuqasha. Kwiirhafu eziphambili zokuhlala, iindleko zezindlu zonyuke ngepesenti ezintathu zeepesenti kwaye yayiyipesenti ye-2013 yepesenti yengeniso yekhaya e-28. Izindlu ngaphandle kwepenshini, okt ikakhulu amakhaya amancinci, aneendleko eziphezulu zokuhlala. Ichaphazela ikakhulu abantu abaphilayo (abafazi be-31 ipesenti, amadoda i-28 ipesenti) kunye namakhaya anomzali omnye (ipesenti ye-31). Ayibalulekanga konke konke, ukuba lixesha elingakanani indlu sele ihlala eflethini kubalulekile kwixabiso leendleko zezindlu.
Iirhafu zeendawo zokuhlala eziqeshisayo zikhuphuke ngokwamaxabiso ohlukeneyo kumacandelo aqeshiso umntu ngamnye ukusukela kwi2009. Ngelixa ukunyuka ngokubanzi kwe-2009-2013 iindleko zazikwipesenti ye-13, irente yokuhlala kwicandelo lokuqesha labucala lenyuke ngepesenti ye-17,2, ukusuka kwi-6,6 ukuya kwi-7,8 euros ngemitha yesikwere. Ukonyuka kwezindlu ezibambisene phantsi bezisezantsi kakhulu kwiipesenti ezilishumi ngexesha elifanayo kunyaka ophelileyo. Indawo yokuhlala kaMasipala kwafuneka ihlawule iipesenti ze-2013 ngaphezulu kwe-8,3 kunyaka we-2009.
Ngeekhontrakthi ezintsha (ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka emihlanu yexesha elidlulileyo lokurenta), i-avareji ye-7,6 Euro ngemitha yesikwere ihlawulwe. Amakhaya aneziqeshiso zexesha elide ngaphezulu kweminyaka ye-30 zichitha i-4,8 Euro kubandakanya iindleko zokusebenza.
(Umthombo: Iinkcukacha-manani eOstriya)
Ukunyusa kunye nesisa
UMarkus Sturm, ongusihlalo woMbutho woPhuculo lweZindlu i-vwbf, impumelelo yenkqubo yezindlu zase-Austrian ijolise ikakhulu kwiintsika ezimbini: "Kwelinye icala, le yinkxaso-mali yezindlu kwaye kwelinye icala ishishini lezindlu elingenzi nzuzo. Ngokudibana okusekwe kubambiswano kulwakhiwo-mali oluxhotyiswe kakuhle ngokwasezimalini kunye nabaphuhlisi abakhethiweyo kwezindlu, ibinakho ukwandisa kakhulu ukubonelelwa kwezindlu ezifikelelekayo kule minyaka ingamashumi idlulileyo. "Ngokongeza: Ngokwabelana ngepesenti ye24 yepesenti yesitokhwe esipheleleyo sezindlu, ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zokuhlala e-Austria EU ukuthelekisa yesibini.
Ngaphandle kokunikezelwa kwezindlu, inkqubo eneGemeinnützige Wohnbauträger nayo imele imeko yezoqoqosho, njengoko uSturm egxininisa: "Ngenxa yokuqhubeka nokufumana inkxaso-mali yezindlu kunye nemibutho yezakhiwo engenanto yakwenza nolwazelelelo ayisiyo kuphela indawo ezinzileyo yokwakha malunga nesinye kwisithathu sezindlu ezigqityiweyo ngonyaka. kodwa iqinisekisa ukomelela okuzinzileyo kwezoqoqosho. "
Abaphuhlisi abangenzi nzuzo
Phantse wonke umhlali wesithandathu waseOstriya uhlala kwizindlu ezakhiweyo kunye / okanye ezilawulwa yimibutho engenzi nzuzo. Umzi wezindlu ongenzi nzuzo okwangoku ulawula amagumbi e-865.700 kwilizwe lonke, apho iikhondomu ze-252.800. Oku kuhambelana nepesenti ye-25 yepesenti yezindlu zizonke e-Austria. Iminyaka engamashumi amathathu eyadlulayo, esi sabelo sasisele simalunga neshumi leepesenti. I-2013 yagqitywa yimibutho yokwakha ye-13.720, i-2014 16.740 yayizindlu ezintsha.
Kumagumbi agqityiweyo okwangoku nge-50.000 ngonyaka, ipesenti ye-50 ixhaswe ngemali, ipesenti ye-50 ixhaswe ngemali (ngaphambili: ipesenti ze-70 / ipesenti ye-30). Isakhiwo esixhasayo indlu ngoku sinikezelwe ngokupheleleyo ngabangenzi nzuzo, abaphuhlisi abarhwebayo bayabandakanyeka kulwakhiwo lwabucala lwecondinium. (Umthombo: GBV).
Buyela ekubekweni uphawu
Kungenxa yoko le nto kubaluleke kakhulu ukucacisa ngenkxaso-mali yezindlu: "Ukuqinisekisa kwakhona imodeli yezindlu, ukuphinda uveliswe kwakhona okuphawuleka kwenkxaso mali yezindlu ngokuqinisekileyo kuyimfuneko. Ukuba ufuna ukugcina izindlu zentlalontle zikwinqanaba eliqhelekileyo, kodwa zikwafuna amanyathelo okuqinisa iinkampani zezindlu ezingenzi nzuzo kunye nezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokufunyanwa komhlaba kwizindlu zentlalo. "Ngokukwanjalo ibona i-Amann IIBW:" Ndicela ukuzola! Sifuna uqhubekeko kukhuseleko lwezezimali lokukhuthaza izindlu. Sifuna umyinge olungeleleneyo wezindlu ezixhaswayo kunye nezemali. Sifuna imibutho yezokwakha ezingenzi nzuzo.
Izibalo ezikhoyo zeZindlu
I-2013 yakhiwa kuyo yonke iOstriya phantse iigumbi ze51.000. Ayibandakanyi iiyunithi ezizakwakhiwa eVienna ngendlela yokufumana, yokwakha okanye yokuguqula izakhiwo esele zikho. Ngale nombolo yangoku, iziphumo zazingaphezulu kweepesenti ze-16 ngaphezulu konyaka odlulileyo. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-2011, inyani yayiphantse yangama-30. Iziphumo ezifanelekileyo zokugqitywa kwe2013 zibangelwa ikakhulu kukwakhiwa kwezindlu zokuhlala ezininzi, ezithi ngokomndilili zivelise malunga namagumbi aphakathi kunakwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo (kunye neepesenti ze-36 xa kuthelekiswa ne-2012, kunye neepesenti ze-58 ngaphezulu kwe-2011).
(Umthombo: Iinkcukacha-manani eOstriya)
Uxolo lwasentlalweni ngokufikelela ngokubanzi
Kodwa ubuyela kumbuzo obalulekileyo wokuba ngubani ngoku ofanele afumane ukufikelela kwizindlu zokuhlala- kwaye ngoba. USturm von vwbf: "Ngokwahlukileyo kwamanye amazwe, icandelo elixhaswayo lezindlu liboniswa ngokufikelela ngamacandelo abanzi. Oko kuye kwangqina. Umdibaniso osisiphumo sentlalontle uthintele ngokufanelekileyo utyekelo localucalulo njengakwizixeko zaseFransi (iBanlieus) kwaye ngenxa yoko kubonakaliswa kwendawo ekuhlalwa kuyo kunye "neziqhushumbo" zentlalo ezihlala zinxulumene.
Ngolu luvo uSturm akayedwa, ikwangumlinganiswa womgaqo-nkqubo wezindlu u-Amann uqaphela ukuba indawo yokuhlala, ukufikelela ngokubanzi kwizindlu zokuhlala kubalulekile: "Indlela yase-Austrian ngamacandelo amakhulu ezindlu zokuhlala, ezivulekileyo nee-SMEs, ineenzuzo ezininzi. Ukudibana kwamanqanaba onke entlalontle kumakhaya afanayo kuyimpumelelo enkulu kakhulu ekuhlaleni. Nabani na obonana mihla le kwaye uyabulisa kwaye uyazi abantwana babamelwane unokuqonda okungcono kweengxaki ezingachazwanga kolunye "udidi lwentlalo". Ngenxa yokudityaniswa kwezentlalo, akukho ghettos kwaye akukho dolophu itshayo. Irente zentlalontle zibiza kakhulu kangangokuba nezindlu ezifumana inkxaso-mali eninzi zibiza kakhulu kunokuba, ithi, inkqubo yenkxaso yezindlu e-UK okanye iinkuthazo zerhafu eNetherlands. '
Kwidolophu enkulu yaseVienna, ukuxubana kwezentlalo yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kumgaqo-nkqubo wezindlu. Izikhundla eziphezulu eziphezulu njengeyona dolophu iphilayo kwihlabathi nazo ziyavuza le nyaniso. UChristian Kaufmann, isithethi sikaWohnbaustadtrat uMichael Ludwig: "Asifuni kuxinana nobuthathaka kwezentlalo kwiindawo ezithile zokuhlala. Oko kwahlukanisa iVienna kwaye sifuna ukuyigcina nayo loo nto. Ngenxa yeNetherlands, iSweden neFrance, siphehlelele iSigqibo ngoKhuseleko loLuntu lwezeNtlalontle, esiye sajoyina i-30 yaseYurophu iidolophu. "
Photo / Ividiyo: Shutterstock.
