Ukwahlula amandla amatsha: ixesha lokulungelelaniswa kwamandla

Ukusukela kwiminyaka ye-1970-e-Austria ukusukela embindini weminyaka ye-1980-i-credo yomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho ibisenziwa "ukukhutshwa kwezinto kunye nokwenza ubumfihlo". Kubonakala ngathi kukuphazamiseka kwemveliso yamashishini aphantsi korhulumente. Phantse kuwo onke amacandelo ezoqoqosho, ukurhoxiswa kommiselo wombuso kwakufuneka.

Ulawulo (lwehlabathi) lweemarike zezemali

NgokukaStefan Schulmeister, isazi sezoqoqosho kwi-wifo, ukukhutshwa kweentengiso zezemali kusenokwenzeka ukuba yayiyeyona nto inamandla: "Ngelixa ingqesho iphantse yaxhaphaka kwiminyaka ye-1950 kunye ne-1960, kwakungekho naluphi na ukungabikho kwemisebenzi yolutsha okanye iindlela zokufumana ingqesho, namhlanje izigidi zolutsha azinamsebenzi kwaye zinabantu. umsebenzi ozinzileyo uphandwe lilize kwezindlu ezinamaxabiso aphantsi. "Uchaza ezi zinto ziphucukileyo kwinqanaba elikhulu kwinkululeko yecandelo lezemali, kwaye ngenxa yoko, kukuqhubela phambili kongxowankulu bezezimali. Amanqanaba otshintshiselwano oluzinzileyo oluxabisekileyo, amaxabiso ezorhwebo, amaxabiso esitokhwe kunye namaxabiso wenzala avula umnyango kubakhankanyi bemijikelezo yezobuchwepheshe yezemali. Nantso indlela eyenze ngayo umbutho wayo wabatyali-mali, enesakhono esigqibeleleyo sokuqikelela ngokuchasene nemali, izinto ezimi kakuhle okanye ilizwe lonke, kwaye ngoku nqakraza kwimouse kushukuma umqulu we-67 we-GDP yehlabathi. Isizathu senzuzo yeenkampani zitshintshileyo zisuka kwinyani ziye kuqoqosho lwezezimali, apho utyalomali lokwenyani- kuba ingeniso encinci- yehlile kunye nokwenziwa kwamathuba emisebenzi.

"Inkcubeko kunye nesayensi zinokuphuhlisa izakhono zazo kuphela kwaye zibonelele ngemeko efanelekileyo yokuqhuba ukuba amandla abo okuqhuba akondliwa yimidla yezoqoqosho okanye utshintsho olunomdla kwezopolitiko."
URudolf Steiner (1861-1925) ngokubhekisele kukwahlula amandla

Umgaqo-nkqubo wenzala uthelekiswa nobhengezo

Ngokusisiseko, kufanele kuqatshelwe apha ukuba ukubhengeza kunye nezobupolitika kufanelekile kwaye kuyinqweneleka kuluntu olunobuninzi. Banomphumo wozinzo kuba badala ulungelelwaniso lwezinto ezinomdla phakathi kwamaqela ahlukileyo kuluntu. Okokugqibela kodwa kungaphelelanga apho, umgaqo-nkqubo wenzala ukhutshiwe emthethweni kwaye ukhuselekile ngokusemthethweni, umzekelo, ngenkululeko yokuhlangana, yokuhlangana kunye nokubonisa. Abaxhasi kwimbonakalo yenkululeko yoluntu bade bacinge ukuba lukhuphiswano lomdla lomntu ngamnye olalela into enye, nokuba impumelelo yexesha elizayo loluntu lwedemokhrasi luthelekiswa yantlukwano kunye nefuthe lomdla olungelelanisiweyo. Kodwa ngelixa imibutho, amagumbi okuhlala kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi eveza esidlangalaleni, abakhuthazi bahlala benza izinto ezifihlakeleyo.
Abagxeki, kunjalo Ubumbano lweYurophu Observatory, umbutho waseNetherlands ongenzi nzuzo ufuna ezinye iindlela zokugxininisa kumandla kwimibutho, utyhola abaphembeleli bokubangela ukungalingani kwezentlalo kunye nokutshabalalisa indalo. Bafuna ukuba i-lobbies yoqoqosho iphinde ibuyiselwe emuva ukujongana nemicimbi yehlabathi efana nentlupheko, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukungabikho kokusesikweni kwezoluntu, indlala kunye nokudodobala kwendalo.
Abantu base-Austrian basengozini yokuba kwiqela lesibini. Ngokwengxelo yokubambisa yase-Austrian i-2013 45 ipesenti yabemi banxulumana nobusela, ukungenelela, ukoluka, ubudlelwane kunye nefuthe kwezopolitiko. Le ngxelo ikwenza kucace ukuba amashishini amancinci naphakathi, ii-NGOs kunye neeklabhu aphulukene nefuthe kumlo wobusela kumashishini, icandelo lezemali lehlabathi, kodwa nangokuchasene norhulumente wabo kwiminyaka yakutshanje.
Kodwa uphi umda phakathi kokumelwa ngokusemthethweni kunye nokungekho mthethweni kwemidla? Lo mda mhlawumbi ungaphantsi kokufuna umntu ngamnye kunye nezinto ezizodwa azithandayo kunokuba efuna ukuzilandela. Ukuboniswa kwabakhwetha kukwenziwa kwiinkomfa zamaphephandaba, imikhankaso yolwazi, imiboniso ekondleni amasekela kunye namalungu orhulumente, ukubambelela, ukuxhaphaza kunye norhwaphilizo. Amaqela abizwa ngokuba yimidla yoluntu ayazi nendlela yokufihla izinto anomdla kuzo njengomdla woluntu.
Ngokuchasene neendlela ezixhaphakileyo, ezingekho mthethweni zobusela apho inkqubo yesohlwayo. Ingxaki yokubambisa - ngaphandle kokutsala nzima komgwebo - ingaphezu kwayo yonke indawo engwevu phakathi kwemithetho esemthethweni, kodwa engekho mthethweni, efihliweyo.
Ngokubanzi, ukucaca okuthe kratya kubonwa njengeresiphi ngokuchasene nemigaqo-nkqubo engekho mthethweni. Oku kubandakanya ukubhengezwa kwemidla kunye nobudlelwane boqoqosho phakathi kwamagosa kawonkewonke kunye neenkampani okanye imibutho, ukubhengezwa kwemisebenzi yabo yokuxhasa kunye nomvuzo, okanye ukungena ngokunyanzelekileyo kwirejista yabaphathi. Rhoqo, amaxesha okulinda ayadingeka kubanikazi bezopolitiko eziphumayo ukuze kuliwe nokwabiwa kwezikhundla koosopolitiki abanempembelelo.

Ukwahlula amandla (ukwahlula amandla eSwitzerland naseOstriya) kukuhambisa amandla ombuso ngaphezulu kwamaqelana ombuso ngeenjongo zokunciphisa amandla nokukhusela inkululeko kunye nokulingana. Ngokwemodeli yezembali yokwahlula-hlula kwamagunya, amagunya amathathu endlu yowiso-mthetho, ezolawulo nezomthetho zihlala zithetha.

Ukunyaniseka - ewe, kodwa

EAustria kwi-1. Ngomhla woku-1 kuJanuwari, i-2013 yangena ekusebenzeni komthetho wokutshutshisa onyanzela iinkampani ezisebenzisa ubambiso kunye neenkampani ezisebenzisa abagwebi abasendlwini ukuba babhalise kwaye bangenise ikhowudi yokuziphatha. Ukongeza kwinkampani kunye nedatha yabasebenzi, umxumi kunye nomda ekuvunyelwene ngawo woxanduva kufuneka uchaziwe kwi-oda nganye yokubambisa. Isiphoso kuphela: Eli candelo lerejista yokwamkela iindwendwe alibonakali eluntwini.
Okwangoku, ii-arhente ze-64 ezine-150 ezibhalisiweyo kunye neenkampani ze-106 ezinabanini be-619 abangabanini bezindlu ziyavela kwirejista yokubambisa yase-Austrian.
Ukugxekwa kweLobbyingregister entsha kuza nezinye izinto ezivela Umbutho wase-Austrian (ÖPAV) ngokwayo-lelo lilungelo lokuhlala. Umongameli wombutho uFeri Thierry uyigxeka ngaphezulu kwayo yonke into engacacanga yamagama kunye nomthetho wokuba umthetho uphulukene nenjongo yawo, ukujongwa kwabantu bonke nabameli be-Austria, uphuthelwe ngokucacileyo: "siqikelela ukuba e-Austria malunga ne-2.500 ngokusisigxina Abachaphazelekayo bayakhona. Uninzi lwabo alunanzelwanga mfuneko yobhaliso ".

"Mhlawumbi le mahashe kufuneka ikhukulwe kwelinye icala: Imibutho yoluntu kufuneka ichaze unxibelelwano lwabo banxibelelana nabangeneleli."
UMarion Breitschopf, meineabgeordneten.at, ngokubhekisele kukwahlulwa kwamandla okutsha.

UMarion Breitschopf ovela kwiqonga laseAustria meineabgeordneten.at, i-database efihlakeleyo yezopolitiko, ikwabalule ukuba kuya kuba kubalulekile e-Austria ukuba enyanisweni bonke abatyeleli, kubandakanya amaqela anomdla, abameli kunye nee-NGO, bavele kwirejista. Ufumanisa ukuba kunzima ukuchaza ii-odolo okanye abathengi abathile kwicala lomboneleli-zinkonzo: "Mhlawumbi le mahashe kufanelekile ukukhutshwa kwelinye icala: Abasemagunyeni kufuneka babhengeze unxibelelwano lwabo kunye ne-lobbyists. Inqanaba elolu lwalathiso iya kuba 'kukuqiniswa komthetho', eyindlela yoxwebhu olusemthethweni, apho kubonakala ngathi zeziphi iindawo ezibhaliweyo zivela phi.

Ukwahlula amandla: Umzi-mveliso wokuphembelela eBrussels

Kwinqanaba laseYurophu, umntu uhlala eva malunga nomzi-mveliso wokuphembelela ozenzele use-Brussels. Ngapha koko, i-2011 ibhalise amaziko okunyanzela e-6.500 kwii-XNUMX's - singasathethi ke ngokuzithandela - iirejista zokubonisa amaziko aseYurophu. KuPhaphaza uqikelela inani labo kwi-12.000.
Amaziko e-EU ngokwenene ayithagethi eyamkelekileyo kubathengi. Uyedwa kwisigaba sokulungiselela ukuDluliswa kweDatha, iKomishini yaseYurophu ifumene izindululo zokulungiswa kwe-3.000. Ezinye ze-70's zinokujongwa ngeqonga laseYurophu lobbyplag.eu kunye nemidlalo yokoqobo kunye nesikhokelo inokuchazwa ngokuchofoza kwimouse. Umsebenzi wokutyhila.
Amaqela eengcali zeKhomishini yaseYurophu nawo yingxaki ethile.Ingxelo epapashwe ngoNovemba 2013 inika ulwazi olunzulu ngomsebenzi weKhomishini yaseYurophu. Ke, eBrussels, yinto eqhelekileyo ukuba abameli becandelo lezemali bacebise iKomishini ngemicimbi yokulawulwa kwemakethi yemali, iinkampani zonxibelelwano ngokhuseleko lwedatha, iinkampani zeebhiya kumgaqo-nkqubo wotywala kunye neenkampani zeoyile kwimicimbi yokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Ingxelo ityhila, umzekelo, ukuba amaqela aziingcali e-TAXUD anoxanduva lokurhafiswa aqulunqwe ngabameli beenkampani ze-80 ipesenti ezintathu kuphela abameli abancinci nabaphakathi kunye neepesenti enye yabameli bemanyano.
Phakathi kweKhomishini yaseYurophu kunye nePalamente yaseYurophu ngenxa yoko imfazwe ethe cwaka phakathi kwabagxeki abahambahambayo kunye -befürwortern. Ngo-Novemba, ii-MEPs ezibucayi zaqingqa uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwe-2011 ngala maqela aziingcali, kwaye zacela iKomishini ukuba iqinisekise ngemigaqo emine xa kusetyenziswa amaqela aziingcali: akukho gunya linobumbano, akukho ngabathengisi njengabacebisi abazimeleyo, izimemo ezivulekileyo zokuthatha inxaxheba kunye nokubonakala ngokucacileyo. Iphepha lokulinganisa elikhutshwe kunyaka olandelayo lalibi kakhulu.

Urhwaphilizo njengefomu egqithisileyo

Urhulumente wase-Austrian Federal ufumene ubungqina obucacileyo kwingxelo yokuqala yenkohlakalo yiKhomishini yaseYurophu ngemizamo yakhe ecacileyo yokulwa urhwaphilizo. Umzekelo, ingxelo ixabisa utshintsho olusemthethweni olusemthethweni kule minyaka idlulileyo (umzekelo, umthetho we-2012 Party Law, i-2012 Corruption Act, i-2013 Lobby Act) kunye nomsebenzi we-Ofisi yezoTshutshiso lezoQoqololo noRhwaphilizo (WKStA) kunye neOfisi yeNkulumbuso yokulwa ubuqhetseba (BAK) njengentle kakhulu. Ngokunjalo, uMgaqo wokuziPhatha kuwo onke amagosa aseOstriya, "Uxanduva lukukunye nam", kunye nokuzimisela kweAustria kwibala lezizwe ngezizwe, kunikwe ukukhankanywa okuqinisekileyo, njengenkxaso esebenzayo ekusekeni i-International Corruption Academy IACA.
IKhomishini yaseYurophu ibona isidingo sokuthatha inyathelo kuba abaxhasi base-Austrian zenkohlakalo e-WKStA kunye ne-BAK baphantsi kwemiyalelo yoMphathiswa wezobulungisa, banethuba elincinci lokufumana ulwazi ngezemali - amagama angamaphepha okugcina imfihlo - kunye nengxelo yokuba ingeniso eyongezelelweyo yamagosa aseburhulumente kunye namagosa aphezulu enkonzo. Akukho luphononongo kwaye ke ulwazi olungeyonyani aluxhomekeki kwisohlwayo.
Ngaphandle kokujongela phantsi oku kugxeka, ingxelo nangona kunjalo iyaphikisana ngokucacileyo nembono yoluntu kweli lizwe. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ngokwe-Eurobarometer yokugqibela evela kunyaka we-2013 66 pesenti yabantu base-Austrian bacinga ukuba urhwaphilizo luxhaphake kakhulu kwilizwe labo. Nangona umndilili we-EU kolu vavanyo luyipesenti ye-76, isiphumo sisakhathaza. Kwaluvavanyo olufanayo bafumanisa ukuba i-Austria kuphela kwelizwe e-EU apho uninzi lwabemi - phantse isithathu - bacinga ukuba kufanelekile ukwenza ukuthanda igosa libuyele kwimisebenzi yoluntu. ukunika isipho.

Ukwahlula amandla: Ukwahluka kweendaba ngokuchasene nokulula kwezimvo

Okwangoku, amajelo eendaba nawo alandela imithetho yentengiso, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, nephethini yeenkqubo zoqoqosho ngokubanzi. Ngokubhekiselele kugxinzo lweendaba, nangona kunjalo, i-Austria yimeko ekhethekileyo yezizwe ngezizwe. Alikho elinye ilizwe laseYurophu ukwahlukahlukana kwamaphephandaba emihla ngemihla njengezantsi e-Austria. Ngeli xesha kweli lizwe inani elipheleleyo le-17 yamaphephandaba mihla le isentengiso, ezona zintandathu zibalulekileyo sele zigubungele uninzi-olusezantsi lwepesenti ye93 - yokufunda. Isibakala sokuba la maphephandaba emihla ngemihla avela kwizindlu ezintathu zokushicilela kuphela - i-Mediaprint (iKrone, iKurier), iScyria (Kleine Zeitung, iDie Presse, iWhatschaftsblatt) kunye noFellner Medien GmbH (e-Austria) - ihlazo elithile ngokomgaqo-nkqubo wedemokhrasi.

"Ukuze abemi babenakho ukwenza uluvo loluntu, kufuneka izimvo zoluntu ezizimeleyo."
UWolfgang Hasenhütl, uMthombo woLondolozo lweendaba kunye nokuPapasha ukwahluka

Akunakubakho nawuphi na umbuzo wokwahluka kwezimvo kunikwe ezi meko. Ngenxa yenkxalabo yantlukwano yeendaba kunye noluvo e-Austria, umshicileli uWolfgang Hasenhütl wenza inyathelo lokugcina imithombo yeendaba nokupapasha iyantlukwano e-Austria ngonyaka we-2012. "Sinoluvo lokuba i-Austria yenza umsebenzi omkhulu wentando yesininzi-yezopolitiko malunga nokuzimanya kwezimvo. Ukuze abahlali bakwazi ukwenza umbono woluntu, kufuneka izimvo zoluntu ezizimeleyo, ”utshilo uHasenhütl, isithethi seli nyathelo.
Kwinqanaba laseYurophu, iAuropean Alternatives, umbutho wabasebenzi baseYurophu-ubusebenzela, kunye neAlfred Internationale de Journaliste bamkele umxholo kwaye bebesebenza ukwenza inethiwekhi ukusukela kwi2010 Iphulo laseYurophu lobuNzululwazi beMidlalo (EIMP). Idibanisa imibutho, imithombo yeendaba kunye nemibutho yobugcisa evela kulo lonke elaseYurophu ngeenjongo zokuphucula i-Citizens 'Initiative (ECI) efuna ukumiselwa komgaqo-nkqubo we-EU ngobuninzi beendaba. Eli nyathelo lisadinga ukutyikitywa kwe-860.000 ukuze likwazi ukungenisa isindululo somyalelo we-EU kwiKhomishini yaseYurophu, ngaloo ndlela kuqalwa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho.

Enye ingxaki ephambili ye-media landscape kukuxhomekeka okuphezulu kwezoqoqosho kwaba bapapashi kwintengiso yentengiso. Ukusukela ukuthengiswa kwamajelo oshicilelo, kunye nayo nayiphi na inkxaso-mali yamajelo osasazo, iqhezu elincinci leendleko, ukuxhomekeka kwezoqoqosho kuthengiso kukhulu. Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ebezingalindelekanga zibandakanya imithombo echongiweyo okanye eyokuba ingxelo ininzi kakhulu isekwe kuphela kwimidla yoqoqosho kunye nasekuxhomekekeni. Ngale ndlela, umbono opapashiweyo uya ngokuthengiswa ngakumbi njengombono woluntu. Kwangelo xesha, iinkampani kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi ibambisa iintatheli ngohambo lweendaba, iimoto zokuhlola okanye ukubonelela ngokubambisana. Uluhlu lwezinto ezithandekayo zide kwaye zibandakanya umngcipheko ocacileyo wongqubano lomdla. Umgca phakathi kwe-PR kunye nobuntatheli uya usiba ngokucacileyo.
Ukubaluleka kwamajelo eendaba ekusebenzeni kwedemokhrasi kunzima ukukujongela phantsi. Ukulawula imisebenzi yemizimba karhulumente, umzekelo, ngomnye wemisebenzi yabo ebaluleke kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, bakwadlala indima ephambili ekubumbeni umbono wezopolitiko ngokwenza izikhundla ezahlukeneyo zamaqela ezentlalo elubala kwaye ziqinisekise ukuthembeka kwazo. Benza ukuba uluntu lube ngabathwali boluntu.
Ngenxa yoko, imithombo yeendaba ngelishwa ihlala ithathwa ngumgaqo-nkqubo. "Abaphathiswa base-Austrian basebenzisa uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwabaphathiswa babo kwiphulo lonyulo ukubhengeza impumelelo yabo, ukupeyinta imifanekiso yabo kunye nokufumana ithuba ngaphezulu kukhuphiswano lwezopolitiko," utshilo umbutho ngenjongo zokuphakamisa ubuntatheli bophando kunye nedatha. Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwentengiso, lwamazwe, iinkampani zikarhulumente kunye namaziko asetyenziselwa eli nani ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-200 yezigidi ngonyaka. Ukongeza, ukukhutshwa kwamajelo eendaba asisigidi sezigidi ze-10,8, esasasazwa kwi-2013, kuthambile.
EJamani, iNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko ye-Federal ibiza olu qheliselo "njengentengiso engabekekiyo yentengiso", ngokuyinxalenye kuba intengiso echithe iminyaka yonyulo isonyuke kakhulu kwaye ke ngoko ukuchitha, ukusebenza okusebenzayo kunye noqoqosho kusetyenziswa imali yoluntu akunakuba semthethweni.

Ubudlelwane bokuxhomekeka phakathi kwezopolitiko nakwezamajelo eendaba bukhula bucaphukiswa yinto yokuba e-Austria intloko karhulumente inoxanduva oluphambili kwezosasazo. "Le meko yempembelelo yento ebizwa ngokuba nguMandla weSine ayinakufumaneka kuhlobo oluthile kulo naliphi na elinye ilizwe eYurophu ngobunzulu obungaka. Ngokwesiqhelo, isebe losasazo libekwe phantse kubaphathiswa benkcubeko, utshilo uWolfgang Hasenhütl, isithethi sephulo lolondolozo losasazo kunye nokupapasha iyantlukwano. Ayisiyonto intle ukuba into ebaluleke kakhulu kweli phulo ijolise ngokubanzi ngokubanzi, ezimeleyo kwezoqoqosho kunye nezingahambelaniyo kwimithombo yeendaba ezichaphazela ukuxhomekeka kwabapapashi bezopolitiko kunye nezopolitiko kwaye zikhonza kwidemokhrasi yanamhlanje.
Zonke ezi zinto ziphuhlileyo zifuna ukwahlula-hlula kwamagunya, ukumiswa ngokutsha kunye nokuqhawulwa kobudlelwane phakathi kwezopolitiko, ezorhwebo kunye nabezindaba. Inkxalabo malunga nokuphakama koqoqosho ngaphezulu koluntu kunye nezopolitiko, nangona kunjalo, indala kakhulu. Ubungakanani bezoqoqosho yinto eneneni esele yenziwe ukuba abacinga abangwevu babe njengoMontesquieu, uKarl Marx, uKarl Polanyi noCarl Amery.

Photo / Ividiyo: Shutterstock, Imidiya enokukhetha.