Ukusebenza kwamandla: ulwakhiwo oluzinzileyo alunalo uqoqosho?

Ukusebenza kwamandla kubalulekile. Inyani yile yokuba ngeenxa zonke i-40 ipesenti yokusetyenziswa kwamandla iyonke iya kwicandelo lezokwakha, elimele ubukhulu be-CO2 kunye namandla okonga amandla. Ngokumalunga nemizi yase-Austrian, ukufudumeza indawo kumela ubukhulu bokwabelana ngesabelo esingaphantsi kwe-73,3 ipesenti yokusetyenziswa kwamandla kokugqibela kwi-272,5 Petajoule (Amandla e-Austria) .Ngubani na ocinga ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kumakhaya asekhaya kuhla ngenxa yengxaki kunye nokuqwatshelwa kokusingqongileyo kuyimpazamo. Abahlali (Qaphela: Ukuze kumgangatho weqondo lokuguquguquka okunxulumene nemozulu kwisidingo sokugqibela samandla, uhlengahlengiso lokusingqongileyo kokusetyenziswa kwamandla luyimfuneko.) I-rose ukuya kunyaka we-2008, i-2009 yawa kakhulu ngenxa yeengxaki zoqoqosho zaza zagungqa. Ukusukela kwi-2012, iphinde yenyuka kwaye yayijikeleze i-2013 ipesenti ephezulu kwi-26 kunaku-1995.

Izindlu ezifuna ukulungiswa ngokutsha

Ngokukodwa, isitokhwe sokwakha esele sikhona sinokufumana okuninzi malunga nokusebenza kwamandla kunye noqoqosho. Amakhaya ezigidi ze-2,2 okanye ejikeleze i-60 ipesenti yesitokhwe sezindlu zizakufuna ukuphuculwa kwamandla ("Ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kuMgaqo-nkqubo weZindlu wase-Austrian", IIBW 2012). Izinga lokuhlaziya e-Austria lijikeleze ipesenti enye kangangesithuba seminyaka, oko kuthetha ukuba kuthatha iminyaka ye-100 ide isitokhwe sokwakha sihlaziywe ngokupheleleyo. Ukongeza, ukulungiswa kwe-thermal kwenza kuphela inxenye yokuhlaziywa ngokupheleleyo. Amandla aphoswe ngaphandle kwefestile.

Umonakalo wezoqoqosho

Into yokuba ulwakhiwo oluzinzileyo kunye nolwakhiwo ngokutsha ayisiyonto yoqoqosho lwasekhaya kuphela, kodwa ikwinto yoqoqosho, yinto yakutshanje emva kokuqaliswa kokuhlolwa ngokutsha kwe-Federal: I-2013 inokuxhaswa kunye nee-euro ezingama-132,2 ezigidi kwi-euro yokuxhasa utyalomali oluzinzileyo lwe-847 yee-euro ezizigidi. Lilonke, imisebenzi ye-12.715 ikhuselwe okanye yenziwa kwaye i-3,6 isindisa izigidi zeetoni ze-CO2.
Oku kuthelekiswa nophononongo "COIN - Ixabiso lokungasebenzi: Ukuvavanywa kweendleko zoTshintsho lweMozulu eOstriya", ngokoko uqoqosho lwase-Austria kufuneka lujamelane naze kumawaka ezigidi ze2050 zomonakalo obangelwe kukutshintsha kwemozulu minyaka le kude kube li-8,8 na.

Ukusebenza kwamandla okuphambili

Zeziphi iintlobo zokwakha kwaye zeziphi izinto zokwakha ezona zibaluleke kakhulu? -Uphendulwe lo mbuzo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, uphononongo lwangoku "Iingcamango zokwakha ezinobuchule kuthelekiso lwendalo kunye noqoqosho ngaphezulu komjikelo wobomi". Isiphelo: "Ukusukela ekusetyenzisweni kwamandla ekusebenziseni ulwakhiwo kubangela umda obonakalayo wefuthe lokusingqongileyo kwezakhiwo, eyona nto iphambili kugxile kuyo kukucwangciswa nasekuyileni izakhiwo. Iingcamango eziqinisekileyo ngokubanzi zibalulekile nanamhlanje kwizakhiwo ezincinci ezinje ngamakhaya entsapho enye. "Kwaye:" Kwindawo yokuqala kwikhathalogu yamanyathelo, kusafuneka ukuba kubekho ukonyuka kokusebenza kwamandla ngokubanzi kwezakhiwo. "

Iindleko zokubaleka kakhulu

Nokuba iziphumo zophononongo azithethi ngokucacileyo ngolunye okanye nangaphezulu ngokwahluka kwesi sakhiwo, isigqibo esinamandla sinokwenziwa, ngokutsho kwababhali bophononongo: "Intsikelelo kuphela kunye nembono yokonga ulwakhiwo lwehlabathi alikho. Ukuqwalaselwa nje kotyalo mali lokuqala kwesakhiwo, okt ukubandakanywa kweendleko zokwakha (iindleko zokuveliswa), akunakubangela umfanekiso ochanekileyo weendleko zokwakha. Nangona iindleko zobalo lobomi zisuselwa kwiingcinga ezahlukileyo, ibonisa ngokucacileyo kule projekthi ukuba apha, kwakhona, iindleko zizonke zobunini ngaphezulu kobomi obulindelekileyo obuluncedo (iminyaka ye-50) ziphenjelelwa kakhulu ziindleko eziqhubekayo zokusebenzisa isakhiwo. "

Amaxabiso amandla esigqibo

Nangona kunjalo, uphononongo luneengxaki ezimbini: kuphela amaxabiso ombane asetyenziswayo ukubala, ngoko ke ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwixesha elizayo akuthathelwa ngqalelo. Ukongeza, iindleko eziphezulu kakhulu zemveliso zabalwa, ezithi zibonakaliswe ngamanye amaphononongo- ngoku ziyaqhubeka.
Kuba amaxabiso aphezulu amandla alo naluphi na uhlobo aza kulindelwa kumashumi eminyaka ezayo, iikhonsepthi zokwakha kugxilwe ekusetyenzisweni kwamandla - oko kukuthi, izindlu ezisebenzayo kunye ne-zero kunye nezindlu zamandla-ngokucacileyo ziluncedo apha. Eyona nto iphambili kukuba ezi ziqendu ziya kubiza ixabiso elincinci kumgangatho wonke weendleko ukuba aziveli njengophumeleleyo ngokuthelekisa. Naziphi na iindleko ezongeziweyo zibekwa embonweni, ukuya kuthi ga apho inqanaba lexabiso lingazixelwa ngenxa yokuphuhliswa kwexabiso lamandla.
"Inyani yile: ngaphandle kokusebenza kwamandla akukho sakhiwo esizinzileyo. Akusekho malunga nokuba ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuyenzeka, kodwa kuphela malunga nokuba yomelele kangakanani na okanye ayibi kangakanani na imiphumo. Ukuba ufuna ukugcina i-CO2, uzakha kwaye usebenze izindlu zakho ngokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo nangeyona nto inokwenzeka yokusebenzisa amandla ahlaziyiweyo ekunikezelweni kwemfuno yamandla aseleyo. Nabani na obanga okuchasene nokuchaseneyo kwabo bangabonisi mdla kakhulu kwikamva lexesha eliphakathi kwaye abanokuthi, ngokwembono zoqoqosho, babe nomdla kwisipho esivumayo, utshilo u-Robert Lechner, we-Austrian Ecology Institute ÖÖI.

kwamaxabiso ombane

Into ethatha isigqibo sokuthatha isigqibo malunga nokusebenza kwendleko kulwakhiwo oluzinzileyo kunye nohlengahlengiso ngamaxabiso amandla - ngakumbi lawo kwioyile emdaka. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba iifosili zilinganiselwe kwaye ziqhutywa ngexesha elingaziwayo kodwa elibonakalayo, iminyaka yokugqibela ibonakalise ukungaqiniseki kophuhliso lwamaxabiso. Inye into eqinisekileyo: amaxabiso ezinto zokubasa ezingapheliyo aya kuqhubeka enyuka kwixesha elide.
I-Federal Ministry of Science, uphando kunye noqoqosho kwiNgxelo yeMeko ye-2015: "Kwixesha elide, ixabiso leoyile elingalunganga (elungelelaniswe nokunyuka kwamaxabiso) I-2003 / 04 iphinde yafika kwinqanaba ekuqaleni kweminyaka ye-1990er kwaye ke inyuke kakhulu kangangokuba ngonyaka we-2008 amaxabiso I-1980, iindawo eziphambili ze-2. Ingxaki yeoyile, kude kudlule. I-2008 ibinokuwa kwiinyanga ezidlulileyo kwaye i-2009 ibone indlela yayo yexabiso leoyile yokwenyani. Idola ye-60 yedola / umphonto, omalunga nenqanaba lenyaka ye-1982. Kwiminyaka ye-2010 kunye ne-2011 ixabiso lonyukile kwakhona ngokuqinileyo kwaye lafikelelwa kutshanje nge-approx. I-102 idola / umgqomo irekhodi. Kwi-2012, ixabiso lalingaphantsi nje kwe-100 yedola / umphanda, phantse amatyeli amaxabiso e-1990. Kwi-2013, iphinde yaphantsi kancinci kwaye yayisandula ukujikeleza i-95 idola / umgqomo. Ngokwemvelo, ukukhula kwexabiso kwiimarike zamanye amazwe kube nefuthe elinamandla kwimeko yamandla e-Austria. "
Ekuqaleni kwe-2015, amaxabiso eoyile atyibilika ngaphantsi kweedola ze-50 kwaye kutshanje ajikeleze i-60 yedola.

Ukusuka kwimigangatho ukuya kwiteknoloji ephezulu

Inye into eqinisekileyo: Njengayo yonke imveliso, indlu ixabisa ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kuxhomekeke kumgangatho kunye nokusebenza. Udidi olusezantsi lolwakhiwo oluzinzileyo kwaye ke ngoko nolwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo luphawu lwendlu ene-eneji ephantsi, elona liphezulu yindlu yokudibanisa amandla, ethi yona xa iyonke ifumane isivuno samandla. Ngaphakathi kukho ingqiqo yokwakha iPassive House neSonnenhaus kunye ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo.

Iindleko ziye zehla

Isifundo seYunivesithi yezeNdalo kunye nezeNzululwazi yoBomi iVienna "Ukujongwa kokuzinza kwezakhiwo ezikhethiweyo zokuhlala izindlu eVienna" kuthelekise iindleko zokuveliswa kuthelekiswa nendlu esemgangathweni. Isiphumo: iindleko zokwakhiwa okuzinzileyo ziyawa ngenxa yophuhliso lobuchwephesha, ubuncinci kulwakhiwo lokuhlala olunemigangatho emininzi. Ababhali: "Iindleko ezongeziweyo zeendawo zokuqala zokuhlala zaseViennese zazimalunga ne-4-12 yepesenti, apho kwixa elizayo iinkqubo zokufumana iinkonzo ezinenkcitho zinokubiza uluhlu lweepesenti ze4-6."
Usebenzisa umzekelo wolwakhiwo lwendlu encinci encinci, isifundo saseJamani "Ukuphuculwa kwamaxabiso okwakha amandla ngokusebenza" kubonise ukuba iindleko ze1990 ziye zaphuhliswa njani ekukhanyiseni iimfuno zomthetho ngokusebenza kwamandla-kulungiswa ngexabiso ngentengo yolwakhiwo lwendleko. Isiphumo: Izinto ezininzi ezifana nodonga lekhonkrithi zeselula, iifestile, uphahla okanye iimpompo zokufudumeza namhlanje zibiza kakhulu okanye ufumana umgangatho ongcono ngexabiso elifanayo. Ababhali: "Xa ujonga iziphumo zolu phononongo lokuqala, ithiyori" yokwanda kwamandla njengoko utshaba lwendalo lolwakhiwo olungenazindleko "ibonakala ngathi ayinakukhutshwa." Olu phononongo lude luqukumbele ukuba zombini umgangatho wanamhlanje wolwakhiwo kunye nayo yonke imigangatho yexesha elizayo ukucwangcisa okuhle namhlanje kunokuba neendleko eziphantsi zenyanga kunemigangatho edlulileyo yamashumi eminyaka yakutshanje.

Inzuzo ibaliwe

IZiko lezaMandla iVorarlberg kunye noPhononongo lweMarike ye-e7 babalile iindleko zamandla ezizayo. Kwisifundo "Uhlalutyo lwenqanaba elifunekayo leendleko kulwakhiwo olutsha lwezindlu eVorarlberg" (2013) iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezakhiwo kunye nokudibanisa- izindlu ezizodwa zekhaya kunye nosapho oluninzi, ulwakhiwo oluqinileyo kunye namaplanga, kunye nerhasi, ipellet kunye nokushushubeza kobushushu ngombane ngokusebenza kakuhle kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweminyaka eyi-30 ibaliwe kwaye ithelekiswa. Iindleko zokuqala zotyalo-mali zezinto ezinxulumene namandla kunye nezinto, iindleko zokucwangcisa, iindleko zokulungisa kunye nokulungisa kunye neendleko zamandla kubandakanya nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kufakiwe.

Elona xabiso liphezulu lexabiso laseVorarlberg lisebenze njengesiseko seendleko zokwakha. Isiphumo: Nangona iindleko zotyalo-mali zezona zinto zixabisekileyo zamandla ngenkqubo yelanga ngokuthelekiswa nezinto ezahlukeneyo ngokwamandla asezantsi kunye nangaphandle kwenkqubo yelanga ephezulu, kodwa eyona ndleko-iyabonakaliswa kuqwalaselo ngaphezulu kweminyaka emininzi.
Ezi zifundo zibhalwe ngababhali abohlukeneyo zibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba iindleko ezongezelelekileyo zezolwakhiwo olululo kunye namandla ombane ziyalingana ngaphezulu kwamashumi eminyaka okanye ziphantsi kakhulu.

Ukuphulukana nobushushu kunye nokonga okunokubakho

Ukubala, okonga ngokulungiswa ngokutsha kunokwenzeka, iziko lophando malunga nokukhuselwa kobushushu kwi-FIW eMunich kwisifundo esisebenziweyo. Njengomzekelo, kwasetyenziswa ikhaya elinye-losapho kwiqela le-1968 yobudala ukuya kwi-1979 (incl. Uluhlu lokuguquguquka) lasetyenziswa. Ukuba iindleko zokuhlaziya zizonke zibaliwe ngokomzekelo we-67.780 Euro, ukonga kubangela umyinge wexabiso lezibonelelo ze-2,28 Euro / kWh kunye nexesha elichanekileyo lokubuyisa malunga ne-16 iminyaka.

Ubukhulu bokugquma obufanelekileyo

Iziphumo ezintsha kumandla amadama afanelekileyo zibonelelwa ngumatshini wokubala we-Intanethi weZiko leBiology leZokwakha (i-IBO). "Amaxesha ngamaxesha kwimithombo yeendaba yenziwa ngendlela engeyiyo eyinyani ngokuchasene nokufakelwa kombane: Kuyabiza kakhulu, kuphela kushishino lokufakelwa luyingenelo, alunakulunga, luyingozi kwindalo, luyingxaki ekulahleni. I-baubook ivelise i-amology ye-ecological amortization kunye nexabiso lokubala lokugcina iindleko zamacandelo, ekunokwenzeka ukuba lijonge ngokufihlakeleyo ukuba ngaba umlinganiso we-insulation unenzuzo kwaye uyichaphazela njani imeko-bume, "uvelise uBernhard Lipp, iZiko lase-Austrian leZokwakha iBiology kunye ne-Ekoloji (IBO). , isixhobo se-AWR (www.baubook.at/awr). Ngesi sixhobo, ukuphuculwa kwamalungelo endalo kunye noqoqosho kwamanyathelo e-insulation angabalwa ngokukhawuleza nangokucacileyo kwi-intanethi. Oku kubuye nokuzisa amaxabiso aphakamileyo ekukhanyiseni: Ngezoqoqosho, ixabiso elifanelekileyo lilele phakathi kwe-25 kunye ne-50 iisentimitha. Umzekelo: Iiphaneli zokufakelwa kwamaminerali okusasazekayo, amaxabiso afanelekileyo afanelekileyo angawona amasentimitha angama-85 (indalo) yamandla angasetyenziswayo ahlaziyiweyo kunye neesentimitha ze23 (ezoqoqosho). Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile kubungqina bexesha elizayo kunye namandla-amandla okuhlaziya, kuba kunokucingelwa ukuba ngaphezulu komjikelezo wobomi besakhiwo ihlala ihlaziywa kube kanye.

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